RESUMO
Ticks are important vectors of disease, particularly in the context of One Health, where tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are increasingly prevalent worldwide. TBDs often involve co-infections, where multiple pathogens co-exist in a single host. Patients with chronic Lyme disease often have co-infections with other bacteria or parasites. This study aimed to create a co-infection model with Borrelia afzelii and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in C3H mice and to evaluate symptoms, mortality, and pathogen level compared to single infections. Successful co-infection of C3H mice with B. afzelii and TBEV was achieved. Outcomes varied, depending on the timing of infection. When TBEV infection followed B. afzelii infection by 9 days, TBEV symptoms worsened and virus levels increased. Conversely, mice infected 21 days apart with TBEV showed milder symptoms and lower mortality. Simultaneous infection resulted in mild symptoms and no deaths. However, our model did not effectively infect ticks with TBEV, possibly due to suboptimal dosing, highlighting the challenges of replicating natural conditions. Understanding the consequences of co-infection is crucial, given the increasing prevalence of TBD. Co-infected individuals may experience exacerbated symptoms, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding through refined animal models. This study advances knowledge of TBD and highlights the importance of exploring co-infection dynamics in host-pathogen interactions.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Vírus da Encefalite Transmitidos por Carrapatos , Encefalite Transmitida por Carrapatos , Doença de Lyme , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Animais , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Camundongos , Vírus da Encefalite Transmitidos por Carrapatos/fisiologia , Vírus da Encefalite Transmitidos por Carrapatos/patogenicidade , Doença de Lyme/microbiologia , Encefalite Transmitida por Carrapatos/virologia , Grupo Borrelia Burgdorferi , FemininoRESUMO
The Ornithodoros moubata (Om) soft tick, a vector for diseases like tick-borne human relapsing fever and African swine fever, poses challenges to conventional control methods. With diminishing insecticide efficacy, harnessing the tick's microbiota through innovative approaches like microbiota-driven vaccination emerges as a promising strategy for sustainable and targeted disease control. This study investigated the intricate relationship between Pseudomonas, a keystone taxon in the Om microbiome, and its impact on tick fitness, microbiome structure and network dynamics. Utilizing in silico analyses and empirical vaccination experiments, the role of Pseudomonas within microbial networks in the tick midguts (MG) and salivary glands (SG) of Om was studied. Additionally, the consequences of anti-microbiota vaccines targeting Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus on tick fitness, microbiome diversity and community assembly were explored. The result of the study shows that in Om, Pseudomonas plays a central role in microbial networks, influencing keystone species despite being categorized as peripheral (interacting with 47 different taxa, 13 of which are keystone species). Anti-microbiota vaccination targeting Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus yields distinct effects on tick fitness, with Pseudomonas vaccination significantly impacting female tick survival, while Lactobacillus significantly reduced oviposition and fertility. Microbiome changes post-vaccination reveal diversity alterations, emphasizing the impact of vaccine choice. Community assembly dynamics and network robustness analyses highlight Pseudomonas' pivotal role, in influencing topological features and network resilience. The findings of the study provide comprehensive insights into the intricate dynamics of Om microbial networks and the potential of targeted microbiota-driven vaccines for tick control.
RESUMO
Most tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are secondarily acquired by ticks during feeding on infected hosts, which imposes 'priority effect' constraints, as arrival order influences the establishment of new species in a microbial community. Here we tested whether once acquired, TBPs contribute to bacterial microbiota functioning by increasing community stability. For this, we used Hyalomma marginatum and Rhipicephalus bursa ticks collected from cattle in different locations of Corsica and combined 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and co-occurrence network analysis, with high-throughput pathogen detection, and in silico removal of nodes to test for impact of rickettsial pathogens on network properties. Despite its low centrality, Rickettsia showed preferential connections in the networks, notably with a keystone taxon in H. marginatum, suggesting facilitation of Rickettsia colonisation by the keystone taxon. In addition, conserved patterns of community assembly in both tick species were affected by Rickettsia removal, suggesting that privileged connections of Rickettsia in the networks make this taxon a driver of community assembly. However, Rickettsia removal had minor impact on the conserved 'core bacterial microbiota' of H. marginatum and R. bursa. Interestingly, networks of the two tick species with Rickettsia have similar node centrality distribution, a property that is lost after Rickettsia removal, suggesting that this taxon drives specific hierarchical interactions between bacterial microbes in the microbiota. The study indicates that tick-borne Rickettsia play a significant role in the tick bacterial microbiota, despite their low centrality. These bacteria are influential and contribute to the conservation of the 'core bacterial microbiota' while also promoting community stability.
