Treating peri-trochanteric hip fractures with intramedullary nail, when a second anti-rotational screw is necessary?

INTRODUCTION: Fragility fractures around the proximal end of the femur have increased in recent years due to an aging population, adding to the pressure on national health care systems and to hospital expenses. Peri-trochanteric fractures have historically been treated successfully with anatomic intramedullary nails, giving stable fixation in order to allow early for mobilisation of these frail patients. Some of these nails allow a second (anti-rotational) screw through the nail into the femoral head. We assessed the use of this additional screw in terms of quality of reduction, post-operative mobilization and complications. MATERIALS & METHODS: All patients who were treated in the same hospital for peri-trochanteric fracture between January 2017 and December 2019 were included in the study. The patients were randomly assigned into group A, where the treatment included intramedullary nailing using one femoral hip screw, and group B, where the treatment additionally included a second anti-rotational screw. The patients were followed up clinically and radiologically, for at least 3 months post-operatively. Demographic and operative data were collected alongside radiographic and clinical data. RESULTS: A total of 118 patients with an average age of 82.7 years were included in the study after exclusion criteria was applied. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the ASA grade, Nottingham Hip fracture score, Koval score, Mental score, operation time, transfusion requirements, and operative radiation dose and time (p > 0.05). In group A, more complications were observed (p < 0.05). The radiographic measurements were statistically significantly different. CART analysis revealed that the use of a single screw in the femoral head for the subgroup of the unstable peri-trochanteric fractures (Jensen Type 4-5 - AO31A2.2 and above), has a tendency toward developing more post-operative complications, though this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The use of an additional anti-rotational screw for unstable peri-trochanteric fractures (Jensen Type 4-5 and AO 31A2.2 and above) could prevent complications such as varus collapse and cut-out.

Predicting factors for better outcomes of stable supination external rotation type 2 ankle fractures.

PURPOSE: Stable Weber B ankle fractures are treated by a walking boot for 6 weeks and bearing full weight through the boot as tolerated. The aim of the present study was to assess the outcome parameters of this treatment protocol, evaluate the efficacy of using the walking boot, and investigate any possible predicting factors that could affect the outcomes. METHODS: All the patients with stable Weber B ankle fractures, treated in our hospital between January 2018 and December 2018, were prospectively included to the study. The patients were evaluated clinically, and the patient-reported outcome measures data were collected at the 2 and 6 weeks post-injury. Chi square, Spearman's rho test, independent samples and paired sample t-tests were used for the monovariant analysis. RESULTS: A total of 128 consecutive patients (aged 52.2 ± 19.1 years) with supination external rotation type 2 fracture were finally included to the study. At the 2 weeks follow-up, the reported outcome measures scores were in moderate levels, but improved significantly at the 6 weeks follow-up (p < 0.0001). Multivariant analysis revealed that the ability to bear full weight without the boot at the 2 weeks after diagnosis was the only variable, which made statistically unique contribution to the foot and ankle disability index score at the 6 weeks (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Conservative treatment using a walking boot with advice to bear full weight of stable ankle Weber B fractures can bring to good functional outcomes. The ability to bear full weight without the aid of the walking boot at 2 weeks after diagnosis was the only significant predicting factor for better outcomes at 6 weeks after diagnosis.

Patient reported outcomes following non-operatively managed Weber Type A distal fibula fractures.

INTRODUCTION: The outcomes of "Weber A" type fibula fractures treated non-operatively are not well studied. The aims of this study were to investigate patient reported outcomes (PROMs) from such injuries and investigate if different radiological features of the fracture affects such outcomes. METHODS: Patients with conservatively managed Weber A fractures were contacted retrospectively (minimum 11 months) to measure PROMs. PROMs included the use of the Chertsey Outcome Score for Trauma (COST) as well as the time to return to work, physical activity and time to become symptom free. The effect of fracture features such as fracture height and intra-articular extension were analysed for their effect on PROMs. RESULTS: Data was collected from 72 patients from a total of 211 patients presenting with Weber A fractures. The mean COST scores were 83 (range 30-100). Patients reported on average 3.1 weeks (desk based) and 5.7 weeks (labour intensive) to return to work, 10.8 weeks to return to physical activity and 14.8 weeks to become symptom free with 21% of patients still symptomatic at follow-up. Fracture height and fractures with comminution, displacement, intra-articular extension did not appear to be associated with poorer PROMs. CONCLUSION: The outcomes are generally excellent; however, most patients do not return to their baseline before the injury, with a significant proportion of patients remaining symptomatic at follow-up. The reported times to return to work, physical activity and symptom-free are useful to manage patient expectations. Our results dispel any assumption that Weber A type distal fibula fractures are always associated with excellent outcomes.

