(Low) Energy Availability and Its Association with Injury Occurrence in Competitive Dance: Cross-Sectional Analysis in Female Dancers.

Background and objectives: The risk of low energy availability is related to various health problems in sports. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify a possible association between various dance factors, anthropometrics/body build, and energy availability with injury occurrence in contemporary dancers. Materials and Methods: The participants were 50 female competitive dancers (19.8 ± 4.1 years of age). The independent variables included age, dance factors (amount of training and competitions per week-exposure time, experience in dance), anthropometrics/body composition (body height, mass, BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), and fat-free mass (FFM)), and energy availability score (EAS; evaluated by accelerometer-based measurement of energy expenditure and Dance Energy Availability Questionnaires). The dependent variables were the occurrence of (i) soft-tissue injuries and (ii) bone injuries. The measurements were obtained by experienced technicians during the pre-competition period for each specific dance discipline. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were calculated to identify the associations between independent variables and injury prevalence. Results: The results showed that EAS (OR = 0.81, 95% CI:0.65-0.91), age (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.1-2.46), higher BF% (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.04-1.46) and BMI (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.05-2.47) were correlated with soft-tissue injuries. Dancers who suffered from bone injuries reported higher exposure time (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.37) and had lower values of FFM (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.98). Multivariate regression analyses evidenced a higher likelihood of soft-tissue injuries in older dancers (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.21-2.95) and the ones who had lower EAS (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71-0.95) while the exposure time was associated with a higher likelihood of bone injuries (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05-1.39). Conclusions: In order to decrease the injury prevalence among dancers, special attention should be paid to maintaining adequate nutrition that will provide optimal available energy for the demands of training and performing. Additionally, the control of training volume should be considered in order to reduce traumatic bone injuries.

Effects of Chair-Based, Low-Load Elastic Band Resistance Training on Functional Fitness and Metabolic Biomarkers in Older Women.

Strength training can improve myriad health parameters in elderly cohorts. Although potentially more appropriate for the elderly, low-load resistance training protocols have been less investigated. We aimed to examine the effects of 12 weeks of chair-based, low-load resistance training with elastic band (EBT) on functional fitness and metabolic biomarkers in older women. One hundred sixty-eight women were allocated randomly to an elastic band resistance training (EBT, n = 86, 75.7 ± 8.9 years, 71.3 ± 12.2 kg) or a control group (CON, n = 82, 74.5 ± 8.2years, 70.6 ± 12.0 kg). RT protocol consisted of periodized chair-based, low-load whole-body resistance exercises (2 sets, 12-15 repetitions, 40-60% of one repetition maximum-1RM) using an elastic band, twice weekly for 12 weeks. The resistance training program was generally designed to maintain internal load over time, provided with increasing intensity using various elastic bands (Thera-Band). Functional fitness (30-s Chair Stand,30-s Arm Curl, 2-min Step Test, Chair Sit-and-Reach, Back Scratch, 8-Foot Up-and-Go, Handgrip Strength) and metabolic markers (Fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high (HDL) and low (LDL) density lipoprotein) were measured before and after the training period. To detect pre/post intervention changes and between group- differences 2x2 repeated measures ANOVA was applied. Significant improvements over time for all fitness variables for EBT comparing to CON were obtained (F = 12.78, p < 0.05 for 30-s Chair Stand; F = 14.04, p < 0.05 for 30-s Arm Curl; F = 5.18, p < 0.05 for 2-min Step Test; F = 10.90, p < 0.05 for Chair Sit-and-Reach; F = 16.57, p < 0.05 for Back Scratch; F = 11.79, p < 0.05 for 8-foot Up-and-Go; and F = 29.25, p < 0.05 for Handgrip Strength). In addition, significant improvements over time for all but one (triglycerides) biomarkers for EBT comparing to CON were obtained (F = 7.30, p < 0.05 for blood sugar levels; F = 13.36, p < 0.05 for total cholesterol; F = 8.61, p < 0.05 for HDL; and F = 11.53, p < 0.05 for LDL). Furthermore, the participants' adherence to training sessions of over 90% was reported. In conclusion, 12 weeks of EBT is safe and beneficial for improving health-related fitness and metabolic biomarkers in older women and seems to be viable model to ensure a high training adherence rate.

Cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests and serum FGF21 levels in overweight and normal-weight men and women.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated cardiovascular autonomic reflexes and serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a surrogate marker of mitochondrial function, in a cohort of overweight and normal-weight adults (n = 42). METHODS: Indices of autonomic function were monitored during supine rest, autonomic reflex tests and submaximal clinical exercise test, with heart rate variables and blood pressure measured with an automatic system. RESULTS: Markers of sympathetic dominance were accentuated in overweight adults, including elevated resting low-frequency to the high-frequency ratio for heart rate variability (203 ± 227 vs. 96 ± 42; p = .01), and handgrip diastolic blood pressure (36 ± 15 mmHg vs. 25 ± 12 mmHg; p = .01). A weak non-significant trend has been found for a negative correlation between blood pressure responses to isometric handgrip test and FGF21 in the overweight group (r = -0.37; p = .09). CONCLUSIONS: Excess body weight appears to trigger sympathetic overactivity in overweight adults, yet autonomic dysregulation might not be associated with notable changes in serum FGF21.

Guanidinoacetate-creatine in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: a case report.

Acute secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is characterized by escalating neurological disability, with limited disease-modifying therapeutic options. A 48-year-old woman with acute SPMS being treated with interferon beta-1a and oral corticosteroids presented as a clinical outpatient with no disease-modifying effects after treatment. A decision was made to treat her with a combination of guanidinoacetate and creatine for 21 days. She had made clinical progress at follow-up, with the intensity of fatigue dropping from severe to mild. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed increased brain choline, creatine, N-acetylaspartate, and glutathione. Patients with SPMS may benefit from guanidinoacetate-creatine treatment in terms of patient- and clinician-reported outcomes; this requires additional study.

The Impact of Scholastic Factors on Physical Activity Levels during the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Prospective Study on Adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Scholastic factors (academic achievement) are hypothesized to be important determinants of health-related behaviors in adolescents, but there is a lack of knowledge on their influence on physical activity levels (PAL), especially considering the COVID-19 pandemic and the imposed lockdown. This study aimed to investigate the associations between scholastic factors and PAL before and during the pandemic lockdown. The participants were adolescents form Bosnia and Herzegovina (n = 525, 46% females), who were observed prospectively at the baseline (before the pandemic lockdown) and during the lockdown in 2020 (follow-up). The scholastic factors (grade point average, behavioral grade, school absences, unexcused absences) were evidenced at the baseline (predictors). The outcome (PAL) was evaluated using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents at the baseline and the follow-up. Gender, age, parental/familial conflict, and sport participation were observed as confounders. No significant influence of the predictors on PAL were evidenced at the baseline or at the follow-up. The scholastic variables were significantly associated with the changes of PAL which occurred due to pandemic lockdown, with a lower risk for negative changes in PAL among adolescents who were better in school (OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.34-0.81, and OR = 0.66, 95%CI: 0.34-0.97, for the grade point average and behavioral grade, respectively). Students who do well in school are probably more aware of the health benefits of proper PAL, and therefore are devoted to the maintenance of their PAL even during the home-confinement of lockdown. Public health authorities should focus more on helping adolescents to understand the importance and benefits of proper PAL throughout the school system.

Dietary supplementation with L-carnosine improves patient-reported outcomes, autonomic nervous system performance, and brain metabolism in 3 adult patients with multiple sclerosis.

This pilot trial reports the effects of L-carnosine administration on autonomic nervous system performance, brain metabolism, and various patient- and clinician-reported outcomes in a case series of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that medium-term L-carnosine supplementation would improve selected patient- and clinician-reported outcomes in MS patients, with no negative effects on self-reported side effects. L-carnosine (2 g/day) was administered orally for 8 weeks in 2 women and one man suffering from MS. The intensity of symptoms and signs of MS after L-carnosine administration diminished in 5 out of 7 domains in CASE 1, in 3 out of 7 domains in CASE 2, and one domain in CASE 3; general fatigue was reduced in all 3 cases at the follow-up. This was accompanied by an improved walking distance to exhaustion in all patients, with values improved for 51.1% in CASE 1, 19.5% in CASE 2, and 2.1% in CASE 3 at 8-week follow-up. Tests of autonomic cardiovascular reflexes demonstrate normalized parasympathetic modulation and balanced sympathetic function after L-carnosine intervention in all MS cases. An increase in serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was found at 8-week follow-up in all patients (from 4.6 to 49.6%); this was accompanied by lower blood lactate at post-administration in all cases (23.5% on average). Single-voxel 1.5 T MR spectroscopy revealed increased brain choline-contained compounds (18.9% on average), total creatine (21.2%), and myo-inositol levels (12.3%) in girus cinguli at 8-week follow-up in all MS cases. This case study demonstrates that an 8-week intervention with L-carnosine appears to be a safe and beneficial therapeutic strategy with regard to the reduction of presence and severity of symptoms of MS.

Does body fat percentage predict post-exercise heart rate response in non-obese children and adolescents?

