STOmicsDB: a comprehensive database for spatial transcriptomics data sharing, analysis and visualization.

Recent technological developments in spatial transcriptomics allow researchers to measure gene expression of cells and their spatial locations at the single-cell level, generating detailed biological insight into biological processes. A comprehensive database could facilitate the sharing of spatial transcriptomic data and streamline the data acquisition process for researchers. Here, we present the Spatial TranscriptOmics DataBase (STOmicsDB), a database that serves as a one-stop hub for spatial transcriptomics. STOmicsDB integrates 218 manually curated datasets representing 17 species. We annotated cell types, identified spatial regions and genes, and performed cell-cell interaction analysis for these datasets. STOmicsDB features a user-friendly interface for the rapid visualization of millions of cells. To further facilitate the reusability and interoperability of spatial transcriptomic data, we developed standards for spatial transcriptomic data archiving and constructed a spatial transcriptomic data archiving system. Additionally, we offer a distinctive capability of customizing dedicated sub-databases in STOmicsDB for researchers, assisting them in visualizing their spatial transcriptomic analyses. We believe that STOmicsDB could contribute to research insights in the spatial transcriptomics field, including data archiving, sharing, visualization and analysis. STOmicsDB is freely accessible at https://db.cngb.org/stomics/.

Clinical Impact of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Nutritional Status in Patients with Recurrent or Advanced Gastric Cancer Treated with Nivolumab.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical impact of skeletal muscle mass and nutritional status in gastric cancer patients treated with nivolumab monotherapy as late-line treatment. METHODS: We conducted a multi-institutional retrospective study of 90 gastric cancer patients who previously received anti-PD-1 therapy (nivolumab). On computed tomography images captured before nivolumab induction, the skeletal muscle index (SMI, cm2/m2) was defined as the erector muscle area (cm2) divided by the height (m) squared. Patients were divided into two groups: those with SMI-high (n = 45) and those with SMI-low (n = 45). Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) was also calculated before nivolumab induction. The associations of SMI and PNI with response rate (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), disease control rate (DCR), and safety were analyzed. RESULTS: The cutoff values for SMI were determined as 13.45 for males and 10.41 for females. SMI-high was significantly associated with a higher RR (odds ratio = 12.36, p = 0.02) and DCR (odds ratio = 2.97, p = 0.02). Although not significant, PNI-high also tended to be associated with a higher RR. Multivariate analysis showed that SMI-high was independently associated with a higher RR and higher DCR in gastric cancer. Moreover, prognostic analyses revealed that SMI-high (log-rank test p = 0.008) and PNI-high (log-rank test p = 0.0008) were significantly associated with longer OS since nivolumab induction. SMI-high was also associated with longer PFS (log-rank test p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in immune-related adverse event between SMI-low and SMI-high. CONCLUSION: SMI and PNI were associated with nivolumab efficacy in gastric cancer patients. Management of skeletal muscle loss and nutritional status in gastric cancer patients who will receive nivolumab would be beneficial to enhance survival outcomes.

Safety of robotic double-flap technique following proximal gastrectomy in the introductory phase compared with laparoscopic procedure: a propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Proximal gastrectomy (PG) is recommended for upper-third gastric cancer and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer, preserving organ function while reducing postoperative symptoms. The double-flap technique (DFT) is one approach to minimize reflux after PG. However, laparoscopic PG with DFT (LPG-DFT) has drawbacks of increased complexity, such as hand sutures for anastomosis. Robotic surgery offers potential advantages for DFT reconstruction, but the safety of robotic DFT following PG (RPG-DFT) in the introductory phase is unknown. METHODS: This retrospective study compared the outcomes of RPG-DFT with LPG-DFT. Data from 402 patients (321 LPG-DFT, 81 RPG-DFT) between 2009 and 2023 were analyzed. Propensity score matching balanced patient demographics and tumor characteristics. Surgical parameters, complications, and long-term outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: The surgery time of LPG-DFT has stabilized in patients since 2016. Thus, LPG-DFT from 2016 was defined as a stable procedure. RPG-DFT was started in 2019, after minimally invasive DFT reconstruction had been mastered at our center. Therefore, we compared the surgical outcomes of introductory RPG-DFT with stable LPG-DFT. Matched analysis revealed that RPG-DFT in the introductory phase had significantly longer surgery times but less bleeding and shorter reconstruction times and hospital stays than stable LPG-DFT. Frequencies of short-term complications and reflux esophagitis were comparable in both groups. Although RPG-DFT in the introductory phase exhibited higher incidence of anastomotic stenosis than stable LPG-DFT, the incidence of anastomotic stenosis decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the safety of RPG-DFT in the introductory phase for EGJ and upper-third stomach tumors, with outcomes comparable to stable LPG-DFT. RPG-DFT offers shorter reconstruction time and less blood loss compared with LPG-DFT. However, anastomotic stenosis is a complication to monitor in early robotic surgery.

