[Ensuring primary care in Germany-findings from a quantitative survey of general practitioners]. / Sicherstellung der hausärztlichen Versorgung in Deutschland ­ Befunde einer quantitativen Befragung von Allgemeinmediziner*innen.

BACKGROUND: Given the risk of a shortage of general practitioners in private practice, the question arises as to which concepts can make an effective contribution. To date, there is a lack of studies that comprehensively shed light on how general practitioners, based on their professional experience, view different approaches to ensuring primary care in the long term. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine the positions, attitudes, and experiences of general practitioners with regard to ensuring primary care. METHODS: Using an online survey, a total of 4176 general practitioners were surveyed between February and June 2023. In addition to the descriptive analysis, a t-test on independent samples was used to determine significant differences between two groups. RESULTS: Of those surveyed, 42% reported a noticeable decline of general medical practices in their area. In addition, 53% saw a declining attractiveness of primary care for young doctors, which is attributed to three problem areas: 1) the position of primary care in the healthcare system, 2) requirements for training and further education, and 3) working conditions. In order to secure primary care, those surveyed were primarily in favor of the following approaches: establishing a primary care physician system (85%), increasing the promotion of interest and points of contact in training and further education (80%), strengthening multi-professional outpatient care centers (64%), restructuring curricula (56%) and admission criteria for medical studies (50%), and reforming general medical training (53%). CONCLUSIONS: As the results show, general practitioners have their own suggestions and preferences that complement existing expert assessments. General practitioners should be more consistently involved in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of measures to stabilize primary care.

[Clarification of increased liver values in primary care - Findings from a series of studies from a general practitioner and specialist perspective]. / Diagnostik erhöhter Leberwerte in der Primärversorgung ­ Befunde einer Studienreihe aus haus- und fachärztlicher Perspektive.

INTRODUCTION: In primary care, elevated liver values are often an incidental finding. In addition to observing symptoms, it is crucial for an effective clarification which liver values are included as indicators and when patients are referred for further diagnostics. It also depends on regular cooperation between general practitioner and specialist care level. So far, there has been a lack of reliable studies for German-speaking countries on the status quo with regard to the clarification of (unclear) elevated liver values in primary care. This overview article compresses the balance of an exploratory series of studies, the aim of which was to take stock of the general practitioner's diagnostics of (unclear) elevated liver values. Starting points for optimizing GP care are derived from the results. METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS: Between 2017 and 2021, four written surveys of general practitioners and gastroenterological specialists were carried out in different federal states. The present study review discusses the overall findings in a condensed manner at a higher level, but also deals with specific findings. RESULTS: When it comes to clarifying elevated liver values, there are various challenges and problems in general practitioner care. For example, GPs use widely different liver-associated laboratory parameters (95% γ-GT, 65% AST, 63% ALT) that are bundled in different clusters. In the case of elevated liver values, the majority of general practitioners prefer to wait in a controlled manner (66%), but often make use of direct and early referrals to specialists in everyday practice due to diagnostic uncertainties (40%). When working with gastroenterological specialists, there are various interface problems, which, among other things, are associated with the GP's preliminary clarification and the time of referral. Both GPs and specialists see the introduction of a structured, evidence-based diagnostic algorithm as an important approach for improving early detection and better coordination between the levels of care (80% respective 85%). DISCUSSION: It makes sense to take measures that contribute to the professionalization and standardization of general practitioner diagnostics and better structure cooperation with gastroenterological specialists. These include, for example, a broader range of training and advanced training formats, the development of a validated diagnostic pathway or the permanent establishment of a liver value-associated blood test as part of the check-up. The development of a well-founded GP-based guideline for the detection and handling of elevated liver values also appears advisable.

[Evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries in primary care - A survey on the prerequisites, procedure and challenges faced by general practitioners]. / Diagnostik erhöhter Leberwerte in der hausärztlichen Versorgung ­ Eine Befragung zu Voraussetzungen, Vorgehen und erlebten Herausforderungen von Allgemeinmedizinern.