Posterior shoulder fracture-dislocation: A systematic review of the literature and current aspects of management.

PURPOSE: Posterior fracture-dislocation of shoulder is an infrequent traumatic event; however, most orthopaedic surgeons may face the challenge of treating it. The aim of this study is to review and summarise systematically the current principles of the management of this complex injury, and create a treatment algorithm. METHODS: Both PubMed and Scopus Databases were systematically searched for the terms "posterior shoulder fracture-dislocation" or "posterior glenohumeral fracture-dislocation" or "posterior glenoid fracture-dislocation" for articles written in English and published in the last decade. RESULTS: A total of 900 articles were identified, of which 13 were retained for analysis. A total of 153 patients (161 shoulders) were identified. These patients were treated either with open reduction and internal fixation, modified McLaughlin procedure, allograft/autograft humeral head reconstruction or shoulder arthroplasty. The mean age was 40.15 years. The mean postoperative Constant score in cases treated by open reduction and internal fixation was 86.45, whereas by bone graft was 84.18. Further, the mean postoperative Constant score was between 79.6 and 67.1 in those that were managed by modified McLaughlin and arthroplasty procedure, respectively. CONCLUSION: The management of posterior shoulder fracture-dislocation may be challenging, and the best surgical option depends on many variables such as the chronicity of the injury, the presence of a fracture at the level of the surgical neck or tuberosities and the extend of the Hill-Sachs lesion if any. A treatment algorithm is proposed, based on the current literature in an effort to create a consensus for these injuries. For the acute shoulder fracture-dislocations, an open reduction should be performed. For the chronic fracture/dislocations in the elderly low-demand patients, conservative treatment should be performed. For the rest of the patients, depending on the severity of the Hill-Sachs lesion different surgical options are available such as the McLaughlin technique, the use of an allograft, osteotomy or arthroplasty.

The timing of closed unstable ankle fracture fixation and major wound complications - an observation from a UK major trauma centre.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective cohort study was performed at a UK major trauma centre to identify whether timing of surgical fixation of closed unstable ankle fracture affected the rate of major wound complications. METHODS: Consecutive cases of unstable ankle fractures treated with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) between March 2014 to December 2016 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Data were collected from 2018 onwards allowing a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Patients under the age of 18, polytrauma, open fractures and those requiring external fixation were excluded. Timing of ORIF were categorised into early (within 24 hours of injury) and delayed (after 24 hours of injury). Primary outcome was major soft tissue complications (defined as deep wound infections or wound breakdown that required further surgery). Secondary outcomes included fixation failure, and symptomatic metal work requiring removal. RESULTS: A total of 235 consecutive cases were included. There were 108(46%) patients in the early fixation group, and 127(54%) patients in the delayed fixation group. Seven major wound complications were identified. Five of which were in the early group, and 2 in the late group. There was no statistically significant difference in the major wound complication rates between the early and delayed surgery groups (p = 1.000). CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was observed in the rate of major soft tissue complications between early and delayed fixation for isolated unstable ankle fractures.

Walking impairments after severe tibia plateau fractures. A gait pattern analysis.

PURPOSE: Tibia plateau fractures are severe knee injuries which have a great impact on the patients' lives, but in what extend is not clear yet in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term gait alternations after severe tibia plateau fractures treated with circular Ilizarov frame. MATERIALS & METHODS: Gait pattern evaluation was performed to patients who were treated with circular Ilizarov frame after severe tibia plateau fractures (Schatzker IV-VI), three to six months after the frame removal. Gait evaluation performed by using a force plate in a walking platform at self selected speeds. Data collected from two walking tasks for each limb. Demographic, clinical, radiological and quality of life questionnaire (SF-12v2) and COST data were also collected. RESULTS: The gait pattern of sixteen patients (aged 48.8 ± 13.3 years), following treatment with circular Ilizarov frame for severe tibia plateau fractures (Schatzker IV-VI) was analysed. The tests were performed at an average of 10.4 months after the initial treatment. SF-12v2 Mental scores have returned to normal (mean 55.8 ± 11.9) but physical scores remained impaired (mean 40.6 ± 11.3). COST scores reached average levels (mean 54.1 ± 19.8). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare the GRFs and gait timing data of the affected limb with the normal one. Single limb support interval was significantly reduced to the affected limb (p < 0.001) and terminal stance phase was prolonged for the normal limb (p = 0.05). The rest of the GRF and gait timing data did not reach significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: During the early stages of rehabilitation following severe tibia plateau fractures treated with circular Ilizarov frame, the gait pattern returns to normal curve morphology, but with reduced single limb support and terminal stance phases at the affected knee. Mental status returns to normal but symptoms and function remain impaired.

