Identification of prognostic biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma by combined analysis of molecular characteristics of clinical MVI subtypes and molecular subtypes.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is widely noted for its high degree of malignancy, rapid progression, and limited therapeutic options. This study was carried out on transcriptome data of 417 CCA samples from different anatomical locations. The effects of lipid metabolism related genes and immune related genes as CCA classifiers were compared. Key genes were derived from MVI subtypes and better molecular subtypes. Pathways such as epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell cycle were significantly activated in MVI-positive group. CCA patients were classified into three (four) subtypes based on lipid metabolism (immune) related genes, with better prognosis observed in lipid metabolism-C1, immune-C2, and immune-C4. IPTW analysis found that the prognosis of lipid metabolism-C1 was significantly better than that of lipid metabolism-C2 + C3 before and after correction. KRT16 was finally selected as the key gene. And knockdown of KRT16 inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of CCA cells.

Custom-Designed Probes for the Accurate Determination of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations and Their Allelic Configuration.

The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is of paramount importance for disease diagnosis and clinical prognostication. In the context of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the emergence of resistance mutations, exemplified by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790 M and C797S, is intricately linked to the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Herein, a highly efficient and specific SNP detection platform for T790 M and C797S mutations has been engineered through the integration of an asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and an ingeniously tailored four-way junction (4WJ) probe. Notably, a molecular beacon (MB) probe was judiciously designed to discern the allelic configuration of these mutations. The administration of first- and third-generation EGFR-TKIs demonstrates therapeutic efficacy solely when the mutations are in the trans configuration, characterized by a low fluorescence signal. In contrast, significant fluorescence by the MB probe is indicative of the C797S mutation being in a cis arrangement with T790M, thereby rendering the cells refractory to the therapeutic interventions of both first- and third-generation EGFR-TKIs. The assay is capable of concurrently detecting two point-mutations and ascertaining their allelic positions in a single test within 1.5 h, enhancing both efficiency and simplicity. It also exhibits high accuracy in the identification of clinical samples, offering promising implications for therapeutic guidelines. By enabling tailored treatment plans based on specific genetic profiles, our approach not only advances the precision of NSCLC treatment strategies but also marks a significant contribution to personalized medicine.

RPTOR mutation: a novel predictor of efficacious immunotherapy in melanoma.

Identifying biomarkers to evaluate the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is crucial. Regulatory Associated Protein of MTOR Complex 1 (RPTOR), one of the genes in the mTOR pathway, plays a role in regulating tumor progression. However, the connection between RPTOR mutation and the efficacy of ICIs in melanoma remains unclear. The data of ICIs-treated melanoma patients in discovery (n = 384) and validation (n = 320) cohorts were obtained from cBioPortal databases. The genomic data in the two cohorts was used to investigate the connection between RPTOR mutation and immunotherapy efficacy. The underlying mechanisms were explored based on data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) cohort. Compared to melanoma patients with RPTOR wildtype (RPTOR-WT), RPTOR-mutation (RPTOR-Mut) patients achieved prolonged overall survival (OS) in both discovery cohort (median OS of 49.3 months vs. 21.7 months; HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18-0.92; P = 0.026) and validation cohorts (not reached vs. 42.0 months; HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.11-1.06; P = 0.049). RPTOR-Mut melanoma patients exhibited a higher objective response rate (ORR) than RPTOR-WT patients in the discovery cohort (55.0% vs. 29.0%, P = 0.022). RPTOR-Mut patients exhibited higher TMB than RPTOR-WT patients in both discovery and validation cohorts (P < 0.001). RPTOR-Mut melanoma patients had an increased number of DNA damage response (DDR) mutations in TCGA-SKCM cohort. Immune cell infiltration analysis suggested that activated CD4 memory T cells were more enriched in RPTOR-Mut tumors. RPTOR-Mut melanoma patients had higher expression levels of immune-related genes than the RPTOR-WT patients. Our results suggest that RPTOR mutation could serve as a predictor of effective immunotherapy for melanoma.

