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Self-monitoring of dietary intake, physical activity, and weight is a key strategy in behavioral interventions, and some interventions provide self-monitoring feedback to facilitate goal setting and promote engagement. This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether feedback increases intervention effectiveness, and which forms of feedback presentation (e.g., personalized vs. not personalized) and generation (i.e., human vs. algorithm-generated) are most effective. To achieve this aim, 5 electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) were searched in April 2022 and yielded 694 unique records, out of which 24 articles reporting on 19 studies were included (with a total of 3261 participants). Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts and then full texts and categorized articles as eligible or excluded according to the pre-registered criteria (i.e., availability of full text, peer reviewed manuscript in English; adult participants in a randomized controlled trial that included both self-monitoring and feedback; comparisons of different forms of feedback or comparisons of feedback vs. no feedback; primary outcomes of diet, physical activity, self-monitoring behavior, and/or weight). All included studies were assessed for methodological quality independently by two reviewers using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized studies (version 2). Ten studies compared feedback to no feedback, 5 compared human- vs. algorithm-generated feedback, and the remaining 4 studies compared formats of feedback presentation (e.g., frequency, richness). A random effects meta-analysis indicated that physical activity interventions with feedback provision were more effective than physical activity interventions without feedback (d = 0.73, 95% CI [0.09;1.37]). No meta-analysis could be conducted for other comparisons due to heterogeneity of study designs and outcomes. There were mixed results regarding which form of feedback generation and presentation is superior. Limitations of the evidence included in this review were: lack of details about feedback provided, the brevity of most interventions, the exclusion of studies that did not isolate feedback when testing intervention packages, and the high risk of bias in many studies. This systematic review underlines the importance of including feedback in behavioral interventions; however, more research is needed to identify most effective forms of feedback generation and presentation to maximize intervention effectiveness.Trial registration (PROSPERO)CRD42022316206.
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Dieta , Exercício Físico , Adulto , Humanos , Retroalimentação , Ingestão de Alimentos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
According to the definition adopted in the European Union, novel foods are foods that were not consumed to a significant degree within the Union before May 15, 1997. This includes cultivated meat and insects. Novel foods are meant to play a critical role in the transition towards sustainable food systems. However, their success depends on whether and to what extent they will be incorporated into the diets at the population level. This review investigates consumers' perception of novel food products by narratively synthesising results on the influence of heuristics and biases triggered by emotions, personality traits, and socio-cultural factors. Empirical studies conducted in Western countries and published in English after 1997 were eligible, which led to 182 studies being included. Notably, most included studies focused on insects and cultivated meat. Disgust and fear are shown to be the main emotions driving rejection of novel foods, together with food neophobia and specific cultural norms common across countries included in the scope of the review. Familiarity with novel foods and curiosity both led to higher acceptance. Despite being investigated directly in a minority of studies, heuristics and related biases mostly fell under the "affect," the "natural-is-better," and the "trust" heuristics. The review also discusses to what extent consumers' perception reflects in the regulatory framework applicable to novel foods in the European Union, how it influences the regulation of insects and cultivated meat and which lessons can be drawn for the future of the regulatory framework.