Impaired tumor immune response in metastatic tumors is a selective pressure for neutral evolution in CRC cases.

A Darwinian evolutionary shift occurs early in the neutral evolution of advanced colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and copy number aberrations (CNA) are essential in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. In light of this primary evolution, we investigated the evolutionary principles of the genome that foster postoperative recurrence of CRC. CNA and neoantigens (NAG) were compared between early primary tumors with recurrence (CRCR) and early primary tumors without recurrence (precancerous and early; PCRC). We compared CNA, single nucleotide variance (SNV), RNA sequences, and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire between 9 primary and 10 metastatic sites from 10 CRCR cases. We found that NAG in primary sites were fewer in CRCR than in PCRC, while the arm level CNA were significantly higher in primary sites in CRCR than in PCRC. Further, a comparison of genomic aberrations of primary and metastatic conditions revealed no significant differences in CNA. The driver mutations in recurrence were the trunk of the evolutionary phylogenic tree from primary sites to recurrence sites. Notably, PD-1 and TIM3, T cell exhaustion-related molecules of the tumor immune response, were abundantly expressed in metastatic sites compared to primary sites along with the increased number of CD8 expressing cells. The postoperative recurrence-free survival period was only significantly associated with the NAG levels and TCR repertoire diversity in metastatic sites. Therefore, CNA with diminished NAG and diverse TCR repertoire in pre-metastatic sites may determine postoperative recurrence of CRC.

Field experiment of a telesurgery system using a surgical robot with haptic feedback.

PURPOSE: To verify the usefulness of haptic feedback in telesurgery and improve the safety of telerobotic surgery. METHODS: The surgeon's console was installed at two sites (Fukuoka and Beppu; 140 km apart), and the patient cart was installed in Fukuoka. During the experiment, the surgeon was blinded to the haptic feedback levels and asked to grasp the intestinal tract in an animal model. The surgeon then performed the tasks at each location. RESULTS: No marked differences in task accuracy or average grasping force were observed between the surgeon locations. However, the average task completion time was significantly longer, and the system usability scale (SUS) was significantly lower rating for remote operations than for local ones. No marked differences in task accuracy or task completion time were observed between the haptic feedback levels. However, with haptic feedback, the organ was grasped with a significantly weaker force than that without it. Furthermore, with haptic feedback, experienced surgeons in robotic surgery tended to perform an equivalent task with weaker grasping forces than inexperienced surgeons. CONCLUSION: The haptic feedback function is a tool that allows the surgeon to perform surgery with an appropriate grasping force, both on site and remotely. Improved safety is necessary in telesurgery; haptic feedback will thus be an essential technology in robotic telesurgery going forward.