INTRODUCTION: In primary care, abnormal liver chemistries are often being diagnosed unintentionally. In addition to paying attention to symptoms, it is crucial for an effective clarification which liver values are taken into account as indicators and when patients are referred for further diagnostics. It is also important to have a functioning collaboration between GPs and specialists. To date, there are hardly any current findings about the procedure and the challenges experienced by GPs in German-speaking countries when it comes to clarifying increased liver values. METHODS: In the course of a survey based on several preliminary studies, a total of 2,701 GPs in Hesse and Baden-Württemberg were interviewed between October 2019 and March 2020. The focus was on behavior and strategies with regard to the clarification of elevated liver values. In addition to the descriptive analysis, a factor analysis was performed. RESULTS: The results show various challenges and problems that primary care is confronted with in everyday practice. There are very different clusters with regard to paying attention to warning signs as well as liver values that are being analyzed in the course of a liver function test. In the case of increased liver values, 59 % of the physicians surveyed generally prefer a controlled waiting. Nevertheless, many GPs refer patients with elevated liver values directly to gastroenterological specialists (66 %). The doctors surveyed experience various interface problems in working with gastroenterological specialists. DISCUSSION: It seems sensible to take measures that contribute to greater professionalization and standardization of primary care diagnostics and to a more structured cooperation with gastroenterological specialists. These include, for example, a broader range of training and further education formats, the development of a validated diagnostic pathway for classifying and evaluating elevated liver enzymes (especially early detection of patients at increased risk for liver fibrosis or liver cirrhosis) or the establishment of a liver function screening as part of the general medical check-up. The development of a GP-based guideline for dealing with increased liver values should be followed up.

Experiences with Innovation Fund healthcare models in primary care: a qualitative study amongst German general practitioners.

The Innovation Fund was set up in 2015 with the aim of improving medical care in the German statutory health insurance system. Primary care needs to be involved in testing interventions and new forms of care for effectiveness and inclusion in standard care. There has so far been hardly any research on how far Innovation Fund models accommodate the primary care setting, or on the experience general practitioners have had with these models. Between September 2021 and January 2022, 36 semi-standardized individual interviews were performed with general practitioners who had already participated in Innovation Fund projects. Eleven regional physician networks in Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Schleswig-Holstein were involved in the recruitment process. Most of the interviewees associated the Innovation Fund with potential and opportunity including intensification of application-oriented healthcare research, independent financing, and general healthcare involvement. Even so, many general practitioners were unsure as to how far primary care in particular would stand to benefit from the Innovation Fund in the long term. A mostly positive balance was drawn from participation in care models-benefit of intervention as well as cost-benefit ratio. However, some also reported hurdles and stress factors such as documentation requirements and disruption in everyday office routine. Innovation Fund projects will need to be suitable for general practitioners especially regarding medical decision-making leeway, limits to documentation requirements, preserving established office routine, greater involvement in research planning, and improvements to the primary care setting to encourage willingness to participate in Innovation Fund projects amongst general practitioners.

Attitudes, attributions, and usage patterns of primary care patients with regard to over-the-counter drugs-a survey in Germany.

Studies show that over-the-counter drugs are widely used by consumers. Moreover, there is a huge selection available and they are prominently featured in advertising. To date, there exist only a few studies that shed light on the attitudes, attributions, and usage patterns of patients with regard to use of over-the-counter drugs. An anonymized explorative waiting room survey was conducted among 900 patients in 60 GP practices in the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, and Rhineland-Palatinate. As well as the descriptive analysis, a t test was applied to independent random samples, in order to identify significant differences between two groups. 65% of respondents reported using over-the-counter drugs frequently or occasionally. With regard to effects, risks, and side effects, 54% state that they usually take advice from their GP and/or pharmacist before purchasing or taking over-the-counter preparations. For 56%, the package information leaflet is a frequent source of information about the over-the-counter drugs used. The respondents consider over-the-counter preparations to be particularly suitable for (preventive) treatment of colds, flu symptoms, and pain management. The widespread perception of over-the-counter drugs as simple to use (62%), low-dose (69%), and low-efficacy (73%) products does not always correspond to the actual capabilities and risks of over-the-counter self-medication. Given the easy availability of over-the-counter drugs and their strong presence in advertising, it is important that patients have a realistic idea of the capabilities and risks of over-the-counter products. In addition to the advice provided by pharmacists, the trusting, long-standing support provided by GPs and their ongoing information and advice services play a central role in this. It would be advisable to give more attention to this public health concern and to promote initiatives to make patients more aware of the risks regarding consumption of drugs without medical consultation.

