The need to update reference values for organ weights in the adult population: a review and future directions.

This review article highlights the crucial role of organ weights and dimensions as key indicators in forensic diagnosis. Organ weight changes serve as valuable markers for pathological conditions, aiding forensic doctors in interpreting autopsy findings. The review emphasizes the importance of precision in establish- ing organ reference values, considering factors like population-specific norms and correlations with body parameters. Furthermore, it explores the impact of obesity on organ weights, emphasizing the need for updated databases that accurately reflect diverse populations. The article underscores the inadequacy of relying on outdated sources and advocates for creating a comprehensive and updated database of organ weights and dimensions for the local population, essential for accurate forensic interpretations.

The utility of sternum in creating a biological profile: A review and future directions.

This review delves into the forensic utility of the sternum in creating a biological profile, focusing on sex, stature, and age estimation. Emphasizing the sternum's significance in challenging scenarios, the study supports the combined length of the manubrium and sternal body as a crucial indicator in sex and stature estimation. However, it highlights the need for caution in applying findings across diverse populations and questions the reliability of Hyrtl's law. Age estimation, primarily based on morphological changes and ossification ages, is explored, with one study showing promise but requiring further validation. While acknowledging the sternum's advantages, the review underscores potential limitations and the absence of specific studies on ancestry estimation, leaving this aspect open for future research. In conclusion, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the sternum's forensic applications, urging continued research to enhance accuracy and applicability.

The importance of assessing the ghosting phenomenon in dynamic footprints when estimating stature - Forensic implications.

In cases where multiple footprints are found at a crime scene, it is unusual that all are static, and some are likely dynamic. Depending on how the footprint was made, we distinguish between dynamic and static footprints. A distinguishing feature that has only recently been associated with dynamic footprints is the fact that dynamic footprints differ from static footprints by the presence of additional markings around the back of the heel and the tops of the toe prints, the so-called ghosting phenomenon. The present study aims to analyse the ghosting phenomenon on dynamic footprints - its occurrence in relation to sex, laterality, and different areas of footprints as well as length features. Additionally, it aims to investigate the assessment of the ghosting phenomenon on dynamic footprints when estimating stature for biological profiling in the forensic field. The study sample comprised of 170 young adults aged 18 - 30 years of both biological sexes. Stature was measured and dynamic footprints were obtained where the ghosting phenomenon was analysed together with length measurements of the same footprint with and without ghosting. In the first and second toes of footprints, the ghosting phenomenon occurred most frequently in both sexes and in the sex-mixed group. Sex differences were not significant in ghosting occurrence on right and left footprints (p > 0.05), except for the area of the left fifth toe (p = 0.045). All the footprints' lengths with ghosting were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those without ghosting. Statures calculated from footprint length measurements with ghosting predicted stature more accurately than statures calculated from the same footprint length measurements without ghosting. In the case of finding dynamic footprints at crime scenes, it is necessary to correctly identify and evaluate ghosting of the footprint. This comparison can be helpful in interpreting how ghosting should be taken into account when estimating a person's stature.