Convergent genomic diversity and novel BCAA metabolism in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Driver alterations may represent novel candidates for driver gene-guided therapy; however, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) with multiple genomic aberrations makes them intractable. Therefore, the pathogenesis and metabolic changes of ICC need to be understood to develop new treatment strategies. We aimed to unravel the evolution of ICC and identify ICC-specific metabolic characteristics to investigate the metabolic pathway associated with ICC development using multiregional sampling to encompass the intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity. METHODS: We performed the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analysis of 39-77 ICC tumour samples and eleven normal samples. Further, we analysed their cell proliferation and viability. RESULTS: We demonstrated that intra-tumoral heterogeneity of ICCs with distinct driver genes per case exhibited neutral evolution, regardless of their tumour stage. Upregulation of BCAT1 and BCAT2 indicated the involvement of 'Val Leu Ile degradation pathway'. ICCs exhibit the accumulation of ubiquitous metabolites, such as branched-chain amino acids including valine, leucine, and isoleucine, to negatively affect cancer prognosis. We revealed that this metabolic pathway was almost ubiquitously altered in all cases with genomic diversity and might play important roles in tumour progression and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a novel ICC onco-metabolic pathway that could enable the development of new therapeutic interventions.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Prediction of Recurrence after Curative Resection for Colorectal Cancer from Digital Pathological Images.

BACKGROUND: To develop an artificial intelligence-based model to predict recurrence after curative resection for stage I-III colorectal cancer from digitized pathological slides. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 471 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection for stage I-III colorectal cancer at our institution from 2004 to 2015 were enrolled, and 512 randomly selected tiles from digitally scanned images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor tissue sections were used to train a convolutional neural network. Five-fold cross-validation was used to validate the model. The association between recurrence and the model's output scores were analyzed in the test cohorts. RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the cross-validation was 0.7245 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6707-0.7783; P < 0.0001]. The score successfully classified patients into those with better and worse recurrence free survival (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that a high score was significantly associated with worse recurrence free survival [odds ratio (OR) 1.857; 95% CI 1.248-2.805; P = 0.0021], which was independent from other predictive factors: male sex (P = 0.0238), rectal cancer (P = 0.0396), preoperative abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level (P = 0.0216), pathological T3/T4 stage (P = 0.0162), and pathological positive lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The artificial intelligence-based prediction model discriminated patients with a high risk of recurrence. This approach could help decision-makers consider the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy.

Auxiliary diagnosis of subepithelial lesions by impedance measurement during EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: EUS-guided FNA/biopsy (EUS-FNA/B) is the citerion standard for diagnosing subepithelial lesions (SELs); however, its diagnostic ability for SELs <20 mm is low. We developed a new diagnostic method to differentiate between GI stromal tumor (GIST) and non-GIST by measuring high-frequency impedance (H-impedance) using an EUS-FNB needle. METHODS: The H-impedance of gastric epithelial neoplasms from 16 cases were measured with a conventional impedance probe to confirm whether H-impedance is clinically useful for assessing cell density (study 1). The H-impedance values of exposed SELs from 25 cases with use of the conventional probe (study 2) and nonexposed SELs from 20 cases with use of the EUS-FNB needle probe (study 3) were measured to determine the diagnostic ability of H-impedance for differentiating GISTs from non-GISTs. RESULTS: H-impedance significantly positively correlated with cell density (P = .030) (study 1). The H-impedance of GIST (99.5) measured with a conventional probe was significantly higher than with those of the muscular layer (82.4) and leiomyoma (89.2) (P < .01) (study 2). The H-impedance of GIST measured with the EUS-FNB needle was also significantly higher than that of leiomyoma (GIST: 80.2 vs leiomyoma, 71.8; P = .015). The diagnostic yield of the impedance method for differentiating GISTs from non-GISTs had 94.4% accuracy, 88.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 0.95 area under the curve. Diagnostic ability was not affected by lesion size (P = .86) (study 3). CONCLUSION: Auxiliary differential diagnosis between gastric GISTs and non-GISTs by the H-impedance measurement during EUS-FNB could be a good option, especially when the lesion is <20 mm.