[The German Innovation Fund and primary care-What expectations and experiences do general practitioners have with regard to participating in innovative care models?] / Innovationsfonds und Primärversorgung ­ Welche Erwartungen und Erfahrungen vertreten Hausärzt*innen in Bezug auf die Teilnahme an innovativen Versorgungsmodellen?

BACKGROUND: In 2015, the German Innovation Fund was established to promote improvements in the quality of medical care. In order for new care models and interventions to be tested and incorporated into standard care in the future, primary care must be included. OBJECTIVES: The study explores general practitioners' (GPs') attitudes, participation-relevant expectations, and experiences with regard to Innovation Fund projects. METHODS: Between July and October 2021, all 13,170 general practitioners in Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, and Rhineland-Palatinate were invited to take part in an online survey. Included in the evaluation were 3556 completed questionnaires (response rate: 27%). In addition to the descriptive analysis, a t-test on independent samples was used to determine significant differences between two groups. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 83% were familiar with the Innovation Fund. Most of the respondents associate it with opportunities and potential (including intensification of application-oriented healthcare research, independent financing, and inclusion of primary care). Nevertheless, many GPs are unsure to what extent primary care can benefit from the Innovation Fund in the longer term. When it comes to willingness to participate in Innovation Fund studies, the respondents are divided. Respondents who have already participated in such projects (24%) draw a positive balance (benefit of the intervention, cost-benefit ratio). However, hurdles and stress factors are also reported, such as documentation requirements and interventions in practice processes. CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase the attractiveness of the Innovation Fund for GPs, it is important to ensure that projects are fully compliant with primary care, especially with regard to the scope of medical decision-making, the limitation of documentation obligations, the guarantee of practice routines, a greater involvement in research planning, and an upgrading of the GP setting.

[What potential and added value do DiGA offer for primary care?-Results of a survey of general practitioners in Germany]. / Welche Potenziale und Mehrwerte bieten DiGA für die hausärztliche Versorgung? ­ Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Hausärzt*innen in Deutschland.

BACKGROUND: For almost two years, physicians have been able to prescribe digital health applications (DiGA) to patients. So far, there has been a lack of studies that shed light on the possible use of DiGA in the context of primary care and take stock of the benefits and potential for optimization. OBJECTIVES: This study explores general practitioners' (GPs) attitudes, expectations, and experiences with regard to the application potential of DiGA. METHODS: In the spring of 2022, all 13,913 general practitioners in the federal states Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, and Saarland were invited to take part in an online survey. Included in the evaluation were 3829 completed questionnaires (response rate: 28%). A t-test on independent samples was used to determine significant differences between two groups. Moreover, a factor analysis was carried out. RESULTS: A majority of those surveyed consider DiGA to be reliable (67%) and secure (61%) applications. In addition, 22% trust themselves to competently advise patients on DiGA, 14% have already prescribed DiGA, and 13% plan to do so. Of the GPs with DiGA experience, 83% rate the prescribed applications as useful. Observed healthcare effects mainly relate to the improvement of compliance (95%), mobility (94%), and education (93%) as well as weight reduction (82%). The respondents suggest further optimization of DIGA, especially with regard to usability (59%), systematic further training of doctors (52%), and the expansion of gamification elements (49%). CONCLUSIONS: It is important to better inform GPs about the basics of the Digital Healthcare Act (DVG) and to address concerns in a targeted manner. Comprehensive training courses that explain the framework conditions and advantages of using DiGA appear to be crucial. There is also a need for more well-founded sources of information and research for doctors.

Primary dementia care based on the individual needs of the patient: study protocol of the cluster randomized controlled trial, DemStepCare.

