Ultrastructural imaging of Candida albicans adhesion to rat genital epithelium through scanning and transmission electron microscopy.

The adhesion of Candida albicans to the genital epithelium has not been fully investigated in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural aspects of C. albicans adhesion in the lower genital system of female Wistar rats through scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The genital infection persisted until the end of the experiment, and all rats showed the same adhesion aspects. Various associated yeast/hyphae were observed in the lumen and adhered both at the vaginal and endocervical levels where the fungal filamentation process occurred. In the vaginal epithelium, closely adhered yeasts were observed as stretched strands bridging between yeasts and the epithelium surface. Different stages of the adhesion, where yeasts internalized into the epithelial cell inside a cytoplasmic vacuole, resembling endocytosis, and a wide fibrillar-floccular, glycocalyx-like layer on the yeasts were observed. On the endocervix, the adhesion occurred between the cilia. In the uterine body, only a yeast-like form was observed with superficial contact. This study reached the initial goal of demonstrating an experimental model for in vivo studies. Continuation of this line of research is important for studies of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Male Partners of Infertile Couples With Seminal Positivity for Markers of Bacterial Vaginosis Have Impaired Fertility.

To access the possibility that key markers of bacterial vaginosis (KM-BV) could affect seminal parameters and thus fertility a prospective cohort study was designed (a) to develop rapid and sensitive multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assays to screen 13 key markers of bacterial vaginosis (KM-BV) in semen specimens, (b) to determine the prevalence of KM-BV in semen from randomized male partners of couples seeking fertility evaluation. A total of 229 semen samples were included in the study from males who visited the Sperm Analysis Section of Brazil between October 2015 and March 2016. Eligible men were 18 years or older and had a semen analysis due fertility evaluation (after failing to conceive with their partner after 1 year of unprotected intercourse). Basic seminal parameters were analyzed, and KM-BV was detected by M-PCR assays. M-PCR assays clearly distinguished 13 KM-BV in 146 semen samples (63.8%), mainly Gardnerella vaginalis (50.7%). Some important associations occurred between the presence of KM-BV in semen and changes in seminal parameters. KM-BV is commonly present in the semen of males seeking fertility evaluation and could potentially play significant roles in male subfertility and/or infertility.

Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections on Seminal Parameters in Male Partners of Infertile Couples.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possibility that herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection could affect seminal parameters, we (1) standardize and validate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assay to detect HSV-1 and HSV-2 in semen, and (2) determine the prevalence of HSV-1/-2 in the semen of randomized male partners of couples seeking fertility evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 279 semen samples were included in the study from men who visited the Sperm Analysis Section of São Camilo Laboratory of Maringá, Brazil, between November 2014 and July 2015. Eligible men were 18 years or older and had a semen analysis due fertility evaluation (after failing to conceive with their partner after 1 year of unprotected intercourse). Basic seminal parameters were analyzed, and HSV-1 and HSV-2 were detected by M-PCR. RESULTS: The M-PCR assay clearly distinguished and identified 2 HSV types in semen samples. HSV in total was detected in 10.7% of samples, of which 7.5% had HSV-1 exclusively and 3.2% had HSV-2 exclusively. We detected a significant association of HSV-2 infection with hematospermia and with a lower mean seminal volume, and between HSV-1 infection and a lower mean sperm count. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the male partners of infertile couples with HSV infections may have changes on the 2 equally important components of semen, spermatozoa and seminal fluid, which may influence fertility. Further studies enrolling a larger number of patients are necessary to confirm these data and to elucidate the clinical relevance of HSV presence in semen.

Male Partners of Infertile Couples with Seminal Infections of Human Papillomavirus Have Impaired Fertility Parameters.

Several studies have addressed the impact of viral infections on male infertility. However, it is still unknown whether human papillomavirus (HPV) can alter seminal parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV in the semen of male partners of couples seeking fertility evaluation. Additionally, we assessed the possibility that HPV infections affect seminal parameters. A total of 229 semen samples were collected from men in the Sperm Analysis Section of São Camilo Laboratory of Maringá, Brazil, between October 2015 and March 2016. Basic seminal parameters were analyzed, and HPV was detected and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction. HPV DNA was detected in 16.6% of samples. Of these, 10.5% had single type HPV infections, 6.1% had multiple HPV infections, 5.7% had exclusively high-risk HPV, and 6.1% had exclusively low-risk HPV. Samples positive for single and multiple types of HPV were associated with abnormal viscosity, and samples positive for multiple HPV types were also associated with hypospermia, higher pH, and increased leukocyte numbers. These findings suggest that the male partners of infertile couples with seminal HPV infections may have prostate disturbances indicative of glandular dysfunction, which may influence fertility.

Risk factors for cervical HPV infection and genotypes distribution in HIV-infected South Brazilian women.

BACKGROUND: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is particularly burdensome for women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which increases their risk of developing cervical lesions and cancer (CC). We conducted a molecular study of the distribution of cervical HPV genotypes and the risk factors for this infection in HIV-infected Brazilian women. FINDINGS: Cervical and endocervical samples for Papanicolaou screening and HPV detection were collected from 178 HIV-infected women using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) of Maringá city/Brazil. Risk factors were assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and the data regarding to HIV infection from medical records. HPV was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and genotyping using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. HIV infection was well controlled, but women with a current CD4+ T lymphocyte count between 200-350 cells/mm3 (37.6%) had a two-fold greater risk of HPV infection than those with > 350 cells/mm3 (26.4%). HPV was associated with parity ≥3, hormonal contraceptive use and current smoker. HPV infection occurred with high frequency (46.6%) but a low frequency of cervical abnormalities was detected (7.30%), mainly low-grade squamous intraephitelial cervical lesions (LSIL) (84.6%). A high frequency of multiple HPV infections was detected (23.0%), and the most frequent HPV genotype was HPV-72 (6.7%), followed by -16, -31 and -51 (6.14% each). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that HAART use does not protect HIV-infected women from HPV, but appear to exert some protection against cervical lesions development. This study provides other important information about risk factors and cervical HPV in HIV-infected women, which can contribute to planning protocols.