TEMPO/O2 Synergistically Mediated BiBrO-Photocatalyzed Decarboxylative Phosphorylation of N-Arylglycines.

With both TEMPO and O2 (in air) as the homogeneous redox mediators, BiBrO as the heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalyst, the first example of semi-heterogeneous photocatalytic decarboxylative phosphorylation of N-arylglycines with diarylphosphine oxides was established. A series of α-amino phosphinoxides were efficiently synthesized.

Phototriggered Self-Catalyzed Phosphorylation of 3,4-Dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with Diarylphosphine Oxides in EtOH.

A highly effective external photocatalyst- and additive-free method for the phosphorylation of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones to produce phosphorylated dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones has been reported. A wide variety of phosphorylated products were formed in good to excellent yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the phosphorylation process involves an EnT process, a SET process, a HAT process, and a deprotonation process.

Additional suture augmentation to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring autografts bring no benefits to clinical results, graft maturation and graft-bone interface healing.

BACKGROUND: From the perspective of graft protection and early rehabilitation during the maturation and remodeling phases of graft healing, suture augmentation (SA) for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) has attracted more and more attention. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. PURPOSE: To determine whether the additional SA affects clinical results, graft maturation and graft-bone interface healing during two years follow-up after ACLR. METHODS: 20 ACLRs with additional SA (ACLR-SA group) and 20 ACLRs without additional SA (ACLR group) were performed between January 2020 and December 2021 by the same surgeon and were retrospectively analyzed. Pre- and postoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Lysholm scores, graft failure and reoperation were evaluated. The signal/noise quotient (SNQ) of autografts and the signal intensity of graft-bone interface were analyzed. All 40 patients in ACLR-SA group and ACLR group completed 2-years follow-up. RESULTS: There was no patient in the two cohorts experienced graft failure and reoperation. The postoperative IKDC and Lysholm scores have been significantly improved compared with preoperative scored in both ACLR-SA group and ACLR group, however, there was no significant difference between two groups. The SNQ of proximal graft of ACLR-SA group (14.78 ± 8.62 vs. 8.1 ± 5.5, p = 0.041) was significantly greater while the grades of graft-bone interface healing of posterior tibial was significantly lower than that of ACLR group at 1-year postoperatively (p = 0.03), respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups of the SNQ of proximal, distal medial graft segments, and the graft-bone interface healing grades of anterior femoral, posterior femoral, anterior tibial and posterior tibial at other time points (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The additional SA in ACLR had no effect on IKDC scores, Lysholm scores, graft maturation and graft-bone interface healing at 2-year postoperatively. Our research does not support the routine use of SA in ACLR.

Universal Detection and Imaging for Multiple Targets by Coupling Target-Primed Nicking-Enhanced Rolling Circle Amplification with Self-Powered DNAzyme Walker.

Although promising in monitoring low-abundance analytes, most of the DNAzyme walker is only responsive to a specific target. Herein, a universal, ready-to-use platform is developed by coupling nicking-enhanced rolling circle amplification and a self-powered DNAzyme walker (NERSD). It addressed the issues that DNAzyme strands need to be specifically designed for different biosensing system, allowing highly sensitive analysis of various targets with the same DNAzyme walker components. It is also specific owing to target-dependent ligation of the padlock probe and precise cleavage of a substrate by a DNAzyme strand. As typically demonstrated, the strategy has an equivalent capacity with the qRT-PCR kit in distinguishing plasma miR-21 levels of breast cancer patients from normal subjects and is able to differentiate intracellular miR-21 and ATP levels by confocal imaging. The approach characteristic of programmability, flexibility, and generality indicated the potential in all kinds of biosensing and imaging platform.