BACKGROUND: Most people with dementia (PwD) are cared for at home, with general practitioners (GPs) playing a key part in the treatment. However, primary dementia care suffers from a number of shortcomings: Often, diagnoses are made too late and therapies by GPs do not follow the guidelines. In cases of acute crises, PwD are too often admitted to hospital with adverse effects on the further course of the disease. The aim of this study is to implement and evaluate a new GP-based, complex dementia care model, DemStepCare. DemStepCare aims to ensure demand-oriented, stepped care for PwD and their caregivers. METHODS/DESIGN: In a cluster randomized controlled trial, the care of PwD receiving a complex intervention, where the GP is supported by a multi-professional team, is compared to (slightly expanded) usual care. GPs are clustered by GP practice, with 120 GP practices participating in total. GP practices are randomized to an intervention or a control group. 800 PwD are to be included per group. Recruitment takes place in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. In addition, a second control group with at least 800 PwD will be formed using aggregated routine data from German health insurance companies. The intervention comprises the training of GPs, case management including repeated risk assessment of the patients' care situation, the demand-oriented service of an outpatient clinic, an electronic case record, external medication analyses and a link to regional support services. The primary aims of the intervention are to positively influence the quality of life for PwD, to reduce the caregivers' burden, and to reduce the days spent in hospital. Secondary endpoints address medication adequacy and GPs' attitudes and sensitivity towards dementia, among others. DISCUSSION: The GP-based dementia care model DemStepCare is intended to combine a number of promising interventions to provide a complex, stepped intervention that follows the individual needs of PwD and their caregivers. Its effectiveness and feasibility will be assessed in a formative and a summative evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Register of Clinical Trials (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien, DRKS), DRKS00023560 . Registered 13 November 2020 - Retrospectively registered. HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00023560.

Prerequisites for providing effective support to family caregivers within the primary care setting - results of a study series in Germany.

BACKGROUND: General Practitioners are considered to be well placed to monitor home-care settings and to respond specifically to family caregivers. To do this, they must be sensitive to the needs and expectations of caregivers. In order to determine the current status of GP care in terms of the support given to family caregivers, a series of studies were conducted to gather the perspectives of both caregivers and GPs. The results are used to derive starting points as to which measures would be sensible and useful to strengthen support offered to family caregivers in the primary care setting. METHODS: Between 2020 and 2021, three sub-studies were conducted: a) an online survey of 612 family caregivers; b) qualitative interviews with 37 family caregivers; c) an online survey of 3556 GPs. RESULTS: Family caregivers see GPs as a highly skilled and trustworthy central point of contact; there are many different reasons for consulting them on the subject of care. In the perception of caregivers, particular weaknesses in GP support are the absence of signposting to advisory and assistance services and, in many cases, the failure to involve family caregivers in good time. At the same time, GPs do not always have sufficient attention to the physical and psychological needs of family caregivers. The doctors interviewed consider the GP practice to be well suited to being a primary point of contact for caregivers, but recognise that various challenges exist. These relate, among other things, to the timely organisation of appropriate respite services, targeted referral to support services or the early identification of informal caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: GP practices can play a central role in supporting family caregivers. Caregivers should be approached by the practice team at an early stage and consistently signposted to help and support services. In order to support care settings successfully, it is important to consider the triadic constellation of needs, wishes and stresses of both the caregiver and the care recipient. More training and greater involvement of practice staff in the support and identification of caregivers seems advisable.

Support, needs and expectations of family caregivers regarding general practitioners - results from an online survey.