BACKGROUND: A correlation between adiposity and post-exercise autonomic regulation has been established in overweight and obese children. However, little information exists about this link in non-obese youth. The main purpose of this cross-sectional study was to describe the relationship between body fat percentage (BFP) and heart rate recovery after exercise [post-exercise heart rate (PEHR)], a marker of autonomic regulation, in normal-weight children and adolescents. METHODS: We evaluated the body composition of 183 children and adolescents (age 15.0±2.3 years; 132 boys and 51 girls) who performed a maximal graded exercise test on a treadmill, with the heart rate monitored during and immediately after exercise. RESULTS: A strong positive trend was observed in the association between BFP and PEHR (r=0.14; p=0.06). Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that our model explained 18.3% of the variance in PEHR (p=0.00), yet BFP accounted for only 0.9% of the variability in PEHR (p=0.16). The evaluation of the contribution of each independent variable revealed that only two variables made a unique statistically significant contribution to our model (p<0.01), with age contributing 38.7% to our model (p=0.00) while gender accounted for an additional 25.5% (p=0.01). Neither BFP (14.4%; p=0.16) nor cardiorespiratory endurance (5.0%, p=0.60) made a significant unique contribution to the model. CONCLUSIONS: Body fatness seems to poorly predict PEHR in our sample of non-obese children and adolescents, while non-modifiable variables (age and gender) were demonstrated as strong predictors of heart rate recovery. The low amount of body fat reported in non-obese young participants was perhaps too small to cause disturbances in autonomic nervous system regulation.

The connection between certain morphological parameters and results in goalball players / Conexión entre ciertos parámetros morfológicos y resultados en jugadores de goalball

SUMMARY: Certain studies in sports for people with disabilities, also research the morphological characteristics of athletes. However, when it comes to goalball, sport for the people with visual impairments, the focus of researchers is on the population of children and adolescents and the impact of the aforementioned sport on the morphological characteristics that are observed in the process of growth and development. Amongst the population of adults with visual impairment who take part in Goalball, there are almost no studies that deal with the issue of morphological space, especially those that would point towards defining the morphological profile of elite goalball players. The subject of this research are the morphological characteristics of adult goalball players (athletes), and the aim is to determine whether there is a correlation between certain morphological indicators which indicate the status of the body mass of athletes and competition results achieved between goalball teams. The total sample consisted of 22 adult male goalball players, participants of the regional tournament. Morphological space variables, body height, body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage and muscle tissue percentage were tested and body mass index value as well as the ratio of waist and hip was calculated. Based on the analyzed results, it is concluded that the body height is important in defining the morphological profile of goalball players. In addition to the body height, the indicators pointing to the nutritional status may be taken into account when defining the morphological profile of goalball players (body fat percentage, muscle tissue percentage but also body mass index). Correlation analysis indicated a correlating relationship of the waist and hips with the ranking achievement of the team, which indicates the importance of the body fat distribution in the defining of the morphological profile of goalball players.

RESUMEN: En ciertos estudios sobre deportes para personas con discapacidad también se investigan las características morfológicas de dichos atletas. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de goalball, el deporte para las personas con discapacidad visual, el foco de los investigadores se centra en la población de niños y adolescentes y el impacto del deporte mencionado sobre las características morfológicas que se observan en el proceso de crecimiento y desarrollo. Entre la población de adultos con discapacidad visual que participan en goalball, existen escasos estudios que aborden el tema del espacio morfológico, especialmente aquellos que apuntaran hacia la definición del perfil morfológico de los jugadores de élite de goalball. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en determinar las características morfológicas de los jugadores adultos y si existe una correlación entre ciertos indicadores morfológicos del estado de la masa corporal de los atletas y los resultados de competencia entre los equipos de goalball. La muestra total consistió en 22 jugadores adultos de goalball, participantes de un torneo regional. Se analizaron las variables espaciales morfológicas, altura, peso corporal, circunferencia de cintura, circunferencia de cadera, porcentaje de grasa corporal y porcentaje de tejido muscular y se calculó el índice de masa corporal así como la relación cintura/cadera. En base a los resultados analizados, concluimos que la altura es importante para definir el perfil morfológico de los jugadores de goalball. Además de la altura, se debe tener en cuenta los indicadores que apuntan al estado nutricional, al definir el perfil morfológico de los jugadores de goalball (porcentaje de grasa corporal, porcentaje de tejido muscular, pero también el índice de masa corporal). El análisis de correlación indicó una correlación entre la cintura y cadera con la clasificación de los equipos, lo que indica la importancia de la distribución de grasa corporal en la definición del perfil morfológico de los jugadores de goalball.