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Comportamento do Consumidor , Preferências Alimentares , Heurística , Humanos , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Emoções , União Europeia , Percepção , Carne , Animais , Dieta/psicologiaRESUMO
Beyond NICE: Updated Systematic Review on the Current Evidence of Using Puberty Blocking Pharmacological Agents and Cross-Sex-Hormones in Minors with Gender Dysphoria Abstract: Objective: The suppression of physiological puberty using puberty-blocking pharmacological agents (PB) and prescribing cross-sex hormones (CSH) to minors with gender dysphoria (GD) is a current matter of discussion, and in some cases, PB and CSH are used in clinical practice for this particular population. Two systematic reviews (one on PB, one on CSH treatment) by the British National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) from 2020 indicated no clear clinical benefit of such treatments regarding critical outcome variables. In particular, these two systematic NICE reviews on the use of PB and CSH in minors with GD detected no clear improvements of GD symptoms. Moreover, the overall scientific quality of the available evidence, as discussed within the above-mentioned two NICE reviews, was classified as "very low certainty" regarding modified GRADE criteria. Method: The present systematic review presents an updated literature search on this particular topic (use of PB and CSH in minors with GD) following NICE principles and PICO criteria for all relevant new original research studies published since the release of the two above-mentioned NICE reviews (updated literature search period was July 2020-August 2023). Results: The newly conducted literature search revealed no newly published original studies targeting NICE-defined critical and important outcomes and the related use of PB in minors with GD following PICO criteria. For CSH treatment, we found two new studies that met PICO criteria, but these particular two studies had low participant numbers, yielded no significant additional clear evidence for specific and clearly beneficial effects of CSH in minors with GD, and could be classified as "low certainty" tfollowing modified GRADE criteria. Conclusions: The currently available studies on the use of PB and CSH in minors with GD have significant conceptual and methodological flaws. The available evidence on the use of PB and CSH in minors with GD is very limited and based on only a few studies with small numbers, and these studies have problematic methodology and quality. There also is a lack of adequate and meaningful long-term studies. Current evidence doesn't suggest that GD symptoms and mental health significantly improve when PB or CSH are used in minors with GD. Psychotherapeutic interventions to address and reduce the experienced burden can become relevant in children and adolescents with GD. If the decision to use PB and/or CSH is made on an individual case-by-case basis and after a complete and thorough mental health assessment, potential treatment of possibly co-occurring mental health problems as well as after a thoroughly conducted and carefully executed individual risk-benefit evaluation, doing so as part of clinical studies or research projects, as currently done in England, can be of value in terms of generation of new research data. The electronic supplement (ESM) 1 is an adapted and abreviated English version of this work.
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Disforia de Gênero , Puberdade , Humanos , Disforia de Gênero/tratamento farmacológico , Disforia de Gênero/psicologia , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Masculino , Puberdade/efeitos dos fármacos , Puberdade/psicologia , Menores de Idade/psicologia , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/uso terapêutico , Supressão da PuberdadeRESUMO
Social inequalities are an important contributor to the global burden of disease within and between countries. Using digital technology in health promotion and healthcare is seen by some as a potential lever to reduce these inequalities; however, research suggests that digital technology risks re-enacting or evening widening disparities. Most research on this digital health divide focuses on a small number of social inequality indicators and stems from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) countries. There is a need for systematic, international, and interdisciplinary contextualized research on the impact of social inequality indicators in digital health as well as the underlying mechanisms of this digital divide across the globe to reduce health disparities. In June 2023, eighteen multi-disciplinary researchers representing thirteen countries from six continents came together to discuss current issues in the field of digital health promotion and healthcare contributing to the digital divide. Ways that current practices in research contribute to the digital health divide were explored, including intervention development, testing, and implementation. Based on the dialogue, we provide suggestions for overcoming barriers and improving practices across disciplines, countries, and sectors. The research community must actively advocate for system-level changes regarding policy and research to reduce the digital divide and so improve digital health for all.
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Exclusão Digital , Humanos , Promoção da Saúde , Atenção à Saúde , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Política de SaúdeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is considerable uncertainty regarding the impact of tableware size on food consumption. Most existing studies have used small and unrepresentative samples and have not followed recommended procedures for randomised controlled trials, leading to increased risk of bias. In the first pre-registered study to date, we examined the impact on consumption of using larger versus smaller plates for self-served food. We also assessed impact on the underlying meal micro-structure, such as number of servings and eating rate, which has not previously been studied. METHODS: The setting was a purpose-built naturalistic eating behaviour laboratory. A general population sample of 134 adult participants (aged 18-61 years) was randomly allocated to one of two groups varying in the size of plate used for self-serving lunch: large or small. The primary outcome was amount of food energy (kcal) consumed during a meal. Additionally, we assessed impact on meal micro-structure, and examined potential modifying effects of executive function, socio-economic position, and sensitivity to perceptual cues. RESULTS: There was no clear evidence of a difference in consumption between the two groups: Cohen's d = 0.07 (95% CI [- 0.27, 0.41]), with participants in the large plate group consuming on average 19.2 (95% CI [- 76.5, 115.0]) more calories (3%) compared to the small plate group (large: mean (SD) = 644.1 (265.0) kcal, versus small: 624.9 (292.3) kcal). The difference between the groups was not modified by individual characteristics. There was no evidence of impact on meal micro-structure, with the exception of more food being left on the plate when larger plates were used. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that previous meta-analyses of a low-quality body of evidence may have considerably overestimated the effects of plate size on consumption. However, the possibility of a clinically significant effect - in either direction - cannot be excluded. Well-conducted trials of tableware size in real-world field settings are now needed to determine whether changing the size of tableware has potential to contribute to efforts to reduce consumption at population-level. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol ( https://osf.io/e3dfh/ ) and data analysis plan ( https://osf.io/sh5u7/ ) were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework.