BACKGROUND: Family caregivers are often the first line of support for people requiring care; although they may personally stand to benefit, these activities substantially increase the risk of physical and emotional stress. General practitioners (GPs) may provide important support and stabilisation, but need to adjust to the needs and expectations of this group in order to do so. The aim of the study was to compare the needs of family caregivers from GPs to the support they actually experience. Additional aims included determining the main factors affecting satisfaction amongst family caregivers with support from GPs. The results were used to develop possible approaches towards optimisation within the purview of general medical practice. METHODS: Between January and July 2020, 612 people supporting or caring for a family member responded to an online survey posted in seventeen internet forums focused on family caregivers. In addition to the descriptive analysis, a t-test with independent samples was used to identify significant differences between two groups. We also used binary logistic regression analysis to identify indications of potentially influential factors regarding the experienced support from GPs. RESULTS: Around three out of every four respondents (72%) consulted GPs in care matters. The respondents gave positive responses on their GP's knowledge of the care situation (71%), approachability in various issues connecting with care and service towards the caregiver (82%). GPs' efforts in meeting the needs and requirements of the care recipient were also rated positively (82%). Weaknesses in support from GPs mainly involved the lack of information on advice and assistance services (55%) as well as frequently not identifying or involving caregivers as such soon enough (42%). Results from regression analysis show that the last two aspects play a major role in subjective satisfaction amongst family caregivers with support from GPs. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that GPs undergo further training to reinforce awareness that the care triad of needs, requirements and stresses amongst family caregivers also plays a vital role in care outcomes. With this in mind, general practice staff should adopt a pre-emptive strategy towards approaching family members about potential issues and informing them about existing assistance and support services.

[Can a National Health Portal Support Primary Care? - A Survey of General Practitioners]. / Kann ein nationales Gesundheitsportal die Primärversorgung unterstützen? ­ Ergebnisse einer Befragungsstudie unter Hausärzten.

BACKGROUND: The Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) is planning to set up an independent national health portal to provide evidence-based health information. As a desirable characteristic it should support doctors in their informational and advisory work. General practitioners, who deal with a wide range of symptoms, illnesses and patients, could benefit from this. In cooperation with the BMG's health innovation hub (hih), a research project was initiated in which GP positions, needs and requirements regarding a national health portal were identified. METHODS AND PARTICIPANTS: Based on a preliminary qualitative study, a total of 745 GPs in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland were interviewed in the course of a survey in early 2020. In addition to the descriptive analysis, a t-test with independent samples was used to identify significant differences between two groups. RESULTS: GPs expressed a need for a national health portal; 54% evaluated the concept positively and 49% saw a great potential for such support. Above all, help regarding medical advice (68%), optimization of doctor-patient communication (56%), stabilization of anxious patients (42%) and a better 'training' in dealing with the health system (41%) as also long- term stabilization of supply settings (38%) were mentioned. Focus on prevention (91%) and a symptom-oriented presentation (62%) were considered important by GPs. Some GPs would also consider using this platform to compile information for their patients (45%) and exchange information with colleagues (44%). DISCUSSION: In the creation of a national health portal, GPs see significant opportunities for better patient information and counseling. On the one hand, the portal should be guideline based, and information conveyed in an understandable and symptom-oriented manner. On the other hand, it should support the doctor-patient relationship and improve orientation in healthcare. Open questions remain such as how to find the portal easily.

Factors influencing general practitioners' perception of and attitude towards dementia diagnostics and care-results of a survey among primary care physicians in Germany.

Studies have shown that primary care is not always effective when it comes to caring for people with dementia. In addition, general practitioners do not always use diagnostic instruments consistently. The aim of the study was to identify relevant factors that influence general practitioners' attitudes and willingness with respect to consistent diagnosis and care. For this purpose, resources, viewpoints, and behavioral patterns of general practitioners with regard to dementia diagnostics as well as common challenges in everyday practice were recorded. In the course of a survey, a total of 2266 general practitioners in Hesse and Baden-Württemberg were interviewed between January and March 2020. In addition to the descriptive analysis, a t-test was used to determine significant differences between two groups. A univariate linear regression analysis was carried out to identify possible influencing factors. 81% of the respondents do provide dementia diagnostics; 51% are involved in the treatment. Most of them see the diagnostic work-up (77%), communication and compliance problems (73%), as well as the therapeutic support (71%) as common challenges. In addition, there are interface problems regarding the interdisciplinary cooperation. Some of the respondents express doubts about the value of early detection (41%). The general practitioners' attitude with respect to dementia diagnostics and care is determined by influencing factors that relate to geriatric competencies, expectations of self-efficacy, the integration of practice staff, as well as the knowledge of and cooperation with counseling and care services. It seems advisable to strengthen the geriatric competence of general practitioners. Moreover, it appears essential to educate general practitioners more about support structures in the field of dementia care and to integrate them accordingly. In addition, practice staff should be more systematically involved in the identification and care of dementia patients.