Balance training benefits chronic ankle instability with generalized joint hypermobility: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Balance training is the first choice of treatment for chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, there is a lack of research on the effects of balance training in CAI with generalized joint hypermobility (GJH). This study is to compare the outcomes of balance training in CAI patients with and without GJH. METHODS: Forty CAI patients were assigned into the GJH group (Beighton ≥ 4, 20) and non-GJH group (Beighton < 4, 20) and they received same 3-month supervised balance training. Repeated measure ANOVA and independent t test were used to analyze self-reported questionnaires (Foot and ankle ability measure, FAAM), the number of patients experiencing ankle sprain, isokinetic muscle strength and postural control tests (Star excursion balance test, SEBT and Balance errors system, BES) before training, post-training immediately, and post-training 3 months, respectively. RESULTS: At baseline, no differences were found between groups with except for GJH group having poorer SEBT in the posteromedial direction (83.6 ± 10.1 vs 92.8 ± 12.3, %) and in the posterolateral direction (84.7 ± 11.7 vs 95.7 ± 8.7, %). Following the balance training, GJH group demonstrated lower re-sprain ratio (immediately after training, 11.1% vs 23.5%, 3 month after training, 16.7% vs 29.4%) than non-GJH group, as well as greater FAAM-S score, plantarflexion strength and dorsiflexion strength at post-training immediately and 3 months, and both groups improved similarly in the FAAM-A score, muscle strength and balance control (SEBT in the posterior-lateral and posterior-medial directions, and BES scores) compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS: CAI patients with GJH gained equally even better postural stability and muscle strength after the balance training than the non-GJH patients. Balance training could still be an effective treatment for CAI patients with GJH before considering surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR1900023999, June 21st, 2019.

Both Open and Arthroscopic All-Inside Anatomic Reconstruction With Autologous Gracilis Tendon Restore Ankle Stability in Patients With Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability.

PURPOSE: To compare the return to sports and short-term clinical outcomes between the arthroscopic all-inside and the open anatomic reconstruction with gracilis tendon autograft for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) patients. METHODS: From March 2018 to January 2020, 57 CLAI patients were prospectively included with arthroscopic all-inside anatomic reconstruction (n = 31) or open anatomic reconstruction (n = 26) with gracilis tendon autograft. The patients were evaluated before operation and at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score (AOFAS), visual analog scale (VAS), and Karlsson-Peterson score were evaluated at each time point, and stress radiography with a Telos device was performed before surgery and at final follow-up. The time to return to full weightbearing walking, jogging, sports, and work, Tegner activity score, and complications were recorded and compared. RESULTS: All the subjective scores significantly improved after surgery from the preoperative level. Compared with the open group, the arthroscopic group demonstrated significantly earlier return to full weightbearing walking (8.9 vs 11.7 weeks, P < .001), jogging (17.9 vs 20.9 weeks, P = .012), and recreational sports (22.4 vs 26.5 weeks, P = .001) with significantly better AOFAS score and Karlsson score at 3 to 6 months, and better VAS score at 6 months after surgery. The 2 groups demonstrated no significant difference in the surgical duration or surgical complications. No significant difference was found in the clinical scores or stress radiographic measurements at 24 months after surgery (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Compared with the open procedure, the arthroscopic all-inside anatomic lateral ankle ligament reconstruction with autologous gracilis tendon could achieve earlier return to full weightbearing, jogging, and recreational sports with less pain and better ankle functional scores at 3 to 6 months after surgery. Similar favorable short-term clinical outcomes were achieved for both techniques at 2 years after surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Level I, randomized controlled trial.

Arthroscopic modified Broström procedure achieved similar favorable short term outcomes to open procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability cases with generalized joint laxity.

