Dialysis-related carpal tunnel syndrome in the past 40 years.

PURPOSE AND METHOD: Patients on hemodialysis develop carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) due to an accumulation of dialysis-related ß2 microglobulin (ß2m) amyloid (DRA). In Japan, dialysis technology has progressed remarkably in the past 40 years and has increased the time until patients require surgery for CTS. However, unclear is whether the time from the start of hemodialysis to the first surgery for CTS is associated with ß2m clearance by the different hemodialysis techniques. Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated ß2m clearance, serum ß2m levels, and the change in the length of this period in patients across 4 periods according to the year that first surgery for CTS was performed: period 1, 1982-1989; period 2, 1990-1999; period 3, 2000-2009; and period 4, 2010-2019. RESULT: A total of 222 patients who met the selection criteria were included. Mean ß2m clearance was -1.8 ± 16.7% in period 1, and improved to 65.4 ± 8.6% in period 3. Accordingly, the serum ß2m value after hemodialysis decreased significantly. The time from the start of hemodialysis to the first surgery for CTS was 12.4 ± 2.9 years in period 1 but increased to 21.8 ± 6.3 years in period 3. In multivariable linear regression analysis, the significant factors contributing to ß2m clearance were periods 2, 3, and 4. In particular, the relation between removal of ß2m and the extension of the dialysis vintage in period 1 and 2 was remarkable compared with periods 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that improvement of ß2m clearance via advances in dialysis technology might result in a significant extension in the time between starting HD and the first surgery for CTS.

Case report: Osteomalacia due to bisphosphonate treatment in a patient on hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: No publications have reported on osteomalacia in patients receiving intermittent cyclical therapy with etidronate (a bisphosphonate) and undergoing long-term hemodialysis (HD). CASE PRESENTATION: We report on a 46-year-old Japanese man admitted to our hospital for further examination of left forearm pain. Maintenance HD was started at age 24 years, and the man had been on HD since then. At age 38 years, surgical parathyroidectomy was performed for secondary hyperparathyroidism; iliac crest bone biopsy performed at the same time showed osteitis fibrosa. The active vitamin D3 preparation calcitriol was started, and intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy was introduced 2 years later for osteoporosis. At age 45 years, the patient stopped taking calcitriol because of hypercalcemia but continued with etidronate. At age 46 years, a pseudofracture with a Looser zone occurred in the left ulna, and left femur bone biopsy revealed osteomalacia. Etidronate was discontinued, and calcitriol was restarted; open reduction and internal fixation with an angular stability plate were performed. Union of the bone was achieved 10 months after the operation. At age 49 years, a lumber bone biopsy confirmed improved bone morphometry. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy without administration of active vitamin D3 during long-term HD might have induced osteomalacia, resulting in the ulna insufficiency fracture. Therefore, we propose that administration of active vitamin D3 is essential to prevent osteomalacia in patients on long-term HD who are receiving bisphosphonates and have potential vitamin D3 deficiency.

Total Talar Replacement for Idiopathic Necrosis of the Talus: A Case Report.

Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the talus is a rare but severe condition that directly affects the ability to walk and is difficult to treat either conservatively or surgically. We report the case of a 72-year-old female with idiopathic necrosis of the talus treated with total talar replacement surgery. A custom-made aluminum-ceramic total talar prosthesis was prepared using the mirror image of the computed tomography and radiographic data from the contralateral ankle. The talus was exposed and removed using an anterior approach, and the total talar prosthesis was inserted. The prosthesis was placed in a stable position between the tibia, calcaneus, and navicular, with no signs of instability with ankle joint movement. The ankle was immobilized in a short-leg cast for 3 weeks. At the latest follow-up examination, 2 years after surgery, the patient was walking without pain. Examination of the left ankle showed 20° of dorsiflexion and 40° of plantar flexion. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle/hindfoot score was 90, which had improved from a preoperative score of 45. Radiographic examination showed that the prosthesis was in a stable position in the ankle mortise, and no degenerative or destructive changes were observed in the surrounding bones. This is the first reported case of total talar replacement with a prosthesis for idiopathic talar necrosis. Although the long-term outcome is still unknown, this procedure could provide a good treatment option for idiopathic necrosis of the talus.