Attitudes to and experience of disease management programs in primary care-an exploratory survey of general practitioners in Germany.

BACKGROUND: Disease management programs (DMPs) were set up in Germany in 2003 to improve outpatient care of chronically ill patients. The present study looks at the attitudes and experiences of general practitioners (GPs) in relation to DMPs, how they rate them almost 20 years after their introduction and where they see a need for improvement. METHODS: A total of 1504 GPs in the Federal States of Rhineland Palatinate, Saarland and Hesse were surveyed between December 2019 and March 2020 using a written questionnaire. RESULTS: In total, 58% of respondents rate DMPs positively and regard them as making a useful contribution to primary care. The guarantee of regular, structured patient care and greater compliance are regarded as particularly positive aspects. It was also established that diagnostic and therapeutic knowledge was expanded through participation in DMPs. 57% essentially follow the DMP recommendations for (drug) treatment. Despite positive experiences of DMPs in patient care, the GPs surveyed mention various challenges (documentation requirements, frequent changes to the programmes, inflexibility). Univariant linear regression analysis revealed factors influencing the satisfaction with DMPs, such as improvement of compliance and clearly defined procedures in medical care. CONCLUSION: Most of the GPs surveyed consider the combination of continuous patient care and evidence-based diagnosis and treatment to be a great advantage. To better adapt DMPs to the conditions of primary care, it makes sense to simplify the documentation requirements, to regulate cooperation with other healthcare levels more clearly and to give GPs more decision-making flexibility. Increased inclusion of GP experience in the process of developing and refining DMPs can be helpful.

What is the significance of guidelines in the primary care setting? : Results of an exploratory online survey of general practitioners in Germany.

Medical guidelines aim to ensure that care processes take place in an evidence-based and structured manner. They are especially relevant in outpatient primary care due to the wide range of symptoms and clinical pictures. In German-speaking countries, there is a lack of current findings documenting general practitioners' opinions and experiences regarding guidelines, their expectations and their views on what improvements could be made to increase the use of this type of evidence-based instrument in the primary care setting. Between April and August 2020, a total of 3098 general practitioners were surveyed in the states of Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate via an online questionnaire. Alongside the descriptive evaluation, t­testing was used to determine significant differences between two independent sampling groups. A factor analysis was also used to cluster the expectations of those surveyed regarding the fulfilment of requirements relating to guidelines. A total of 52% of those surveyed have a positive view of guidelines. Overall, guidelines are associated with an increased evidence-based approach (69%), standardisation of diagnosis and treatment (62%) and a reduction in overprovision or underprovision of care (57%). In all, 62% of the physicians who implemented guidelines observed positive effects on the quality of care provided, and 67% reported that the implementation of guidelines improved the quality of their diagnostic or therapeutic skills. However, implementation is often seen as being complicated (43%) and restricting the physician's ability to act independently (63%). Survey participants suggested that guidelines could be optimised by giving greater consideration to nondrug alternatives (46%), focusing on issues related to quality of life (42%) and offering a comparative assessment of various treatment options (39%). In order to further promote the attractiveness of guidelines for primary care the design of guidelines should be oriented more towards their application; they should be well-presented to make them easier to implement. The scope of action available to the physician should be stressed. The guidelines should provide recommendations on opportunities for the delegation of tasks within practice teams.

[What prevention potential does the general practitioner setting offer for family caregivers?-findings from a qualitative interview study]. / Welches Präventionspotential bietet die hausärztliche Praxis aus Sicht pflegender Angehöriger? ­ Befunde einer qualitativen Interviewstudie.