PURPOSE: To compare the short-term clinical outcomes of the open versus arthroscopic modified Broström procedure in generalized joint laxity (GJL) patients. METHODS: From January 2018 to January 2020, 64 consecutive patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) and GJL (Beighton score ≥ 4) were prospectively enrolled into two groups: those who underwent the open modified Broström procedure (open group, n = 32) and those who underwent the arthroscopic modified Broström procedure (arthroscopic group, n = 32). Patients underwent an open or arthroscopic modified Broström procedure based on the time when they attended the clinic for consultation. All patients were followed-up at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. The clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and Karlsson score, and the radiographic outcomes were assessed using stress radiography at 24 months postoperatively. The time to return to work and the failure rate were also evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Follow-up was completed for 31 patients in the open group and 30 patients in the arthroscopic group. No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics, Beighton score (6.2 ± 1.9 vs. 5.5 ± 1.4, n.s.), or duration of symptoms. There were no significant differences in the functional scores before surgery and at 6, 12 and 24 months postoperatively or in the mean anterior translation of the talus and talar tilt angle on stress radiography at 24 months postoperatively between the open and arthroscopic groups. Compared to the open group, the arthroscopic group showed a significantly earlier return to work (6.8 ± 2.1 vs. 8.1 ± 2.4 weeks, p = 0.006). There was no significant difference in terms of the failure rate between the open and arthroscopic groups (16.1% vs. 23.3%, n.s.). CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic modified Broström procedure achieved similar short-term outcomes to the open procedure for GJL patients. Arthroscopic modified Broström procedure showed an earlier return to work than the open modified Broström procedure and was an alternative to open surgery for CLAI patients with GJL. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is a prospective study NCT05284188.

Signal-On Electrochemical Detection for Drug-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Mutants through Three-Way Junction Transduction and Exonuclease III-Assisted Catalyzed Hairpin Assembly.

The present detection method for hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug-resistant mutation has a high misdiagnosis rate and usually needs to meet stringent requirements for technology and equipment, leading to complex and time-consuming manipulation and drawback of high costs. Herein, with the purpose of developing cost-effective, highly efficient, and handy diagnosis for HBV drug-resistant mutants, we propose an electrochemical signal-on strategy through the three-way junction (3WJ) transduction and exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA). To achieve single-copy gene detection, loop-mediated nucleic acid isothermal amplification (LAMP), one of the highly promising and compatible techniques to revolutionize point-of-care genetic detection, is first adopted for amplification. The rtN236T mutation, an error encoded by codon 236 of the reverse transcriptase region of HBV DNA, was employed as the model gene target. Under the optimized conditions, it allows end-point transduction from HBV drug-resistant mutants-genomic information to electrochemical signals with ultrahigh sensitivity, specificity, and signal-to-noise ratio, showing the lowest detection concentration down to 2 copies/µL. Such a method provides a possibly new principle for ideal in vitro diagnosis, supporting the construction of a clinic HBV diagnosis platform with high accuracy and generalization. Moreover, it is not restricted by specific nucleic acid sequences but can be applied to the detection of various disease genes, laying the foundation for multiple detection.

Double-layer focal plane microscopy for high throughput DNA sequencing.

Throughput is one of the most important properties in DNA sequencing. We propose a novel double-layer focal plane microscopy that doubles the DNA sequencing throughput. Each fluorescence channel is divided into two tube lens channels by energy splitting, and the camera is adjusted to take images corresponding to different defocus positions of the objective, thus doubling the information capacity of the microscopy. The microscopy is applied to gene chip, which has high spatial frequency and good uniformity, so the simultaneous imaging of the two tubes has little influence on each other due to the spatial averaging effect. Experimental results show that the image signal to noise ratio (SNR) is reduced by 1%, while the sequencing throughput is doubled.