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Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Refeições , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Refeições/fisiologia , Refeições/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dietary guidelines typically specify rather complex goals and indicators for healthy food choices, such as nutrient and energy content patterns. However, translating these complex goals into practice in real life is often a major obstacle for many people. The present studies propose an intervention strategy for boosting healthy food choices by prompting consumers at a meaningful moment with a simple behavioural trigger, that is to eat a colourful lunch. Effectivity and feasibility of this intervention strategy were tested in two laboratory experiments and one real-life, smartphone-based Ecological Momentary Intervention. METHODS: In Studies 1 and 2, 83 / 42 participants self-served four meals (colourful, typical, healthy, and low-calorie) / three meals (colourful, typical, and varied) from a Fake Food Buffet. In Study 3, 80 participants recorded images of 1,210 lunch meals over a period of 3 weeks using mobile visual food recording. In the second week, participants additionally received a daily smartphone prompt to eat a colourful lunch. In all studies, participants were asked to rate the prompts' feasibility. RESULTS: Prompting participants to eat a colourful meal increased the proportion of healthy foods consumed compared to typical meals in all three studies. In Studies 1 and 2, colourful meals contained more fruit and vegetables, while in Study 3 the prompt increased vegetable consumption. Furthermore, participants evaluated colourful meals to be the tastiest (Study 1) and most pleasant, and reported that the prompt was easy to follow and act upon. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that prompting individuals to eat colourful meals is a promising strategy to facilitate healthy food choices in daily life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00017552 (Study 3; retrospectively registered on 24th June 2019).
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Cor , Comportamento do Consumidor/estatística & dados numéricos , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Refeições , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Almoço , Masculino , Envio de Mensagens de Texto , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Even though a continuously high number of in vitro studies on nanoparticles are being published, the issue of correct dose matter is often not sufficiently taken into account. Due to their size, the diffusion of nanoparticles is slower, as compared to soluble chemicals, and they sediment slowly. Therefore, the administered dose of particles in in vitro experiments is not necessarily the same (effective) dose that comes into contact with the cellular system. This can lead to misinterpretations of experimental toxic effects and disturbs the meaningfulness of in vitro studies. In silico calculations of the effective nanoparticle dose can help circumventing this problem. RESULTS: This study addresses more complex in vitro models like the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 or the human liver cell line HepaRG, which need to be differentiated over a few weeks to reach their full complexity. During the differentiation time the cells grow up the wall of the cell culture dishes and therefore a three-dimensional-based in silico model of the nanoparticle dose was developed to calculate the administered dose received by different cell populations at the bottom and the walls of the culture dish. Moreover, the model can perform calculations based on the hydrodynamic diameter which is measured by light scattering methods, or based on the diffusion coefficient measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). This 3DSDD (3D-sedimentation-diffusion-dosimetry) model was experimentally verified against existing dosimetry models and was applied to differentiated Caco-2 cells incubated with silver nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS: The 3DSDD accounts for the 3D distribution of cells in in vitro cell culture dishes and is therefore suitable for differentiated cells. To encourage the use of dosimetry calculating software, our model can be downloaded from the supporting information.