Assuntos
Ixodidae , Rhipicephalus , Rickettsia , Animais , Bovinos , Rhipicephalus/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Rickettsia/genética , Ixodidae/genética , Ixodidae/microbiologia , FrançaRESUMO
Bacterial microbiota play an important role in the fitness of arthropods, but the bacterial microflora in the parasitic mite Dermanyssus gallinae is only partially explored; there are gaps in our understanding of the microbiota localization and in our knowledge of microbial community assembly. In this work, we have visualized, quantified the abundance, and determined the diversity of bacterial occupancy, not only across developmental stages of D. gallinae, but also in the midgut of micro-dissected female D. gallinae mites. We explored community assembly and the presence of keystone taxa, as well as predicted metabolic functions in the microbiome of the mite. The diversity of the microbiota and the complexity of co-occurrence networks decreased with the progression of the life cycle. However, several bacterial taxa were present in all samples examined, indicating a core symbiotic consortium of bacteria. The relatively higher bacterial abundance in adult females, specifically in their midguts, implicates a function linked to the biology of D. gallinae mites. If such an association proves to be important, the bacterial microflora qualifies itself as an acaricidal or vaccine target against this troublesome pest.
Assuntos
Infestações por Ácaros , Ácaros , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Feminino , Galinhas/parasitologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controle , Ácaros/microbiologia , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Bactérias/genética , Infestações por Ácaros/parasitologia , Infestações por Ácaros/prevenção & controleRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic pruritus is common in patients with diabetes though its pathophysiology is unknown and difficult to pinpoint given the multi-system manifestations of diabetes. Herein, we aim to evaluate the severity of chronic itch in patients with diabetes and its association with glycaemic control, microvascular complications and quality of life. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 105 adults with diabetes evaluated by a dermatologist at a tertiary care centre in Mexico City. Degree of chronic pruritus and its impact on quality of life as well as laboratory, clinical and demographic data were collected. Patients without chronic pruritus (n = 62) were compared to those with chronic pruritus (n = 43). The latter cohort was further stratified by itch severity, and characteristics of their itch were quantified. RESULTS: Neuropathy and loss of protective sensation were more common in patients with chronic pruritus, compared to those without chronic pruritus (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001, respectively). Anxiety and depression were more common in individuals with chronic pruritus (p = 0.009), and these group reported higher effect of pruritus on their quality of life (p < 0.0001). The most common sites of itch were the head, back and arms. Among patients with chronic itch, increasing itch severity was associated with decreasing eGFR (p = 0.080). CONCLUSIONS: The underlying cause of chronic itch in patients with diabetes is likely multifactorial and owing to microvascular complications such as neuropathy and nephropathy. Better understanding of the causes of itch in these patients can allow for more targeted treatment, leading to improved quality of life.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Periférico , Adulto , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Retrospectivos , Prurido/tratamento farmacológico , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Ticks and the pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. The ability of some animal species to acquire resistance to blood-feeding by ticks after a single or repeated infestation is known as acquired tick resistance (ATR). This resistance has been associated to tick-specific IgE response, the generation of skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells, basophil recruitment, histamine release, and epidermal hyperplasia. ATR has also been associated with protection to tick-borne tularemia through allergic klendusity, a disease-escaping ability produced by the development of hypersensitivity to an allergen. In addition to pathogen transmission, tick infestation in humans is associated with the α-Gal syndrome (AGS), a type of allergy characterized by an IgE response against the carbohydrate Galα1-3Gal (α-Gal). This glycan is present in tick salivary proteins and on the surface of tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agents of Lyme disease and granulocytic anaplasmosis. Most α-Gal-sensitized individuals develop IgE specific against this glycan, but only a small fraction develop the AGS. This review summarizes our current understanding of ATR and its impact on the continuum α-Gal sensitization, allergy, and the AGS. We propose that the α-Gal-specific IgE response in humans is an evolutionary adaptation associated with ATR and allergic klendusity with the trade-off of developing AGS.