The support of people in need of care and assistance is often provided by caring relatives. General practitioners can play an important role in supporting this group, if they adapt to the problems and wishes of family caregivers.The aim of the exploratory study is to contrast care needs of family caregivers regarding the GP support with actually experienced care and, thereby, work out approaches for strengthening the GP's role.A total of 37 family caregivers were recruited via 13 internet forums focused on caregiving. Telephone interviews were conducted between September 2020 and March 2021.The majority of those interviewed consider the GP to be an important support body with a high level of competence and trust. The interviewees praise the GP's knowledge of the personal care situation, the responsiveness to a wide variety of problems and the focus on those in need of care. However, communication about the caring activity is often delayed significantly (late identification and addressing of family caregivers). GPs do not always address the needs of relatives to the same extent as they do to those in need of care. Only some of the doctors refer caregivers to offers of help and support.GPs can play a central role in supporting family caregivers. An crucial prerequisite for this is that family caregivers are recognized and involved at an early stage. In addition, it is important that GPs take into account the needs, desires and stresses of both caregivers and those being cared for. Consistent references to offers of help make it easier for family caregivers to organize care and to receive (psychosocial) support.

The use of health apps in primary care-results from a survey amongst general practitioners in Germany.

Mass availability and use of health apps raises the question as to how they might be integrated into healthcare systems towards improving prevention and therapy. This study has researched prevailing opinion on health apps amongst primary care physicians, potential application areas physicians have seen in their experience with these apps up to now, and situations suitable for using apps in patient care. A total of 2138 primary care physicians in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, responded to an anonymised written survey between March and June 2020. Physicians with a positive opinion (36%) emphasised motivation and compliance as advantages, whereas sceptical respondents (43%) expressed suspicion regarding data privacy and reliability as well as legal issues and additional workload arising from using the apps. Even so, a clear majority accepted the potential benefit from sensible use of health apps with features providing prevention and lifestyle support (90/76%). With respect to patients using the apps, 54% of respondents saw a positive contribution to healthcare and/or recovery. Despite the perceived benefits of health apps, general practitioners are still reluctant to bring up or recommend health apps in their consultations. Many physicians do not feel capable of giving expert advice to patients on the apps available. Many general practitioners are aware of the potential that health apps may have in improving prevention and treatment. However, there are reservations and uncertainties regarding clarity, transparency, and privacy issues in these apps. More focus should be placed on these concerns to ensure ideal conditions for integrating health apps into primary care.

Working relationship between primary and specialist care in analysing elevated liver values-a survey from the point of view of gastroenterologists.

Elevated liver values are often an incidental finding in outpatient care. A solid working relationship between general practitioners and specialists plays as much of a role in effective diagnostics as do selection and examination of liver values and context as indicators for referral towards more in-depth diagnosis. This article focuses on the status quo as well as potential hurdles and challenges in the relationship between general practitioners and specialists with regard to analysing elevated liver values of uncertain origin. A total of 529 physicians in gastroenterological practices in the German states of Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and Thuringia were invited to take part in an online survey in 2020, of which 313 responded. This contribution focuses on those parts of the survey covering the relationship between general practitioners and specialists. According to the results, 72% of the surveyed gastroenterologists saw working relationships between general practitioners and specialists as beneficial and effective. Even so, a variety of challenges and difficulties in everyday care dominate. Specialists especially criticised preliminary analyses performed by general practitioners as well as time of referral. Apart from that, a wide majority (85%) saw a major role in a structured diagnostic algorithm towards improving early detection and coordination between primary and specialist care. The survey revealed problems in the relationship between general practitioners and specialists. Together with targeted training and further training programmes for general practitioners, a validated diagnostic algorithm for classifying and analysing elevated liver values may be a valuable tool for general practitioners to perform diagnostics and improve the structure within which they work with specialists.

[The national health portal: development opportunities and potential uses with special consideration of the general practitioner's perspective]. / Das Nationale Gesundheitsportal: Entwicklungs- und Nutzungspotenziale unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der hausärztlichen Perspektive.