Widening is a predictive factor of bucket handle tear in tibial plateau fractures.

BACKGROUND: It is well known that tibial plateau fractures have an association with soft tissue injuries. However, as far as the authors are aware, there has been no literature specifically on the incidence of bucket handle meniscal tears in patients with tibial plateau fractures. Bucket handle tears are often symptomatic and amenable to repair if detected early. Our objective was therefore to determine the incidence of bucket handle tears specifically in tibial plateau fractures and identify radiographic features which are suggestive of bucket handle tears. METHOD: Data for 88 consecutive patients with tibial plateau fractures in a major trauma centre over a two-year period were analysed. Clinical records were reviewed to identify injuries with an associated bucket handle tear. Pre-operative computerised tomography was reviewed. Monovariant and multivariant analyses were conducted to identify radiographic predictive features. RESULTS: The results showed a 20% incidence of soft tissue injuries in concurrence with the existing literature. In addition, there was found to be a 10% incidence of meniscal bucket handle tears. Articular widening of > 8 mm was found to be a unique significant predictor of bucket handle tears. CONCLUSION: It is essential to bear in mind the association with soft tissue injuries in tibial plateau fractures and the incidence of bucket handle tears in particular. The radiographic feature of articular widening should alert the clinician to the possibility of this injury. This will enable appropriate investigations and surgical planning to be carried out in order to improve patient management and outcomes.

Early versus delayed weight bearing after surgical fixation of distal femur fractures: a non-randomized comparative study.

Distal femur fractures are rare injuries with a bimodal distribution (high-energy injury in young males and low-energy fragility fractures in old females). Their management can be challenging: open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with distal femur locking plates is a commonly performed procedure especially in comminuted fractures with articular involvement. Anxiety regarding the stability of the fixation, especially in osteoporotic bone, leads to post-operative restrictive instructions with limitations regarding the weight-bearing status. Early weight bearing (EWB), however, was shown to enhance bone healing and was not correlated with an increased risk of fracture displacement or implant failure in previous published studies, which reported the results of proximal femur, tibia and ankle fractures surgical treatment. The current study analysed the results of a series of distal femur fractures (51 patients, mean age 64.3 ± 20.7) all treated with ORIF in a level-I major trauma centre, but differently rehabilitated. Group A was, in fact, instructed not to weight bear or to touch weight bear, while group B started to weight bear soon after surgery without specific restrictions. The objective was to compare the outcome and the complication rate in the two groups at 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. The results showed no statistically significant differences in the two groups and no post-operative complications in the EWB group. Six complications were observed in the non-weight-bearing group (four fractures displacement and two implants failure at 12-week follow-up). Distal femur fractures treated with locking plates can be rehabilitated with EWB to allow early return to function. There is no evidence that EWB increases the risk of fracture displacement or implant failure in distal femur fractures treated with distal locking plates. Instead, it is possible that post-operative non-weight-bearing status delays the fracture-healing process increasing the risk of failure of the fixation.

An unclassified tibial plateau fracture: Reverse Schatzker type IV.