Clinical and Radiologic Outcomes of All-Arthroscopic Latarjet Procedure With Modified Suture Button Fixation: Excellent Bone Healing With a Low Complication Rate.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical outcomes and radiologic evaluation of an all-arthroscopic Latarjet procedure with modified button fixation. METHODS: Patients who received all-arthroscopic Latarjet procedure with modified suture button fixation between September 2015 to September 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Indications for surgery were recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation with any 1 of these 3 conditions: glenoid defect >15%, contact-sport athlete, or failure after Bankart repair. Inclusion criteria included cases who received this surgery. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by University of California Los Angeles, ASES and Rowe score with a minimal follow-up of 3 years. Radiologic assessment on 3D computed tomography scan was performed preoperatively and postoperatively at different time points. Complications were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were eventually included in this study. The mean follow-up time was 38.0 ± 2.5 months. There were 25 patients who performed contact sports. Of them, 10 patients were without glenoid defect >15% or failed Bankart repair. The remaining 20 patients had glenoid defect >15%, including 2 failed Bankart cases. Ten patients had glenoid defect < 13.5%, and the rest 20 patients had > 13.5%. UCLA, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, and Rowe score significantly improved during follow-up, and the improvement exceeded MCID for all patients. No severe complications were noted. In total, 86.7% of the graft positioning was measured as flush and 13.3% as medial. The bone union rate was 96.7% at 3 months postoperatively and at final follow-up. The remodeling process for the restoration of the normal anatomy of the lower part of glenoid was noted. CONCLUSIONS: All-arthroscopic Latarjet with modified suture button fixation can achieve stable fixation of the coracoid, good clinical outcomes (all patients with improvement exceeding MCID), low complications rate. Furthermore, the bone remodeling process contributes to the recovery of the normal anatomy of anteroinferior glenoid. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Anatomic reconstruction using the autologous gracilis tendon achieved less sprain recurrence than the Broström-Gould procedure but delayed recovery in chronic lateral ankle instability.

PURPOSE: To compare the return-to-activity and long-term clinical outcomes between anatomic lateral ligament reconstruction using the autologous gracilis tendon and modified Broström-Gould (MBG) procedure in chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). It was hypothesised that there was no difference between the two techniques. METHODS: From 2013 to 2018, 30 CLAI patients with grade III joint instability confirmed by anterior drawer test underwent anatomic reconstruction of lateral ankle ligament with the autologous gracilis tendon (reconstruction group) in our institute. Another 30 patients undergoing MBG procedure (MBG group) were matched in a 1:1 ratio based on demographic parameters. The post-operative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, Tegner activity score, Karlsson-Peterson score, surgical complications, return-to-activities and work were retrospectively evaluated and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: All subjective scores significantly improved after the operation (all with p < 0.001) without difference between the two groups (all n.s.). The MBG group showed a significantly higher proportion of postoperative sprain recurrence than the reconstruction group (26.7% vs. 0, p = 0.002). The reconstruction group showed a significantly longer period to start walking with full weight-bearing (10.5 ± 6.9 vs. 7.0 ± 3.1 weeks, p = 0.015), jogging (17.1 ± 8.9 vs. 12.7 ± 6.9 weeks, p = 0.043) and return-to-work (13.5 ± 12.6 vs. 8.0 ± 4.7 weeks, p = 0.039) than the MBG group. CONCLUSIONS: Both anatomic reconstruction using the autologous gracilis tendon and MBG procedure could equally achieved reliable long-term clinical outcomes and the tendon reconstruction showed a relatively lower incidence of postoperative sprain recurrence but delayed recovery to walking, jogging and return-to-work. The MBG procedure was still the first choice with rapid recovery but the tendon reconstruction was recommended for patients with higher strength demand. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

The L-shaped tunnel technique showed favourable outcomes similar to those of the Y-graft technique in anatomic lateral ankle ligament reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To compare the mid- to long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of the confluent L-shaped tunnel technique with the Y-graft technique for anatomic lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 41 patients who underwent lateral ankle ligament reconstruction between 2013 and 2018. Based on the tunnel direction and tendon fixation method at the fibula side, patients were divided into two groups, with 17 patients in the L-shaped tunnel group and 24 patients in the Y-graft group. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, Tegner score, and Karlsson score were evaluated and compared preoperatively and at follow-up. Anterior talar translation and talar tilt at stress radiographs, postoperative sprain recurrence, range of motion (ROM) restriction, sensory disturbance, etc., were also collected and compared. RESULTS: The mean follow-up times were 72 and 42 months for the L-shaped group and Y-graft group, respectively. The median VAS pain score, Tegner score, AOFAS score, Karlsson score significantly improved from a preoperative level in both groups (all with p < 0.01). No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding the changes from preoperatively to postoperatively except for the VAS pain score reduction (1.58 ± 1.58 in the L-shaped group vs. 2.53 ± 1.29 in the Y-graft group, p = 0.035). The incidence of flexion-extension ROM restriction (≥ 5°) was significantly higher in the Y-graft group (41.2%) than in the L-shaped group (12.5%) (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Both the confluent L-shaped tunnel technique and the Y-graft technique significantly improved symptoms, ankle function, and radiographic outcomes in patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) at mid- to long-term follow-up. The confluent L-shaped tunnel technique resulted in lower rates of flexion-extension ROM restriction, while the Y-graft technique showed better VAS pain reduction. This result could provide further evidence for the surgical treatment of CLAI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