BACKGROUND: The German National Health Portal, which is currently in preparation, is intended to provide evidence-based health information. It seems sensible to reflect on development perspectives in order to be able to estimate application horizons as well as usage and impact potential of the portal under the conditions of the health system so that specific additional value can be generated. OBJECTIVES: Considering the implementation experience of other European countries, the current status of the project and the perspective of political decisionmakers and medical practitioners are outlined. Fundamental recommendations on how a national health portal can be successfully established, especially with regard to primary care, are derived from the analysis. METHODS: On the basis of a literature search and two preliminary studies, the article examines the development categories in which a national health portal could be designed in the future. RESULTS: Based on the overview, a number of dimensions appear to be decisive for the planning and implementation process of a national health portal. These relate to embedment in a higher-level e­health strategy, convergence and integration measures with regard to evidence-based information, ensuring sufficient findability on the Internet, a substantive focus that addresses target groups, a functional structure, as well as sponsorship and involvement of healthcare actors. CONCLUSIONS: An evidence-based portal can be a valuable instrument to better educate patients, strengthen the doctor-patient relationship, and advance the digitalization of the healthcare system more strongly. Therefore, a sufficient degree of innovation and integration ability as well as awareness and visibility within the health system should be ensured.

[The role of gratifications in the process of adopting new media in higher age : Results of a qualitative study with very old users of digital media]. / Die Bedeutung von Gratifikationen bei der Aneignung neuer Medien im höheren Lebensalter : Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie mit hochaltrigen Nutzerinnen und Nutzern digitaler Medien.

BACKGROUND: A widespread assumption is that people learn certain ways of dealing with media in the course of their youth and adult life, which later make it difficult for them to develop new patterns of media usage. Beyond theoretical assumptions, there is a lack of exploratory studies that investigate the conditions under which older people pick up new media technologies and integrate them into their everyday lives. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From October 2019 to March 2020 a total of 16 semi-standardized individual interviews were carried out with people aged between 80 and 92 years. The interviewees had learned to use a digital medium on their own in the past few years and had integrated this into their everyday lives. RESULTS: The interviewees appropriated new media in a targeted manner. It is noticeable that processes of appropriation were largely triggered by severe changes in living conditions. In addition, most of the interviewees learned how to use a digital medium because they wanted to use specific functions. With some delay, new options for online use have been explored. With respect to the primary motivations and gratifications of appropriation, the following patterns were identified: new media as 1) hobby expansion, 2) support network, 3) compensation instrument, 4) connectivity option, 5) breaking out of everyday life. CONCLUSION: As far as older people perceive practical everyday potentials of use, they show a high degree of adaptability with respect to new media. Against this backdrop, a gratification-oriented model appears to be a promising starting point for explaining the requirements for media appropriation on the basis of motifs that create meaningful incentives to learn how to use new media in old age.

[What effects do media-mediated images of old age have on older people?-Results of a reception study]. / Wie wirken mediale Altersbilder auf ältere Menschen? ­ Ergebnisse einer Rezeptionsstudie.

BACKGROUND: The importance of media-mediated images of old age and ageing has been discussed for a long time. Nevertheless, there is sparse empirical evidence on the effects media (re)presentations of old age can actually have on recipients. This study explored the question of how (prototypical) media representations of age affect attitudes towards old age (foreign image of age) and personal aging (self-image of age). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the course of a content analysis, three common age representations were identified in the news magazines Spiegel, Stern and Focus. Based on this, prototypical stimulating material was selected (frames). Subsequently, 910 participants between the ages of 60 and 94 years were divided into 3 experimental groups. Over the course of a quasi-experimental survey each participant was confronted with an age frame. The focus was on a before-after comparison of indicators relating to the foreign and self-images of age. RESULTS: The before-after comparison showed that the indicators of the external perception of age changed more than the self-image. In addition, foreign and self-image indicators tended to diverge. The presentation of the negative frame led to an improvement of the self-image while the external image significantly deteriorated. Conversely, after the positive frame was presented, the external image significantly improved while the self-image suffered. CONCLUSION: Media depictions of age do not seem to have an impact on older people's foreign and self-images as could be assumed based merely on the content. Moreover, the recipients seemed to use them for social comparisons. As a result, negative effects appeared to occur when media representations made older recipients aware of their own age by presenting positively staged best agers. In the light of these results, the theory of social comparison processes can be used, stating that media provide recipients with comparative standards. In view of these findings, common assumptions about the effects of old age images should be reconsidered. More attention should be paid to the interaction between foreign and self-images.