The most commonly accepted system of classification for tibia plateau fractures is that of Schatzker. Increasingly, both high energy injuries and atypical osteoporotic fragility failures have led to more complex, unusual and previously undescribed fracture patterns being recognized. We present a case of a patient with a previously unreported pattern of tibia plateau fracture and knee dislocation. We highlight the challenges confronted and present the management and the outcomes of his injury. A 28-year old male motorcyclist was involved in a head on collision with a truck and was transferred by helicopter to our level 1 major trauma centre emergency department. His injuries were a circumferential degloving injury to his left leg and a right lateral tibial plateau fracture/knee dislocation. The pattern of the lateral tibial plateau fracture was unique and did not fit any recognised classification system. The patient received a spanning external fixator initially and after latency of 12 days for soft tissue resuscitation he underwent definite fixation through an antero-lateral approach to the proximal tibia with two cannulated 6.5 mm partially threaded screws and an additional lateral proximal tibia plate in buttress mode. A hinged knee brace was applied with unrestricted range of motion post-operatively and free weight bearing were permitted post operatively. At the 6 months follow up, the patient walks without aids and with no limp. Examination revealed a stable joint and full range of motion. Plain radiographs revealed that the fracture healed with good alignment and the fixation remained stable. High energy injuries can lead to more complicated fracture patterns, which challenge the orthopaedic surgeons in their management. It is crucial to understand the individual fracture pattern and the possible challenges that may occur. This study reports a lateral tibia plateau fracture/dislocation which perhaps is best described as a reverse Schatzker IV type fracture.

Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency reduces walking economy in "copers" and "non-copers".

PURPOSE: Patients with ACL injury requiring surgical treatment (non-copers) demonstrate altered neuromuscular control and gait pattern compared with those returning to their pre-injury activities without surgery (copers). Pathological gait pattern may increase the energy cost of walking. We compared the energy cost of flat, uphill, and downhill walking between ACL-deficient and healthy individuals and between "copers" and "non-copers". METHODS: Nineteen young males with unilateral ACL injury were allocated into "copers" and "non-copers" according to their ability to return to pre-injury activity without ACL reconstruction. Lysholm and IKDC scales were recorded, and a control group (n = 10) matched for physical characteristics and activity levels was included. All participants performed 8-min walking tasks at 0, +10, and -10 % gradients. Energy cost was assessed by measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2). HR and ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and VE/VO2 were also measured. RESULTS: VO2 and HR were higher in ACL-deficient patients than in controls during walking at 0, +10, and -10 % gradients (p < 0.01-0.05). There were no differences between "copers" and "non-copers" in VO2 and HR for any gradient. No differences were observed in VE, RER, and VE/VO2 among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The walking economy of level, uphill, and downhill walking is reduced in ACL-deficient patients. Despite the improved functional and clinical outcome of "copers", their walking economy appears similar to that of "non-copers" but impaired compared with healthy individuals. The higher energy demand and effort during locomotion in "copers" and "non-copers" has clinical implications for designing safer rehabilitation programmes. The increased energy cost in "copers" may be another parameter to consider when deciding on the most appropriate therapeutic intervention (operative and non-operative), particularly for athletes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Anatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction improves walking economy: hamstrings tendon versus patellar tendon grafts.

PURPOSE: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is associated with a pathologic gait pattern and increased energy cost during locomotion. ACL reconstruction could improve the gait pattern. Hamstrings tendon (HAM) and bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) grafts are usually used for reconstruction. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of anatomic ACL reconstruction with HAM and BPTB grafts on improving and normalizing the energy cost and physiologic reserves during flat, uphill, and downhill walking. METHODS: Twenty male subjects with unilateral ACL injuries were randomly assigned to ACL reconstruction with a HAM (n = 10) or BPTB (n = 10) graft. Ten matched controls were also enrolled. All participants performed three 8-min walking tasks at 0, +10, and -10 % gradients before and 9 months after surgery. Energy cost (oxygen consumption, VO2), heart rate (HR), and ventilation (VE) were measured. Lysholm/IKDC scores were recorded. RESULTS: Pre-operatively, VO2, HR, and VE were higher in the HAM and BPTB groups than in controls during walking at 0, +10, and -10 % gradients (p < 0.001-0.01). Post-operatively, both HAM and BPTB groups showed reduced VO2, HR, and VE during the three walking tasks (p < 0.001-0.01). Although the post-operative VO2 in both surgical groups reached 90-95 % of the normative (control) value during walking, it remained elevated against the value observed in controls (p < 0.001-0.01). The HAM and BPTB groups showed no differences in post-surgical VO2 or HR during walking at all three gradients. CONCLUSION: Anatomic ACL reconstruction with either HAM or BPTB graft resulted in similar short-term improvements in energy cost and nearly normalized locomotion economy and cardiorespiratory reserves during flat, uphill, and downhill walking. The improved locomotion economy is an additional benefit of anatomic ACL reconstruction, irrespective of the type of graft used, that the orthopaedic surgeons should consider. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Outcomes of the Ilizarov frame use in elderly patients.