No differences in clinical outcomes and graft healing between anteromedial and central femoral tunnel placement after single bundle ACL reconstruction.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes and graft healing after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with anteromedial and central femoral tunnel placement. METHODS: During 2016 and 2018, 110 consecutive patients underwent single bundle ACL reconstruction; 85 patients met the inclusion criteria, and each patient underwent 3D-CT within 1 week and MRI 1.5 years after the operation. The central point of the femoral tunnel and signal/noise quotient (SNQ) of three regions of interest (ROI) in the intra-articular graft were measured to analyse the tunnel position and graft healing extent. Clinical assessments, including functional scores, KT-2000 arthrometer measurements and pivot-shift tests, were evaluated at the 2-year follow-up. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the femoral tunnel position: the anteromedial position group (Group A) and the centre position group (Group B). RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were available for the 2-year follow-up and MRI examination: 34 patients in Group A and 35 patients in Group B, and 2 patients were excluded for an eccentric tunnel position. No graft failure occurred, and compared with the preoperative assessment outcomes, the outcomes of both groups improved at the final follow-up. Group A was significantly better than Group B regarding the KT-2000 arthrometer measurements (P = 0.031). No significant differences were observed in terms of functional scores, pivot-shift test results, or the SNQ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: No differences in clinical outcomes or graft healing were found between AM and central femoral tunnel placements in single bundle ACL reconstruction. Therefore, satisfactory clinical outcomes, knee stability and graft healing can be obtained for both femoral tunnel placements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Increased IL-10+CD206+CD14+M2-like macrophages in alveolar lavage fluid of patients with small cell lung cancer.

There are significant differences in pathology, etiology, clinical features, and treatment options between small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the differences of macrophage distribution and its associated function between SCLC and NSCLC are not fully investigated. Through methods of flow cytometry and cytometric bead array, we examined the levels of various subtypes of macrophages, monocytes, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as interleukin (IL)-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with SCLC or NSCLC. Our study showed that the frequency of CD14+, CD206+CD14+ and IL-10+CD206+CD14+M2-like macrophages were significantly increased, with simultaneously elevated IL-10 in BALF of SCLC patients, as compared to those in BALF of NSCLC patients. Furthermore, the increased frequency of IL-10+CD206+CD14+M2-like macrophages and elevated level of IL-10 in BALF of SCLC patients were positively correlated with advanced tumor stage, but negatively correlated with their survival time. On the other hand, the level of supernatant IL-10 and frequency of IL-10+CD206+CD14+M2-like macrophages in SCLC patients were positively correlated. The frequency of above mentioned macrophages was also positively correlated with that of Foxp3+CD25+CD4+Tregs. Compared to NSCLC patients, the level of circulating IL-10+CD206+CD14+M2-like monocytes in SCLC patients were significantly increased after chemotherapy. Overall, increased IL-10+CD206+CD14+M2-like macrophages were an important feature of SCLC, rather than NSCLC, and it is associated with development of SCLC.

Increased Non-switched Memory B Cells are Associated with Plasmablasts, Serum IL-6 Levels and Renal Functional Impairments in IgAN Patients.