Association Between Simultaneous Bilateral Total Hip Arthroplasty Without Any Anticoagulant or Antiplatelet Therapy and Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The association of simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) with postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) remains controversial. The aim of the study is to determine whether simultaneous bilateral THA without chemoprophylaxis has a higher risk than unilateral THA without chemoprophylaxis. METHODS: This is a population-based retrospective cohort study of all adults who underwent primary THA without any anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy between July 2012 and March 2021 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. The association of simultaneous bilateral THA with postoperative DVT was examined by unadjusted analysis and overlap propensity score weighting. The primary outcome was the incidence of DVT (confirmed by ultrasonography of the lower limb veins) within 7 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Of the 557 consecutive patients who underwent primary THA in the study period, 458 met the inclusion criteria. The mean (standard deviation) age of these patients was 67 (11.7) years, and 364 (79.5%) were women; 75 (16.4%) of the 458 patients underwent simultaneous bilateral THA, and 383 (83.6%), unilateral THA. A total of 64 patients (14.0%) developed a postoperative venous thromboembolism, all of which were a distal DVT. The overlap weighting analysis found no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative DVT complications among patients who underwent simultaneous bilateral THA and those who underwent unilateral THA (31.1 [13.6%] vs 22.9 [10.0%], respectively; risk ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 2.77; P = .40). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the occurrence of DVT within 7 days after surgery is not significantly different between patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral THA or unilateral THA without any anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II-III.

Effect of loaded exercise for renal osteodystrophy.

We performed bone histomorphometric analysis of biopsy specimens from two patients with hyper- and hypoparathyroidism and a history of long-term hemodialysis (HD) because of diabetes. Case 1, a 53-year-old man with hyperparathyroidism, had been on HD for 22 years, and Case 2, a 54-year-old woman with hypoparathyroidism, for 20 years. Intact parathyroid hormone levels were 1070 and 3 pg/mL, respectively. Case 1 had mixed renal osteodystrophy (fibrous tissue volume to total volume [Fb.V/TV], 5.21%; osteoid volume to bone volume [OV/BV], 19.8%), and Case 2 had adynamic renal osteodystrophy (Fb.V/TV, 0%; OV/BV, 0.54%). Case 1 showed cortical bone thinning (cortical width, 0.2 mm) and porosis (cortical porosity, 14.1%), but case 2 did not (cortical width, 0.84 mm; cortical porosity, 11.6%). Trabecular connectivity of cancellous bone was preserved in both patients, with a bone volume to total volume of 18.2% in case 1 and 35.1% in case 2. Both patients had been doing daily strength training and treadmill walking (2-3 h/day) for over 10 years. Although case I showed cortical thinning and porosis, we suggest that long-term loaded exercise therapy may help to preserve cancellous trabecular bone in both hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.

A Novel Grading System of Destructive Lumbar Spondyloarthropathy Based on Evaluation of the Facet Joints.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a new grading system for destructive lumbar spondyloarthropathy (DLSA) by assessing bony destruction of the facet joints; to evaluate interrater reliability; and to determine the association between anteroposterior (AP) dural sac diameter at the lumbar level and the new grading. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The characteristics of DLSA are unknown, hindering clinical care and research. Imaging to determine the cause of DLSA may positively contribute to patient outcome or well-being by providing prognostic information. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the magnetic resonance images (MRIs), we measured an axial midline AP dural sac diameter and evaluated bone destruction caused by amyloidosis at the level of the center of each lumbar disk of the lumbar spine. Two orthopedic surgeons independently evaluated each case at two-month intervals and assigned the grade by rating bone destruction at each lumbar level. Weighted κ and intraclass correlation coefficients for interrater reliability were calculated. In addition, the correlation between the AP diameter of the spinal dural sac at the lumbar level and the new MRI-based DLSA grade was examined. RESULTS: The sample size of 82 patients was reached by examining records of 118 consecutive patients. The mean (SD) age of the included patients was 65 (7.2) years, and 36 (43.9%) were women. The grading of DLSA showed moderate to good interrater reliability at both assessments (κ, 0.59-0.78). Intraclass correlation coefficient showed substantial to excellent agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.63-0.86). The AP diameter of the spinal dural sac at the lumbar level showed a significant correlation with the new grading ( P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The new MRI-based grading system for DLSA has good interrater reliability, although the strength of agreement varies somewhat. The new grading system correlates with AP dural sac diameter. Thus, this classification focused on facet erosion, which leads to functional incompetence may be helpful in surgical decision-making.

Long-term use of glucocorticoid exacerbates bone lesions in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis.

