Stress-only SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging: a review.

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has enjoyed considerable success for decades due to its diagnostic accuracy and wealth of prognostic data. Despite this success several limitations such as lengthy protocols and radiation exposure remain. Advancements to address these shortcomings include abbreviated stress-only MPI (SO MPI) protocols, PET and both hardware and software methods to reduce radiation exposure and time. SO MPI has advantages in protocol time and radiation reduction with a wealth of supporting data in terms of diagnostic validity and prognostic value. Newer technologies such as attenuation correction, and advanced camera technologies have enabled SO MPI to be more efficient in reducing the time of acquisition and radiation dose and improving accuracy. This review examines the literature available, regarding accuracy, patient outcomes, implementation strategies, and newer developments associated with SO MPI.

Effect of female sex on cardiac arrhythmias.

We performed a systematic literature review to examine the effect of female sex on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias. Women have faster resting heart rates yet longer QTc intervals. Women also have shorter PR and QRS intervals; these are presumed to be due to the small heart size of women and hormonal effects on ion channels. Women are two times more likely to experience atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia than men. In contrast to atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia, accessory-pathway-mediated atrial arrhythmias are less common in women, and women have more concealed and fewer manifest accessory pathways. Supraventricular tachycardia in women varies with the menstrual cycle and is more frequent in the luteal phase and inversely correlated with estrogen levels. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is less prevalent in women, but the absolute number of women with AF is higher because AF prevalence increases with age and women live longer. Also, complications of AF are greater in women. Women are generally less prone to ventricular arrhythmias, but they comprise a higher percentage of symptomatic subjects with congenital long QT syndrome and are more often affected by drugs that prolong the QT. Women are less prone to arrhythmias during pregnancy although they commonly complain of palpitations, which are sometimes related to the increase in heart rate during pregnancy. Clinicians should explore the relationship of arrhythmias to the menstrual cycle in female patients and should know that the menstrual cycle may affect the induction of arrhythmias during electrophysiological testing. Clinicians should also be aware that the arrhythmia and the result of clinical trials examining arrhythmia treatment may have different implications in women than in men.