Background: Circulating B cells are crucial for the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). This study aimed at investigating the relationship between frequency of different subsets of circulating B cells and clinical measures in IgAN patients.Methods: The percentages of different subsets of circulating B cells in 23 IgAN patients and 14 healthy controls (HC) were determined by flow cytometry. Their serum IL-6 levels were measured by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). Clinical parameters in five patients were measured before and after treatment for 8-12 weeks. The potential relationship between variants was analyzed.Results: In comparison with the HC, the frequency of CD3-CD19+ CD27+ IgD+IgM+ non-switched memory B cells (P = .0038) and CD3-CD19+ CD27hiCD38hi plasmablasts (P = .0467) and serum IL-6 (P = .0392) levels significantly increased in IgAN patients. The percentages of non-switched memory B cells were positively correlated with plasmablasts (R = 0.5781, P = .0039) and serum IL-6 levels (R = 0.6663, P = .0005) in the patients. The percentages of non-switched memory B cells (R = 0.8399, P < .0001), plasmablasts (R = 0.4486, P = .0318) and the levels of serum IL-6 (R = 0.5461, P = .0070) were positively correlated with the values of 24-h urine proteins in IgAN patients. The serum levels of IL-6 were negatively correlated with the eGFR values. Following standard treatment, the frequency of non-switched memory B cells and plasmablasts and the levels of 24-h urine proteins (P = .0317, P = .0079, P < .05) significantly decreased in IgAN patients.Conclusions: Abnormally higher frequency of non-switched memory B cells and plasmablasts may contribute to the pathogenesis of IgAN and be potential biomarkers for IgAN.

Distinct variations of antibody secreting cells and memory B cells during the course of Kawasaki disease.

BACKGROUND: Both antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B cells are essential for the maintenance of humoral immunity. To date, limit studies have focused on the two populations in Kawasaki disease (KD). To address the status of humoral immunity during KD, our current concentration is on the variations of ASCs and memory B cells, as well as their subsets in both acute and remission stages of KD. METHODS: ASCs were defined as the population with high expressions of CD27 and CD38 among CD3-CD20- lymphocytes. Based on the expression of surface marker CD138 and intracellular marker IgG, ASCs were further divided into two subsets. Memory B cells were characterized by the expressions of IgD, CD27 and IgM, upon which memory B cells were further categorized into CD27 + IgD- (switched memory, Sm), CD27-IgD- (Double negative, DN) and CD27 + IgD + IgM+ (marginal zone, MZ) B cells. Collectively, six populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. The blood samples were collected from KD patients in different stages and healthy controls. RESULTS: In the acute stage, the percentages of ASCs, CD138+ ASCs, and IgG+ ASCs were significantly increased. In contrast, the percentages of memory B cells including Sm and MZ B cells were significantly decreased. Correlation analysis found ASCs positively correlated with the level of serum IgM, whereas MZ B cells not only positively correlated with the level of serum IgG, IgA, and IgM, but also positively correlated with the level of serum complement C3 and C4 and negatively correlated with the value of C-reactive protein (CRP). In the remission stage, the percentages of IgG+ ASCs and MZ B cells were significantly reduced, whereas other subsets presented heterogeneous variations. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided direct evidence that ASCs contributed to the pathogenesis of KD, and it was the first time to describe the variation of memory B cells in this disease. Among the subsets, only IgG+ ASCs presented a significant increase in the acute stage and decreased after IVIG administration, indicating the involvement of IgG+ ASCs in the inflammation of KD and also suggesting that IVIG played an inhibitory role in the expression of cytoplasmic IgG.

Lipid metabolism participates in human membranous nephropathy identified by whole-genome gene expression profiling.

A genomics approach is an effective way to understand the possible mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of disease. However, very limited results have been published regarding whole-genome expression analysis of human idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN) using renal tissue. In the present study, gene expression profiling using renal cortex tissue from iMN patients and healthy controls was conducted; differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were filtered out, and 167 up- and 291 down-regulated genes were identified as overlapping DEGs (ODEGs). Moreover, enrichment analysis and protein-protein network construction were performed, revealing enrichment of genes mainly in cholesterol metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, among others, with 38 hub genes obtained. Furthermore, we found several associations between circulating lipid concentrations and hub gene signal intensities in the renal cortex. Our findings indicate that lipid metabolism, including cholesterol metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, may participate in iMN pathogenesis through key genes, including apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), apolipoprotein B (APOB), apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and phospholipase A2 group XIIB (PLA2G12B).