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is osteoporosis arising due to long-term use of glucocorticoids. Despite decades of intense research, the effects of long-term use of glucocorticoids in humans on bone cells and bone structural changes remain unclear. We performed post-mortem histomorphometric analysis of bone from two female patients with rheumatoid arthritis aged 64 and 85 years. Our two patients had been treated with glucocorticoids for 19 and 14 years, respectively. In Case 1, all markers of cancellous bone volume were markedly decreased compared with the age-matched reference range. Connectivity of cancellous bone trabecula was absent. Only a few island bones were noted. There was prominent thinning of the cortical bone and extension of the bone marrow cavity into the cortical bone with prominent cortical porosis. Cortical nodes between the endocortical surface and the trabecula disappeared due to endocortical resorption. Stoppage of lamellar structure was observed because the bone resorption by osteoclasts surpassed bone formation by osteoblasts. Empty lacunae characterised by disappearance of osteocytes were visible. In Case 2, all volume markers of cancellous bone were decreased to the same extent as Case 1. However, cortical porosis was more prominent than Case 1. These two cases suggest that use of glucocorticoid therapy >10 years can induce severe osteoporosis in elderly rheumatoid arthritis women with higher disease activity and that the disappearance of cancellous bone is the common characteristic. The 85-year-old woman was characterised by cortical porosis.

New bone-like tissue formation in calcific tendinopathy: A case report.

Currently, the pathogenesis of nontraumatic heterotopic ossification (HO), e.g., bone-like tissue in calcific tendinopathy remains unclear. Here, we report a 75-year-old, right-handed Japanese woman who had been on hemodialysis for 3 years and was admitted to our hospital to evaluate pain and swelling of the right forearm. She worked as a cook, and her main job over the 3 most recent years had been the frequent and continuous shredding of cabbage. A radiograph showed the highly radiopaque material on the dorsal aspect of the right wrist and in the right shoulder. The biopsy of this radiopaque material revealed HO with marrow, as well as calcified material. Histomorphometric analysis of the HO identified a severe type of osteitis fibrosa with a fibrous tissue volume to total volume of 19.8% (>0.5% required for diagnosis) and an osteoid volume to bone volume of 20.0% (>15% required for diagnosis). We found more woven bone-like tissue than lamellar bone-like tissue. However, the intact parathyroid hormone level was 3-times the normal upper limit with 203 pg/mL, but histomorphometric analysis of the right iliac crest revealed normal bone structure. These findings indicate that the frequent and continuous shredding action with the right hand contributed to the nontraumatic HO localized on the dorsal aspect of the right wrist.

Surgical Treatment for Toe Deformities in Stiff-Person Syndrome: A Case Report.

CASE: Stiff-person syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by rigidity and painful spasms of the trunk and limbs, and patients sometimes have difficulty in walking due to rigid toe deformities. This is a case report of a 76-year-old woman suffering from stiff-person syndrome with painful rigid toe deformities regained walking ability after metatarsal osteotomy and cutting of the toe extensors for all toes in the left foot. CONCLUSION: For patients with stiff-person syndrome, surgical intervention is a powerful treatment option when they have developed rigid and painful toe deformities despite adequate pharmacological treatment.

Diaphyseal femoral fracture due to severe vitamin D3 deficiency and low parathyroid hormone levels on long-term hemodialysis: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, there are no reports of diaphyseal femoral fracture equivalent to atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis (HD). CASE REPORT: A 56-year-old Japanese man receiving long-term HD for 34 years was admitted to our hospital due to a delay in postoperative healing. The patient began maintenance hemodialysis at 22 years of age. The patient then underwent surgical parathyroidectomy (PTX) for secondary hyperparathyroidism at 43 years of age, which resulted in decreased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Thereafter, this patient's serum 1,25(OH)2 D3 level was very low because active vitamin D3 derivative was not administered. At 54 years of age, a transverse fracture of the femoral shaft equivalent to AFF occurred. Surgery with open reduction and internal fixation using intramedullary nailing was performed; however, the delay of postoperative healing continued for 16 months. A left iliac crest bone biopsy was performed and showed osteoid-like lesion and an increase of woven bone. The patient received active vitamin D3 derivative and recombinant human PTH (1-34) derivative. Twenty-nine months after the first surgery, a reoperation was performed. Simultaneously, a right iliac crest bone biopsy was performed. Bone morphometrical improvement was confirmed. Six months after resurgery, the bone union was achieved. Severe vitamin D3 deficiency and decreased levels of PTH may induce a higher osteoid state and an increase of woven bone, which may then attribute to the development of diaphyseal femoral fracture and impairment of postoperative bone healing. It is hypothesized that treatment with active vitamin D3 and teriparatide acetate may be a therapeutic option via the accelerated formation of lamellar bone for refractory diaphyseal femoral fracture of long-term dialysis.