Telesurgery and telesurgical support using a double-surgeon cockpit system allowing manipulation from two locations.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies on telesurgery have been reported globally, a clinically applicable technique has not yet been developed. As part of a telesurgical study series conducted by the Japan Surgical Society, this study describes the first application of a double-surgeon cockpit system to telesurgery. METHODS: Surgeon cockpits were installed at a local site and a remote site 140 km away. Three healthy pigs weighing between 26 and 29 kg were selected for surgery. Non-specialized surgeons performed emergency hemostasis, cholecystectomy, and renal vein ligation with remote assistance using the double-surgeon cockpits and specialized surgeons performed actual telesurgery. Additionally, the impact of adding internet protocol security (IPsec) encryption to the internet protocol-virtual private network (IP-VPN) line on communication was evaluated to address clinical security concerns. RESULTS: The average time required for remote emergency hemostasis with the double-surgeon cockpit system was 10.64 s. A non-specialized surgeon could safely perform cholecystectomy or renal vein ligation with remote assistance. Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skills and System Usability Scale scores were higher for telesurgical support-assisted surgery by a non-specialized surgeon using the double-surgeon cockpits than for telesurgery performed by a specialized surgeon without the double-cockpit system. Adding IPsec encryption to the IP-VPN did not have a significant impact on communication. CONCLUSION: Telesurgical support through our double-surgeon cockpit system is feasible as first step toward clinical telesurgery.

Left recurrent nerve lymph node dissection in robotic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer without esophageal traction.

BACKGROUND: Because the robotic arm is located on the dorsal side of the patient, when the esophagus is pulled dorsally for the left recurrent nerve lymph node (LRLN) dissection, the robotic arm interferes with the surgical field. This made it difficult to prepare for the left recurrent lymph node dissection. We developed LRLN dissection in robotic surgery with natural space creation by physiological organ movement and evaluated the short-term results. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 102 cases of robot-assisted thoracoscopic subtotal esophagectomy (RATE) among radical subtotal esophagectomies performed between December 2018 and December 2022 using medical records. LRLN dissection is preceded by a dissection of the esophagus from the trachea. Leaving the esophagus on the vertebral side and away from the trachea resulted in a physiological elevation of the esophagus, providing space between the trachea and esophagus. RESULTS: The thoracic surgery time in RATE was 181 (115-394) min. The number of LRLNs dissected was 4 (1-14). Six patients (6%) had a postoperative recurrence in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Seven patients (7%) had grade ≥ 1 left recurrent nerve palsy. CONCLUSIONS: LRLN dissection with RATE using natural space creation was performed safely with a sufficient number of dissected lymph nodes and little left recurrent nerve palsy.

Clinical significance of signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) is a type I transmembrane protein that inhibits macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells upon interaction with CD47, and the CD47-SIRPα pathway acts as an immune checkpoint factor in cancers. This study aims to clarify the clinical significance of SIRPα expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). First, we assessed SIRPα expression using RNA sequencing data of 95 ESCC tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and immunohistochemical analytic data from our cohort of 131 patients with ESCC. Next, we investigated the correlation of SIRPα expression with clinicopathological factors, patient survival, infiltration of tumor immune cells, and expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). Overall survival was significantly poorer with high SIRPα expression than with low expression in both TCGA and our patient cohort (P < .001 and P = .027, respectively). High SIRPα expression was associated with greater depth of tumor invasion (P = .0017). Expression of SIRPα was also significantly correlated with the tumor infiltration of M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages, CD8+ T cells, and PD-L1 expression (P < .001, P < .001, P = .03, and P < .001, respectively). Moreover, patients with SIRPα/PD-L1 coexpression tended to have a worse prognosis than patients with expression of either protein alone or neither. Taken together, SIRPα indicates poor prognosis in ESCC, possibly through inhibiting macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells and inducing suppression of antitumor immunity. Signal regulatory protein alpha should be considered as a potential therapeutic target in ESCC, especially if combined with PD-1-PD-L1 blockade.