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Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Nanopartículas , Células CACO-2 , Tamanho Celular , Simulação por Computador , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/toxicidade , Tamanho da Partícula , Propriedades de SuperfícieRESUMO
One factor that determines what we eat and why we eat is our social environment. In the present research, two online studies examined the relationship between food intake and social images. Specifically, the present research assessed the relationship between the food intake university students ascribed to peers who varied in popularity and own self-reported food intake, and whether this relationship was moderated by identification with the peer group. Participants (N = 97 in Study 1; N = 402 in Study 2) were randomly presented with one of four (Study 1) or two of eight (Study 2) vignettes describing a popular or unpopular student (male or female) from their university without receiving any information about the peer's eating behavior. Subsequently, healthy and unhealthy eating ascribed to the peers and own self-reported eating behavior were assessed. Results indicated that popular peers were perceived to eat more healthily than unpopular peers. Moreover, eating behavior ascribed to popular peers were associated with own healthy and unhealthy eating. Importantly, the relationship between healthy eating behavior ascribed to popular peers and own healthy eating behavior was moderated by identification with the student group - the more participants identified with their peers, the more their own eating was aligned with the healthy eating ascribed to a popular peer. Hence, the popularity of others seems to shape perceptions of the food they eat and may facilitate healthy eating via social influence.
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Dieta Saudável , Comportamento Alimentar , Preferências Alimentares , Modelos Psicológicos , Cooperação do Paciente , Influência dos Pares , Lanches , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Dieta Saudável/etnologia , Dieta Saudável/psicologia , Comportamento Alimentar/etnologia , Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares/etnologia , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Alemanha , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cooperação do Paciente/etnologia , Cooperação do Paciente/psicologia , Cultura Popular , Autoimagem , Autorrelato , Caracteres Sexuais , Lanches/etnologia , Lanches/psicologia , Normas Sociais , Estudantes , UniversidadesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Breastfeeding is important for the healthy growth and development of newborns, and the nutrient composition of human milk can be affected by maternal nutrition and supplementation. In Germany, iodine supplementation is recommended for all lactating mothers, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation is recommended for mothers with inadequate or no fish intake. Vitamin B12 supplementation is required for strict vegans during lactation, and other nutrient supplementation may be necessary depending on the individual's nutritional status. To address the lack of data on dietary supplements used by lactating mothers following a vegetarian or vegan diet, an online survey was conducted in Germany, with a focus on iodine, DHA, and vitamin B12. METHODS: Study participants were asked to report whether they followed specific dietary patterns (omnivorous [OM], vegetarian [VT], vegan [VN]) as well as their use of dietary supplements. Relationships between diets and supplement use were analyzed using chi-square tests. RESULTS: 2054 lactating women were included (1240 OM, 410 VT, and 404 VN) in this analysis. Within OM, VT and VN, at least one dietary supplement was taken by 67.3%, 84.9% and 98.0% respectively (p < 0.001). Overall, 53.2% OM, 66.8% VT, 88.4% VN reported taking at least one supplement containing iodine (p < 0.001). 54.6% OM, 61.7% VT and 58.2% VN reported supplements containing vitamin B12, while 34.1% OM, 40.2% VT and 38.6% VN mentioned supplements containing DHA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: More than half of the participants reported the use of supplements during lactation with the highest proportion in vegans. However, over one third of the mothers did not report supplementing with iodine, regardless of their dietary pattern and most participants also did not report DHA supplements. It is worrisome that a high number of vegans did not report vitamin B12 supplementation, but this could be partly due to issues with reporting. It is crucial to provide further education to breastfeeding mothers about the importance of taking micronutrient supplements, especially for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet. This will help ensure that mothers and their breastfed infants receive optimal nutrition for a healthy development.