Assuntos
Anaplasmose/imunologia , Resistência à Doença , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Hiperplasia/imunologia , Doença de Lyme/imunologia , Carrapatos/imunologia , Tularemia/imunologia , Alérgenos/administração & dosagem , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/imunologia , Anaplasma phagocytophilum/patogenicidade , Anaplasmose/etiologia , Anaplasmose/patologia , Anaplasmose/prevenção & controle , Animais , Basófilos/imunologia , Basófilos/patologia , Borrelia burgdorferi/imunologia , Borrelia burgdorferi/patogenicidade , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Epiderme/imunologia , Epiderme/parasitologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/patologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/prevenção & controle , Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita/imunologia , Humanos , Hiperplasia/etiologia , Hiperplasia/patologia , Imunoglobulina E/biossíntese , Memória Imunológica , Doença de Lyme/etiologia , Doença de Lyme/patologia , Doença de Lyme/prevenção & controle , Carrapatos/química , Carrapatos/patogenicidade , Tularemia/etiologia , Tularemia/patologia , Tularemia/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Mediterranean spotted fever-like illness (MSF-like illness) is a tick-borne disease caused by Rickettsia sibirica mongolitimonae first reported in France more than 25 years ago. Until today, more than 50 cases of MSF-like illness have been reported in different regions of Europe and Africa, highlighting variable clinical manifestation. Here we report a case of MSF-like illness following a bite from a Hyalomma tick in the Skopje region of North Macedonia.
Assuntos
Febre Botonosa , Infecções por Rickettsia , Rickettsia , Humanos , Animais , Infecções por Rickettsia/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rickettsia/microbiologia , Febre Botonosa/diagnóstico , República da Macedônia do Norte , Rickettsia/genéticaRESUMO
Background and Objectives: There is a growing interest in the measurement of attitudes towards older people in healthcare professionals, as there is a need to implement interventions to improve ageist attitudes. A one group pretest-posttest study was carried out to explore the change in nursing student attitudes towards the elderly during their university careers. Materials and Method: A total of 97 nursing students were enrolled. Attitudes were analyzed using Kogan's Attitudes Toward Old People Scale. Results: The attitude was positive from the beginning of the study, with a score of 110.06 (12.92). No differences were observed after completing the subject "Care of the elderly" (106.21 (10.77)), though a significant increase was recorded after the completion of clinical placement (142.88 (12.64)), with a large effect size (η2p = 0.754). The score of the positive items was significantly increased, but not that of the negative items, as ageist attitude was not reduced. Conclusion: The current curricular design, that includes taking the theoretical course before clinical placement in the geriatric area, increases positive attitudes in nursing students but does not reduce ageist attitudes.
Assuntos
Etarismo , Estudantes de Enfermagem , Idoso , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Otimismo , Inquéritos e Questionários , UniversidadesRESUMO
The differentiation between influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could constitute a diagnostic challenge during the ongoing winter owing to their clinical similitude. Thus, novel biomarkers are required to enable making this distinction. Here, we evaluated whether the surfactant protein D (SP-D), a collectin produced at the alveolar epithelium with known immune properties, was useful to differentiate pandemic influenza A(H1N1) from COVID-19 in critically ill patients. Our results revealed high serum SP-D levels in patients with severe pandemic influenza but not those with COVID-19. This finding was validated in a separate cohort of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 who also showed low plasma SP-D levels. However, plasma SP-D levels did not distinguish seasonal influenza from COVID-19 in mild-to-moderate disease. Finally, we found that high serum SP-D levels were associated with death and renal failure among severe pandemic influenza cases. Thus, our studies have identified SP-D as a unique biomarker expressed during severe pandemic influenza but not COVID-19.