Identification of SLC38A7 as a Prognostic Marker and Potential Therapeutic Target of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: No effective molecular targeted therapy has been established for SCC. We conducted a comprehensive study of SCC patients using RNA-sequencing and TCGA dataset to clarify the driver oncogene of SCC. METHOD: Forty-six samples of 23 patients were totally analyzed with RNA-sequencing. We then searched for candidate-oncogenes of SCC using the TCGA database. To identify candidate oncogenes, we used the following 2 criteria: (1) the genes of interest were overexpressed in tumor tissues of SCC patients in comparison to normal tissues; and (2) using an integrated mRNA expression and DNA copy number profiling analysis using the TCGA dataset, the DNA copy number of the genes was positively correlated with the mRNA expression. RESULT: We identified 188 candidate-oncogenes. Among those, the high expression of SLC38A7 was a strong prognostic marker that was significantly associated with a poor prognosis in terms of both overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival in the TCGA dataset (P < 0.05). Additionally, 202 resected SCC specimens were also subjected to an immunohistochemical analysis. Patients with the high expression of SLC38A7 (alternative name is sodium-coupled amino acid transporters 7) protein showed significantly shorter OS in comparison to those with the low expression of SLC38A7 protein [median OS 3.9 years (95% confidence interval, 2.4-6.4 years) vs 2.2 years (95% confidence interval, 1.9-4.1 years); log rank test: P = 0.0021]. CONCLUSION: SLC38A7, which is the primary lysosomal glutamine transporter required for the extracellular protein-dependent growth of cancer cells, was identified as a candidate therapeutic target of SCC.

Radiomics Texture Analysis for the Identification of Colorectal Liver Metastases Sensitive to First-Line Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a radiomics-based prediction model for the response of colorectal liver metastases to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients treated with oxaliplatin-based first-line chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastasis at our institution from August 2013 to October 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Overall, 126 liver metastases were chronologically divided into the training (n = 94) and validation (n = 32) cohorts. Regions of interest were manually segmented, and the best response to chemotherapy was decided based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Patients who achieved clinical complete and partial response according to RECIST were defined as good responders. Radiomics features were extracted from the pretreatment enhanced computed tomography scans, and a radiomics score was calculated using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model in a trial cohort. RESULTS: The radiomics score significantly discriminated good responders in both the trial (area under the curve [AUC] 0.8512, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7719-0.9305; p < 0.0001) and validation (AUC 0.7792, 95% CI 0.6176-0.9407; p < 0.0001) cohorts. Multivariate analysis revealed that high radiomics scores greater than - 0.06 (odds ratio [OR] 23.803, 95% CI 8.432-80.432; p < 0.0001), clinical non-T4 (OR 6.054, 95% CI 2.164-18.394; p = 0.0005), and metachronous disease (OR 11.787, 95% CI 2.333-70.833; p = 0.0025) were independently associated with good response. CONCLUSIONS: Radiomics signatures may be a potential biomarker for the early prediction of chemosensitivity in colorectal liver metastases. This approach may support the treatment strategy for colorectal liver metastasis.

Postoperative elevation in the plasma CCL2 level is a predictive biomarker of colorectal cancer recurrence.

PURPOSE: There is currently no adequate biomarker for predicting colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) induces macrophages and fibroblasts to occupy metastatic niches in distant organs. The purpose of this study was to examine CCL2 as a potential predictive biomarker for CRC recurrence. METHODS: Plasma samples (n = 402) were collected from 80 stage II/III/IV CRC cases and the relationship between CCL2 profiles and recurrence was investigated. The tumor immune response genes associated with CCL2 mRNA expression in a subgroup of 8 stage I/II CRC cases with 12 recurrent sites and The Cancer Genome Atlas database were also analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixteen stage II/III/IV postoperative recurrent CRC cases experienced a significant increase in plasma CCL2 levels 6 months after surgery and continuously increased even after R0-1 resection. The 6-month postoperative CCL2 levels in recurrent cases of ≥ 1 year were significantly higher than in non-recurrent cases and recurrent cases of < 1 year. The CCL2 level in the primary tumor cases significantly correlated with the cytolytic activity, thus indicating a tumor immune response from the CD163-expressing macrophages. CONCLUSION: Plasma CCL2 was found to be a predictive biomarker of postoperative CRC recurrence. CCL2 in metastatic sites derives from metastatic niches that surpass the host immune response.

Indications for laparoscopic surgery for older rectal cancer patients with comorbidities.