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Neuroinflammation is a pathological feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD)1,2 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)3, raising the possibility of common therapeutic targets. We previously established that cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (cdsRNA) is spatially coincident with cytoplasmic pTDP-43 inclusions in neurons of patients with C9ORF72-mediated ALS4. CdsRNA triggers a type-I interferon (IFN-I)-based innate immune response in human neural cells, resulting in their death4. Here, we report that cdsRNA is also spatially coincident with pTDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions in brain cells of patients with AD pathology and that type-I interferon response genes are significantly upregulated in brain regions affected by AD. We updated our machine-learning pipeline DRIAD-SP (Drug Repurposing In Alzheimer's Disease with Systems Pharmacology) to incorporate cryptic exon (CE) detection as a proxy of pTDP-43 inclusions and demonstrated that the FDA-approved JAK inhibitors baricitinib and ruxolitinib that block interferon signaling show a protective signal only in cortical brain regions expressing multiple CEs. Furthermore, the JAK family member TYK2 was a top hit in a CRISPR screen of cdsRNA-mediated death in differentiated human neural cells. The selective TYK2 inhibitor deucravacitinib, an FDA-approved drug for psoriasis, rescued toxicity elicited by cdsRNA. Finally, we identified CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-6 as candidate predictive biomarkers for cdsRNA-related neurodegenerative diseases. Together, we find parallel neuroinflammatory mechanisms between TDP-43 associated-AD and ALS and nominate TYK2 as a possible disease-modifying target of these incurable neurodegenerative diseases.
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Digital interventions offer many possibilities for improving health, as remote interventions can enhance reach and access to underserved groups of society. However, research evaluating digital health interventions demonstrates that such technologies do not equally benefit all and that some in fact seem to reinforce a "digital health divide." By better understanding these potential pitfalls, we may contribute to narrowing the digital divide in health promotion. The aim of this article is to highlight and reflect upon study design decisions that might unintentionally enhance inequities across key research stages-recruitment, enrollment, engagement, efficacy/effectiveness, and retention. To address the concerns highlighted, we propose strategies including (1) the standard definition of "effectiveness" should be revised to include a measure of inclusivity; (2) studies should report a broad range of potential inequity indicators of participants recruited, randomized, and retained and should conduct sensitivity analyses examining potential sociodemographic differences for both the effect and engagement of the digital interventions; (3) participants from historically marginalized groups should be involved in the design of study procedures, including those related to recruitment, consent, intervention implementation and engagement, assessment, and retention; (4) eligibility criteria should be minimized and carefully selected and the screening process should be streamlined; (5) preregistration of trials should include recruitment benchmarks for sample diversity and comprehensive lists of sociodemographic characteristics assessed; and (6) studies within trials should be embedded to systematically test recruitment and retention strategies to improve inclusivity. The implementation of these strategies would enhance the ability of digital health trials to recruit, randomize, engage, and retain a broader and more representative population in trials, ultimately minimizing the digital divide and broadly improving population health.
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Saúde Digital , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Projetos de PesquisaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Myths about diet and nutrition are widespread and may seriously impact health and well-being. This study tests whether texts in a truth sandwich format, that is, texts presenting two blocks of factual, correcting information around a text block listing a myth and identifying it as false, are effective in reducing agreement with a range of nutrition myths. DESIGN: Prestudy: observational survey; main study: 4 Text × 6 statement mixed experimental design. METHODS: Out of 13 nutrition myths that were presented to 58 participants in a prestudy, the six most prevalent myths were selected for the main study. In the preregistered main study, 302 participants were randomly assigned to either reading one of three texts in the truth sandwich format addressing a nutrition myth or reading a text about healthy eating (control condition) before rating their agreement with a total of six nutrition myths. RESULTS: Participants agreed less with the specific myth targeted by the truth sandwich text, while controls were not differentiating between them. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, truth sandwiches are effective in reducing agreement with myths and can be harnessed to promote evidence-based dietary practices to promote health in the population.
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Videos and podcasts have become popular in nutrition communication. However, it is unclear whether they are more effective than online texts in conveying knowledge and promoting behavioural intentions. Based on the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning, it was hypothesised that videos are more effective than podcasts or texts in communicating nutrition-related information. In addition, differences in behaviour change intentions were explored. The pre-registered online experiment used a 3 (medium: video, podcast and text) × 3 (topic: diet and climate change, sugar content, and nudging) between-subjects design with 320 participants who were randomly assigned to the conditions. After receiving the respective content, the participants' intention to change their behaviour accordingly and their knowledge about all topics were assessed. A mixed Analysis of Variance revealed a significant interaction of topic and knowledge, indicating that knowledge was higher for the topic that participants were assigned to, compared to the two topics they received no information about. There were no differences in knowledge or intention for the three media. Videos, podcasts and texts are equally suitable for conveying nutrition knowledge and may also be equally beneficial for promoting intention. Communicators may thus base their choice of medium on considerations like available resources and preferences of the target group.
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Comunicação , Intenção , HumanosRESUMO
Since the start of the war in Ukraine, almost 8 million people left the country; more than 1 million of them relocated to Germany. It is to be expected that the war puts considerable strain on refugees, which will impact the public health system in host countries. This paper presents baseline data and protocol of longitudinal online experimental study of 619 Ukrainian refugees in Germany started in autumn 2022, focusing on participants' self-reports of appetite, food intake, and levels of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms to examine their associations. Results indicate that levels of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in refugees significantly exceed the indicators of relevant parameters as reported by independent large-scale surveys conducted in Ukraine before the war as well as strong correlations between these deviations (.59 ≤ r ≤ .69, p = .005). Changes in appetite were related to more severe psycho-emotional deviations (.15 ≤ r ≤ .19, p = .003) and somewhat unhealthier food intake (r = -.08, p < .001). The study underlines the need of psychological care for refugees to improve their mental health and counteract potential negative consequences for physical health via changes in food intake, for which suitable interventions need to be developed.
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An intuitive style in eating decision-making, for example, basing decisions on one's gut feeling, has been related to a less healthy diet, whereas deliberately deciding what to eat, such as making plans about eating behavior, has been related to a healthier diet. The present study investigated whether nutrition knowledge, food preferences, and habit strength for healthy and unhealthy eating moderate these relationships. In total, 1245 participants took part in a preregistered cross-sectional online survey. Results revealed that neither nutrition knowledge, nor liking of healthy or unhealthy foods, nor habit strength for healthy or unhealthy eating interacted with the preference for intuition or deliberation in eating decision-making in affecting dietary intake (ßs ≤ |.06|; ts ≤ |2.11|; ps ≥ .035). Instead, including the potential moderating variables in analyses rendered the effect of a preference for intuition largely non-significant. In contrast, the positive effect of a preference for deliberation was largely stable even when including the potential moderating variables. Thus, the present study confirms the general health-promoting effect of a preference for deliberation in eating decision-making. In contrast, results speak in favor of a generally minor role of a preference for intuition for healthy or unhealthy eating.
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Preferências Alimentares , Intuição , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar , HábitosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Misinformation is a crucial problem, particularly online, and the success of debunking messages has so far been limited. In this study, we experimentally test how debunking text structure (truth sandwich vs. bottom-heavy) and headline format (statement vs. questions) affect the belief in misinformation across topics of the safety of COVID vaccines and GMO foods. DESIGN: Experimental online study. METHODS: A representative German sample of 4906 participants were randomly assigned to reading one of eight debunking messages in the experimentally varied formats and subsequently rated the acceptance of this message and the agreement to misinformation statements about the mentioned topics and an unrefuted control myth. RESULTS: While the debunking messages specifically decreased the belief in the targeted myth, these beliefs and the acceptance of the debunking message were unaffected by the text structures and headline formats. Yet, they were less successful when addressing individuals with strong pre-existing, incongruent attitudes and distrust in science. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of backfire effects in debunking misinformation is low. Text structure and headline format are of relatively little importance for the effectiveness of debunking messages. Instead, writers may need to pay attention to the text being comprehensive, trustworthy and persuasive to maximize effectiveness.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Comunicação Persuasiva , ComunicaçãoRESUMO
Mobile health interventions are promising behavior change tools. However, there is a concern that they may benefit some populations less than others and thus widen inequalities in health. This systematic review investigated differences in uptake of, engagement with, and effectiveness of mobile interventions for weight-related behaviors (i.e., diet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior) based on a range of inequality indicators including age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020192473). Six databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Pubmed, and Web of Science) were searched from inception to July 2021. Publications were eligible for inclusion if they reported the results of an exclusively mobile intervention and examined outcomes by at least one inequality indicator. Sixteen publications reporting on 13 studies were included with most reporting on multiple behaviors and inequality indicators. Uptake was investigated in one study with no differences reported by the inequality indicators studied. Studies investigating engagement (n = 7) reported differences by age (n = 1), gender (n = 3), ethnicity (n = 2), and education (n = 2), while those investigating effectiveness (n = 9) reported differences by age (n = 3), gender (n = 5), education (n = 2), occupation (n = 1), and geographical location (n = 1). Given the limited number of studies and their inconsistent findings, evidence of the presence of a digital divide in mobile interventions targeting weight-related behaviors is inconclusive. Therefore, we recommend that inequality indicators are specifically addressed, analyzed, and reported when evaluating mobile interventions.
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Exercício Físico , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Dieta , Classe Social , Comportamento SedentárioRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Changing current dietary patterns into sustainable healthy diets (ie, healthy diets with low environmental impact and socioeconomic fairness) is urgent. So far, few eating behavior change interventions have addressed all the dimensions of sustainable healthy diets at once and used cutting-edge methods from the field of digital health behavior change. OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives of this pilot study were to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of an individual behavior change intervention toward the adoption of a more environmentally sustainable healthy diet as a whole and changes in specific relevant food groups, food waste, and obtaining food from fair sources. The secondary objectives included the identification of mechanisms of action that potentially mediate the effect of the intervention on behaviors, identification of potential spillover effects and covariations among different food outcomes, and identification of the role of socioeconomic status in behavior changes. METHODS: We will run a series of ABA n-of-1 trials over a year, with the first A phase corresponding to a 2-week baseline evaluation, the B phase to a 22-week intervention, and the second A phase to a 24-week postintervention follow-up. We plan to enroll 21 participants from low, middle, and high socioeconomic statuses, with 7 from each socioeconomic group. The intervention will involve sending text messages and providing brief individualized web-based feedback sessions based on regular app-based assessments of eating behavior. The text messages will contain brief educational messages on human health and the environmental and socioeconomic effects of dietary choices; motivational messages to encourage the adoption of sustainable healthy diets by participants, providing tips to achieve their own behavioral goals; or links to recipes. Both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected. Quantitative data (eg, on eating behaviors and motivation) will be collected through self-reported questionnaires on several weekly bursts spread through the study. Qualitative data will be collected through 3 individual semistructured interviews before the intervention period, at the end of the intervention period, and at the end of the study. Analyses will be performed at both the individual and group levels depending on the outcome and objective. RESULTS: The first participants were recruited in October 2022. The final results are expected by October 2023. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study will be useful for designing future larger interventions on individual behavior change for sustainable healthy diets. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/41443.
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In recent years, the scientific community has called for improvements in the credibility, robustness and reproducibility of research, characterized by increased interest and promotion of open and transparent research practices. While progress has been positive, there is a lack of consideration about how this approach can be embedded into undergraduate and postgraduate research training. Specifically, a critical overview of the literature which investigates how integrating open and reproducible science may influence student outcomes is needed. In this paper, we provide the first critical review of literature surrounding the integration of open and reproducible scholarship into teaching and learning and its associated outcomes in students. Our review highlighted how embedding open and reproducible scholarship appears to be associated with (i) students' scientific literacies (i.e. students' understanding of open research, consumption of science and the development of transferable skills); (ii) student engagement (i.e. motivation and engagement with learning, collaboration and engagement in open research) and (iii) students' attitudes towards science (i.e. trust in science and confidence in research findings). However, our review also identified a need for more robust and rigorous methods within pedagogical research, including more interventional and experimental evaluations of teaching practice. We discuss implications for teaching and learning scholarship.