Assuntos
COVID-19/genética , Expressão Gênica , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Influenza Humana/genética , Proteína D Associada a Surfactante Pulmonar/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores , COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/virologia , Coinfecção , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Influenza Humana/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Proteína D Associada a Surfactante Pulmonar/sangue , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Avaliação de Sintomas , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In August 2018, a fatal autochthonous case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever was confirmed in western Spain. The complete sequence of the viral genome revealed circulation of a new virus because the genotype differs from that of the virus responsible for another case in 2016. Practitioners should be alert to possible new cases.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia , Genoma Viral , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo/genética , Humanos , Vírus Reordenados , EspanhaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods that synthesize the glycan Galα1-3Galß1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal) associated with the alpha-gal syndrome (AGS) or allergy to mammalian meat consumption. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study, we used a proteomics approach to characterize tick proteins in salivary glands (sialome SG), secreted saliva (sialome SA) and with α-Gal modification (alphagalactome SG and SA) in model tick species associated with the AGS in the United States (Amblyomma americanum) and Australia (Ixodes holocyclus). Selected proteins reactive to sera (IgE) from patients with AGS were identified to advance in the identification of possible proteins associated with the AGS. For comparative analysis, the α-Gal content was measured in various tick species. RESULTS: The results confirmed that ticks produce proteins with α-Gal modifications and secreted into saliva during feeding. Proteins identified in tick alphagalactome SA by sera from patients with severe AGS symptomatology may constitute candidate disease biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the presence of tick-derived proteins with α-Gal modifications in the saliva with potential implications in AGS and other disorders and protective capacity against tick infestations and pathogen infection. Future research should focus on the characterization of the function of tick glycoproteins with α-Gal in tick biology and AGS.
Assuntos
Saliva , Carrapatos , Animais , Biomarcadores , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Humanos , Glândulas SalivaresRESUMO
Subunit vaccines based on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 provide one of the most promising strategies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. The detailed characterization of the protein primary structure by mass spectrometry (MS) is mandatory, as described in ICHQ6B guidelines. In this work, several recombinant RBD proteins produced in five expression systems were characterized using a non-conventional protocol known as in-solution buffer-free digestion (BFD). In a single ESI-MS spectrum, BFD allowed very high sequence coverage (≥ 99%) and the detection of highly hydrophilic regions, including very short and hydrophilic peptides (2-8 amino acids), and the His6-tagged C-terminal peptide carrying several post-translational modifications at Cys538 such as cysteinylation, homocysteinylation, glutathionylation, truncated glutathionylation, and cyanylation, among others. The analysis using the conventional digestion protocol allowed lower sequence coverage (80-90%) and did not detect peptides carrying most of the above-mentioned PTMs. The two C-terminal peptides of a dimer [RBD(319-541)-(His)6]2 linked by an intermolecular disulfide bond (Cys538-Cys538) with twelve histidine residues were only detected by BFD. This protocol allows the detection of the four disulfide bonds present in the native RBD, low-abundance scrambling variants, free cysteine residues, O-glycoforms, and incomplete processing of the N-terminal end, if present. Artifacts generated by the in-solution BFD protocol were also characterized. BFD can be easily implemented; it has been applied to the characterization of the active pharmaceutical ingredient of two RBD-based vaccines, and we foresee that it can be also helpful to the characterization of mutated RBDs.
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Cisteína/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray/métodos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/química , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Cisteína/química , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/química , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Subunidades ProteicasRESUMO
Mammalian sperm must undergo a set of structural and functional changes collectively termed as capacitation to ensure a successful oocyte fertilization. However, capacitation can be compromised by cryopreservation procedures, which alter the proteome and longevity of sperm. To date, how the protein changes induced by cryopreservation could affect the acquisition of sperm fertilizing potential remains unexplored. The present study investigated the protein profile of ram sperm during in vitro capacitation before and after cryopreservation to elucidate the impact of cryopreservation on sperm capacitation at a molecular level. Fresh and cryopreserved ram sperm were incubated under capacitating (CAP) and non-capacitating (NC) conditions for 240 min. The sperm proteome of these four treatments was analyzed and compared at different incubation times using reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (RP-LC-MS/MS). The comparison between fresh and cryopreserved sperm suggested that cryopreservation facilitated an apoptosis-stress response and redox process, while the comparison between sperm incubated in CAP and NC conditions showed that capacitation increased those biological processes associated with signaling, metabolism, motility, and reproductive processes. In addition, 14 proteins related to mitochondrial activity, sperm motility, oocyte recognition, signaling, spermatogenesis, and the apoptosis-stress response underwent significant changes in abundance over time when fresh and cryopreserved sperm incubated in CAP and NC conditions were compared. Our results indicate that disturbances in a ram sperm proteome after cryopreservation may alter the quality of sperm and its specific machinery to sustain capacitation under in vitro conditions.
Assuntos
Criopreservação , Proteoma , Capacitação Espermática , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Criopreservação/métodos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Congelamento , Masculino , Mitocôndrias , Capacitação Espermática/genética , Motilidade dos EspermatozoidesRESUMO
Blood-feeding ectoparasites constitute a growing burden for human and animal health, and animal production worldwide. In particular, mites (Acari: Gamasida) of the genera Dermanyssus (Dermanyssidae) and Ornithonyssus (Macronyssidae) infest birds and cause gamasoidosis in humans. The tropical fowl mite, Ornithonyssus bursa, is commonly found in tropical and subtropical countries but rarely reported in Europe. In this research we characterized the first two cases in Spain of clinical gamasoidosis diagnosed in patients infested with O. bursa, and investigated the IgE, IgM and IgG antibody response to mite proteins and the carbohydrate Galα1-3Galß1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal) involved in the tick-bite associated alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS). The results suggested that O. bursa is establishing across Mediterranean countries, and may increase the risk for gamasoidosis. The immune antibody response to mite proteins was higher for IgM and similar for IgE and IgG antibodies between patients and non-allergic control individuals exposed to mite or tick bites. The anti-α-Gal antibody levels were similar between patients and controls, a result supported by the absence of this carbohydrate in mites. These results suggested that mite bites do not correlate with antibody response to acarine proteins or α-Gal, and are not associated with the AGS.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Artrópodes/imunologia , Infestações por Ácaros/diagnóstico , Infestações por Ácaros/imunologia , Ácaros/fisiologia , Oligossacarídeos/imunologia , Idoso , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Masculino , Infestações por Ácaros/parasitologia , Ácaros/classificação , EspanhaRESUMO
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated peripheral neuropathy. The goal of this research was the identification of biomarkers associated with recovery from GBS. In this study, we compared the transcriptome of PBMCs from a GBS patient and her healthy twin to discover possible correlates of disease progression and recovery. The study was then extended using GBS and spinal cord injury unrelated patients with similar medications and healthy individuals. The early growth response gene-2 (EGR2) was upregulated in GBS patients during disease recovery. The results provided evidence for the implication of EGR2 in GBS and suggested a role for EGR2 in the regulation of IL-17, IL-22, IL-28A, and TNF-ß cytokines in GBS patients. These results identified biomarkers associated with GBS recovery and suggested that EGR2 overexpression has a pivotal role in the downregulation of cytokines implicated in the pathophysiology of this acute neuropathy.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/análise , Proteína 2 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/biossíntese , Síndrome de Guillain-Barré/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Citocinas/biossíntese , Proteína 2 de Resposta de Crescimento Precoce/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Transcriptoma , Regulação para Cima , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Control of mycobacterial infection constitutes a priority for human and animal health worldwide. However, effective vaccines are needed for the control of human and animal tuberculosis (TB). Adult zebrafish have become a useful model for studying the pathophysiology of mycobacterial infection and for the development of novel interventions for TB control and prevention. Recently, parenteral and oral immunization with the heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine (M. bovis IV) protected wild boar against TB. The objectives of this study were to provide additional support for the role of M. bovis IV in TB control using the zebrafish model and to conduct the first trial with this vaccine for the control of fish mycobacteriosis. The results showed that M. bovis IV protected zebrafish against mycobacteriosis caused by low and high infection doses of Mycobacterium marinum and provided evidence suggesting that the protective mechanism elicited by M. bovis IV in zebrafish as in other species is based on the activation of the innate immune response through the C3 pathway, with a role for the regulatory protein Akr2 in this process. These results encourage the use of M. bovis IV for TB control in different species.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Temperatura Alta , Viabilidade Microbiana , Tuberculose/veterinária , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Peixe-Zebra/microbiologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Imunidade Inata , Mycobacterium bovis/imunologia , Tuberculose/imunologia , Tuberculose/prevenção & controle , Vacinação , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Peixe-Zebra/imunologiaRESUMO
Two cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever were reported in Spain during 2016. We obtained the virus from a patient sample and characterized its full genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the virus corresponds to the African genotype III, which includes viruses previously found in West and South Africa.
Assuntos
Vetores Aracnídeos/virologia , Genoma Viral , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo/genética , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/diagnóstico , RNA Viral/genética , Carrapatos/virologia , Animais , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo/classificação , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia-Congo/patogenicidade , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/patologia , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/transmissão , Febre Hemorrágica da Crimeia/virologia , Humanos , Filogenia , África do Sul , Espanha , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. These intracellular bacteria establish infection by affecting cell function in both the vertebrate host and the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. Previous studies have characterized the tick transcriptome and proteome in response to A. phagocytophilum infection. However, in the postgenomic era, the integration of omics datasets through a systems biology approach allows network-based analyses to describe the complexity and functionality of biological systems such as host-pathogen interactions and the discovery of new targets for prevention and control of infectious diseases. This study reports the first systems biology integration of metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics data to characterize essential metabolic pathways involved in the tick response to A. phagocytophilum infection. The ISE6 tick cells used in this study constitute a model for hemocytes involved in pathogen infection and immune response. The results showed that infection affected protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and glucose metabolic pathways in tick cells. These results supported tick-Anaplasma co-evolution by providing new evidence of how tick cells limit pathogen infection, while the pathogen benefits from the tick cell response to establish infection. Additionally, ticks benefit from A. phagocytophilum infection by increasing survival while pathogens guarantee transmission. The results suggested that A. phagocytophilum induces protein misfolding to limit the tick cell response and facilitate infection but requires protein degradation to prevent ER stress and cell apoptosis to survive in infected cells. Additionally, A. phagocytophilum may benefit from the tick cell's ability to limit bacterial infection through PEPCK inhibition leading to decreased glucose metabolism, which also results in the inhibition of cell apoptosis that increases infection of tick cells. These results support the use of this experimental approach to systematically identify cell pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in tick-pathogen interactions. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002181.
Assuntos
Anaplasma phagocytophilum/fisiologia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Metabolômica/métodos , Proteômica/métodos , Carrapatos/microbiologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Ehrlichiose/genética , Ehrlichiose/metabolismo , Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Glucose/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Redes e Vias Metabólicas , Biologia de Sistemas/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of two methods of surgical pancreatic stump closure in terms of reducing the risk of pancreatic fistula formation (POPF): radiofrequency-induced heating versus mechanical stapler. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen pigs underwent a laparoscopic transection of the neck of the pancreas. Pancreatic anastomosis was always avoided in order to work with an experimental model prone to POPF. Pancreatic stump closure was conducted either by stapler (ST group, n = 8) or radiofrequency energy (RF group, n = 8). Both groups were compared for incidence of POPF and histopathological alterations of the pancreatic remnant. RESULTS: Six animals (75%) in the ST group and one (14%) in the RF group were diagnosed with POPF (p = 0.019). One animal in the RF group and three animals in the ST group had a pseudocyst in close contact with both pancreas stumps. On day 30 post-operation (PO), almost complete atrophy of the exocrine distal pancreas was observed when the main pancreatic duct was efficiently sealed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that RF-induced heating is more effective at closing the pancreatic stump than mechanical stapler and leads to the complete atrophy of the distal remnant pancreas.
Assuntos
Ablação por Cateter , Pâncreas/cirurgia , Fístula Pancreática/prevenção & controle , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Grampeadores Cirúrgicos , Animais , Atrofia , Temperatura Alta , Laparoscopia , Pâncreas/patologia , SuínosRESUMO
Since the first documented autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus in the Caribbean island of Saint Martin in 2013, the infection has been reported within the Caribbean region as well as North, Central and South America. The risk of autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus becoming established in Spain may be elevated due to the large numbers of travellers returning to Spain from countries affected by the 2013 epidemic in the Caribbean and South America, as well as the existence of the Aedes albopictus vector in certain parts of Spain. We retrospectively analysed the laboratory diagnostic database of the National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII) from 2008 to 2014. During the study period, 264 confirmed cases, of 1,371 suspected cases, were diagnosed at the CNM-ISCIII. In 2014 alone, there were 234 confirmed cases. The highest number of confirmed cases were reported from the Dominican Republic (n = 136), Venezuela (n = 30) and Haiti (n = 11). Six cases were viraemic in areas of Spain where the vector is present. This report highlights the need for integrated active case and vector surveillance in Spain and other parts of Europe where chikungunya virus may be introduced by returning travellers.