PURPOSE: Given the lack of safety studies concerning laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer in patients ≥ 80 years old with comorbidities, we sought to investigate this in the current study. METHODS: Between 2012 and 2019, 24 patients ≥ 80 years old underwent laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer without preoperative treatment. These patients were divided into those with [comorbidity(+) group, n = 13] and without [comorbidity(-) group, n = 11] comorbidities. The preoperative nutritional status and ASA classification, postoperative complications, time to oral diet, and length of hospital stay were evaluated in each group. RESULTS: In the comorbidity(+)/comorbidity(-) groups, the average age was 85.9/84.1 years old, respectively. The major comorbidities were heart disease including atrial fibrillation and valvular disorder. The average PNI and CONUT scores in the comorbidity(+)/comorbidity(-) groups were 44.7/44.2 an 3.1/2.2, respectively. Planned surgical procedures were completed in all patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 2/3 cases in the comorbidity(+)/comorbidity(-) groups, respectively, and the average time to oral diet was 3.8/3.7 days, while the average length of hospitalization after surgery was 15.2/16.5 days, respectively. In the comorbidity(+) group, there was no exacerbation of comorbidities in any cases. CONCLUSION: The safety of laparoscopic surgery is acceptable among older rectal cancer patients with comorbidities.

[The Efficacy of topo â -pS10 Expression in Gastric Cancer as a Predictive Biomarker for Irinotecan Use].

BACKGROUND: Though irinotecan is commonly used for treating advanced gastric cancer, there is no predictive biomarker to date. We have studied the resistant mechanism for irinotecan and found that phosphorylation of serine 10 residue of topoisomerase Ⅰ(topo Ⅰ)is an important step for irinotecan resistance. We have developed an immunohistochemical staining-based biomarker; topo Ⅰ-pS10, for predicting irinotecan efficacy. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to test the accuracy of topo Ⅰ-pS10 immunohistochemical staining in gastric cancer clinical samples. METHODS: In this study we performed 2 sets of tests. In the training set, we stained 79 gastric cancer clinical samples which efficacy of irinotecan was measured by succinate dehydrogenase inhibition(SDI)test. In the validation set, we used 27 gastric cancer clinical samples which irinotecan was used and the efficacy was known. RESULTS: Training set: From the ROC curve the cut-off point was set at 35% positive nuclei. Sixty three cases were positive with topo Ⅰ-pS10 in the nuclei. With the result of irinotecan SDI, the sensitivity was 76.6% and the positive predictive value was 92.5%. This result showed that topo Ⅰ-pS10 positive case does not respond to irinotecan. Validation set: In this set, the sensitivity was 82.4% and the positive predictive value was 82.4%. CONCLUSION: topo Ⅰ-pS10 staining can be used as a predictive biomarker for irinotecan for gastric cancer patients.

Skeletal Muscle Loss After Esophagectomy Is an Independent Risk Factor for Patients with Esophageal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative changes in skeletal muscle and their influence on outcomes after esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to confirm that postoperative skeletal muscle decrease influences long-term patient outcomes. METHODS: Data were collected from 218 patients who underwent curative esophagectomy for esophageal cancer whose data were available before and 6 months after surgery. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was measured at the level of the L3 vertebrae, and the postoperative change in the SMI compared with preoperative values was calculated as the delta SMI. RESULTS: The mean SMI value was - 11.64%, and the median delta SMI value was - 11.88%. The first and third quartiles were defined as cutoffs, and 218 patients were classified as the mild-loss group (54 patients), moderate-loss group (110 patients), and severe-loss group (54 patients). The patients with a more severely reduced SMI had a worse prognosis (5-year overall survival rates: mild loss, 66.6%; moderate loss, 58.8%; and severe loss, 48.5%; p = 0.0314). This correlation between reduced SMI and prognosis also was observed for the patients with preoperative sarcopenia (p < 0.0001), but not for those without preoperative sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative reduced SMI and worse prognosis were significantly associated in esophageal cancer patients.