AIM: The use of circular frame is widely accepted. This is an outcome review on use of circular Ilizarov frame in elderly patients. MATERIALS & METHODS: Data from all patients treated with an Ilizarov circular frame between January 2002 and December 2014, who were 65 years of age or over at surgery was collected. Seventy Ilizarov circular frames were applied during this period in our unit at a mean age of 71.2 years. Clinical, radiological and quality of life questionnaire (SF-12) data were gathered. Mortality, complication and revision data were also collected. RESULTS: Indications of application of Ilizarov frame were fractures (53%), non-unions (19%), deformity correction (7%) and ankle fusions (21%). Mean period of time in the frame was 184.4 ± 84.2 days. Mortality and complication rates were low (5-7%) at a mean follow-up 4.2 years. There was no case of septic arthritis or newly induced deep infection. Physical and Mental components of SF-12 questionnaire returned to normal for that age group. There was no difference between the subgroups (tibia plateau fractures, pilon fractures, ankle fusions, non-unions, deformity correction and miscellaneous trauma) concerning the physical and mental subjective (PCS and MCS SF-12 component) outcomes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ilizarov circular frame as a definitive treatment of many kinds of trauma and orthopaedic conditions can be safely and reliably used in the elderly with good quality of life results.

Chertsey Outcome Score for Trauma: Development and validation of a new unifying patient reported outcome measure for orthopaedic trauma.

PURPOSE: Lately there is an increasing tendency of using Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) as a final indicator of the outcome of many surgical treatments in orthopaedics and in other medical specialties. Currently there are many outcome scores in orthopaedics and most of them are site specific. In the contrary there is a lack of trauma specific outcome scores. METHODS: We have designed a new PROM especially for orthopaedic trauma patients, in order to measure in what extent the patients manage to return to their pre-injury state. This score uses as baseline the pre-injury status of the patient and has the aim to determine the percentage of rehabilitation after treatment for any injury. RESULTS: A total of 60 Chertsey Outcome Score for Trauma (COST) questionnaires were gathered in our outpatients department. The participants were 57% male (aged 46.81 years ± 18.5 years) and the questionnaires collected at mean 10 months post-injury. A Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.89 was identified for the whole construct. The three dimensions of the scale had good internal consistency as well (Cronbach's Alpha test values 0.74, 0.84 and 0.81 for symptoms, function and mental status respectively). Strong/moderate correlation (Spearman's Rho test 0.43-0.65) was observed between the respective physical/mental dimensions of the COST and SF-12v2 questionnaires. CONCLUSION: There is a need among the orthopaedic trauma society for a specific PROM of trauma. COST is a useful and easy to use tool for every trauma surgeon.

Walking ability before and after a hip fracture in elderly predict greater long-term survivorship.

AIM: The morbidity and mortality after a hip fracture in the elderly population are multifactorial. The aim of this study is to determine the long-term impact of specific factors to mortality rate and mobility after a hip fracture in the elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Elderly suffering a hip fracture after a low-energy trauma was included in the study, whereas moribund patients with severe comorbid conditions and high-energy trauma were excluded. All the patients were treated operatively during 2003. Data for survivorship and mobilization was collected six months, one and ten years after the operation. Kaplan-Meier log rang test was used for the survival analysis and cox regression for multivariate analysis of prediction factors such as age, gender, time to surgery after trauma, type of fracture, ambulation status before injury and early walking ability after the surgery. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty three patients were finally included to the study. Gender (p = 0.64) and type of fracture (p = 0.92) seem to have no statistically significant impact on survivorship. Age (p < 0.001), time of surgery after the trauma (p = 0.001), ambulation status (p < 0.001) and early walking ability after the surgery (p < 0.001) seem to have statistically significant impact on mortality, as independent factors. The significance is present one year and ten years after the surgery. However, according to the multivariate analysis, time to surgery after trauma and age lose significance, while early walking ability remain significant one and ten years after surgery (p < 0.001). Ambulation status seem to lose significance early after surgery, but reach significance ten years postoperatively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In summary, it could be stated that early walking ability after an operation for a hip fracture in elderly is the most significant prediction factor of survivorship one and ten years postoperatively. Ambulation status before injury is a significant long-term predictor factor for survivorship.

The Rotaglide mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty: no difference between cemented and hybrid implantation.

PURPOSE: The optimal fixation of the Rotaglide total knee arthroplasty's (TKA) components is controversial. It is hypothesized that the hybrid fixation (cementless femoral component) in a mobile-bearing TKA system might cause increased rate of loosening--especially in the femoral part--and finally failure of the arthroplasty. Consequently, the aim of this study was to compare the survival and revision rates and also the clinical and radiological outcomes of the cemented and hybrid fixation of the Rotaglide TKA. METHODS: One hundred patients, who underwent TKA with the Rotaglide prosthesis, were randomly placed in two groups. In the first group, the prosthesis was cemented, and in the second group, the hybrid technique was used. Revision and mortality rates were compared after 8-12 years of follow-up. Knee and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire and the Knee Society Roentgenographic Evaluation and Scoring System were used to demonstrate clinical and radiographic differences. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in revision (n.s.) or mortality (n.s.) rates between the two treatment arms. The clinical outcome at the time of last follow-up (mean 9.5 years, SD ± 1.4) ranged from very good to excellent (77.8 ± 17.5 for the cemented group and 77.2 ± 20.4 for the hybrid group). No statistically significant differences in all KOOS subscales. Radiographs showed no significant difference in prosthesis alignment and no evidence of loosening between groups. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis that the hybrid fixation in a mobile-bearing TKA system might cause increased rate of loosening and finally failure of the arthroplasty was not confirmed. The fixation technique (cemented or hybrid) had no influence on the prosthesis's survivorship, and also on mortality rates, clinical and radiographic outcomes in a mean follow-up time of 9.5 ± 1.4 years. The Rotaglide TKA is a safe and reliable prosthesis regardless the fixation technique.

Severe Pilon Fractures: The Role of Quality of Reduction in Clinical and Functional Outcomes.

Introduction The purpose of the current study is to present the outcome of closed reduction and stabilization using an Illizarov ring fixator in severe pilon fractures and to investigate the correlation between reduction quality and clinical and functional outcomes. Materials and methods Thirty-three type III tibial plafond fractures, which had been treated with this method, were retrospectively analysed. Quality of reduction was classified according to the Teeny & Wiss (TW) criteria. Clinical and functional assessment was carried out using the Ovadia & Beals (OB) and Olerud & Molander (OM) scores. Results All fractures were successfully united. The mean time in the fixator was 6.3 months, and the mean follow-up was 50 months after frame removal. There were no major infections. There was no significant relationship between TW and OM (r=-0.34, p=0.13), TW and OB (r=0.35, p=0.23), neither Delay (from injury until surgery) and OM (r=-0.03, p=0.28), and Delay and OB (r=0.30, p=0.31). Conclusions The present study demonstrates that the major problems of open reduction and internal fixation of pilon type III fractures can be avoided by a non-invasive approach to the treatment of these fractures. The articular surface can be reconstituted with olive-tip wires and small fragment washers, early ligamentotaxis and fracture stabilization with the Ilizarov ring fixator. These simple steps could lead safely to union and a good clinical and functional outcome.

The use of minimum common data set in the development of the Greek Fragility Hip Fracture Registry in the Greek health care setting: the first year of its pilot implementation.

The first Fragility Hip Fracture Registry has been established in Greece. The in-hospital length of stay was 10.8 days and was significantly influenced by the delayed surgical fixation. The increased age, the higher ASA grade, and the male gender influenced negatively the 30-day mortality, which reached 7.5%. BACKGROUND: The increased incidence of fragility hip fractures constitutes a great challenge to the health care professionals and causes a significant burden on national health care systems around the globe. Fragility hip fracture registries have been used in many countries in order to document the cotemporary situation in each country and to identify potential weaknesses of the local health care systems. AIM: The aim of the herein study is to present the results of the pilot implementation of the first fragility hip fracture registry in Greece, which was developed by the Greek Chapter of Fragility Fracture Network (FFN Gr), and use the neural networks in the analysis of the results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven orthopaedic departments from six different hospitals in Greece participated in the present pilot study. All fragility hip fractures from September 2022 until December 2023 were prospectively collected and documented using a central database. For this purpose, the 22 points of minimum common data set, proposed by the Global Fragility Fracture Network, with the addition of the 30-day mortality was used. RESULTS: A total of 1009 patients who sustained a fragility hip fracture were included in the study. The mean age of the cohort was 82.2 ± 8.6 years with the majority of patients being female (72%). Sixty percent (60%) of the patients had an extracapsular hip fracture, with a mean ASA grade 2.6 ± 0.8. Intramedullary nailing and hip hemiarthroplasty were the surgical treatments of choice in the majority of extra- and intra-capsular hip fractures respectively. The mean hospital length of stay of the patients was 10.8 ± 8.5 days, and the 30-day mortality was 7.5%. The multivariant analysis revealed that the age, the ASA grade and the male gender had a significant contribution to the 30-day mortality. The neural network model had a significant under-the-curve predictive value (0.778), with age being the most important predictive factor. The length of stay was significantly influenced only by the delayed surgical fixation (more than 36 h from admission). CONCLUSIONS: The present pilot study provides evidence that establishing a fragility hip fracture registry in Greece is feasible and demonstrates that the minimum common data set can be used as the base of any new registry. In Greece, patients with a fragility hip fracture stay in the hospital for approximately 11 days and have 7.5% 30-day mortality. Unfortunately, due to the logistics of the public healthcare system, they do not receive surgical fixation in a timely manner, which is a factor that negatively affects their length of in-hospital stay.

Rehabilitation after musculoskeletal injury: European perspective.

Trauma is one of the main causes of death in younger people and ongoing disability worldwide. In Europe, while there is generally good organization of trauma reception and acute treatment, rehabilitation from major musculoskeletal injuries is less well defined and provided. This article documents the diverse approaches to rehabilitation after major injury in 6 European nations. The recognition of need is universal, but achieving a robust rehabilitation strategy is more elusive across the varying health care systems. Switzerland has the most robust service in the insured population. In the other countries, particularly where there is a reliance on public institutes, this provision is at best patchy. In the Netherlands, innovative patient-empowering strategies have gained traction with notable success, and in the United Kingdom, a recent randomized trial also showed this approach to be reproducible and robust. Overall, there is a clear need for learning across the national systems and implementation of a minimum set of standards.

Thromboembolic Events During Weightbearing vs Nonweightbearing Accelerated Rehabilitation Protocols for Complete Achilles Tendon Ruptures.

Background: Achilles tendon rupture can be treated nonoperatively with functional rehabilitation. However, prolonged immobilization has associated risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Early weightbearing may reduce VTE risk, and this was introduced to our rehabilitation protocol. We investigated the prevalence of symptomatic VTE events before and after the introduction of the early weightbearing protocol. Methods: Adults with ultrasonography-confirmed complete tendo-Achilles ruptures between January 2017 and June 2020 were included. Preprotocol, patients were instructed to not weightbear for 4 weeks. In 2018, immediate weightbearing was introduced to the treatment protocol. All patients in both cohorts were given low-molecular-weight heparin for 4 weeks. Patients with symptomatic VTE events were investigated with duplex ultrasonographic scan or chest computed tomography. Two independent anonymized examiners collected data from electronic records. Rates of symptomatic VTEs were compared. Results: A total of 296 patients were included. Sixty-nine patients were managed with the nonweightbearing protocol, and 227 patients were managed with the early-weightbearing protocol. Two patients in each group developed deep vein thrombosis and 1 developed pulmonary embolism in the early-weightbearing group. Rates of VTEs were lower in the early-weightbearing group (1.3% vs 2.9%) but did not reach statistical significance (P = .33). Conclusion: In this cohort we found that symptomatic VTE after nonoperatively treated Achilles tendon rupture was uncommon. We did not demonstrate a reduction in symptomatic VTE between our early weightbearing and nonweightbearing rehabilitation protocols. We believe a larger study may help clarify whether early weightbearing is beneficial in VTE reduction. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

The use of 3D printing technology in limb reconstruction. Inspirations and challenges.

The management of septic non-unions with associated bone necrosis is challenging, especially when the resulting bone defect after the debridement is extensile. Different techniques have been described in the literature for the treatment of these demanding cases, with the most prominent being free vascularized Fibular graft and bone transport with distraction osteogenesis principles. Recently, 3D printing technology has been increasingly utilized in many complex orthopaedic pathologies. However, the application of those advancements regarding septic non-unions with residual bone defect has not been previously studied. This study presents a novel 3D printing technique for the management of an infected critical bone deficit of the tibia. Queries, challenges and future perspectives concerning the recruiting of 3D printing technology in limb reconstruction are also being discussed. Clinical Evidence Level: IV.