Circulating PD-1 mRNA in Peripheral Blood is a Potential Biomarker for Predicting Survival of Breast Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors have shown significant therapeutic promise in various cancers. However, the clinical significance of PD-1 expression remains not fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the clinical and prognostic relevance of PD-1 expression in breast cancer (BC). METHODS: First, we analyzed PD-1 mRNA expression in BC tissues and performed a survival analysis using a dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Next, we measured PD-1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood (PB) in BC patients by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We performed a survival analysis and evaluated the association between PD-1 mRNA expression in PB and the clinicopathological features of 372 BC patients who underwent curative resection. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis was performed to identify PD-1-expressing cells in PB. Finally, we determined whether there was a correlation of PD-1 mRNA expression in PB and tumor tissue. RESULTS: PD-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues. Decreased PD-1 mRNA expression in tumor tissue was associated with poor overall survival (OS). PD-1 mRNA expression in PB of BC patients was higher than that of healthy volunteers, and increased PD-1 mRNA expression in PB was associated with poor OS. FCM revealed that PD-1 was mostly expressed on T cells in PB, predominantly in CD4+ T cells. PD-1 mRNA expression in PB was negatively correlated with PD-1 mRNA expression in tumor tissue. CONCLUSION: High expression of PD-1 mRNA in preoperative PB could serve as an effective biomarker that indicates poor prognosis in BC.

Prognostic Significance of PD-1, PD-L1 and CD8 Gene Expression Levels in Gastric Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) therapies have shown promising clinical activity against gastric cancer (GC). We evaluated the clinical significance of immune-related gene expression in GC tissues to better understand the tumor immune microenvironment. METHODS: PD-1, PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CD8 mRNA levels and clinicopathological factors, including survival, were examined by quantitative RT-PCR in 155 GC patients who underwent surgery. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue from 24 GC patients was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: PD-1, PD-L1 and CD8 mRNA levels were significantly lower in tumor tissue than in normal tissue (p < 0.0001, p < 0.05, and p < 0.0001). GC patients with low PD-1, PD-L1 and CD8 mRNA levels had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) than those with high PD-1, PD-L1 and CD8 mRNA levels, respectively (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Low PD-1, PD-L1 and CD8 mRNA levels were more significantly associated with poor prognosis in undifferentiated-type GC patients than in differentiated-type GC patients (PD-1: differentiated p = 0.0071 vs. undifferentiated p = 0.0024; PD-L1: p = 0.6527 vs. p < 0.0001; CD8: p = 0.4465 vs. p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, distant metastasis, low PD-1 mRNA levels and low CD8 mRNA levels were independent prognostic factors for worse OS (low PD-1 mRNA level: OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.10-4.58, p < 0.05; low CD8 mRNA level: OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.12-6.90, p < 0.05). PD-1 and PD-L1 mRNA levels in immune cells were significantly associated with PD-1 and PD-L1 protein levels (both p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PD-1, PD-L1 and CD8 mRNA levels may reflect antitumor immunity in GC, and low PD-1 and CD8 mRNA levels are potential predictive biomarkers for poor prognosis in GC patients who underwent surgery.

Postoperative C-reactive protein/albumin ratio is a biomarker of risk of recurrence and need for adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy is generally recommended for patients with stage III colorectal cancer. Even with adjuvant chemotherapy, 20-30% of such patients develop recurrences; the risk factors for recurrence are currently unclear. The preoperative systemic inflammation index has been linked to poor prognoses in patients with colorectal cancer; however, the relationship between postoperative systemic inflammation index and recurrence is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the association between preoperative and postoperative systemic inflammation indexes and recurrence in patients with stage III colorectal cancer. METHODS: The following laboratory data of 133 patients with stage III colorectal cancer were analyzed: preoperative and postoperative C-reactive protein/albumin ratios (CAR); neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios (NLR); and platelet to lymphocyte ratios (PLR) and their relationships with recurrence analyzed. RESULTS: The optimal cutoff values for systemic inflammation indexes were determined by examining receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariate analyses indicated that N-stage, postoperative complications, preoperative NLR, and postoperative CAR were independent predictors of recurrence-free survival (RFS). Postoperative CAR was also an independent predictor of overall survival (OS). Patients with postoperative CAR ≥ 0.035 who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy had shorter RFS and OS than those who did. There were no significant differences in RFS and OS between patients with postoperative CAR < 0.035 who did and did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative CAR is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients with stage III colorectal cancer and is a useful biomarker for determining whether adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered.