SpEDIT: A fast and efficient CRISPR/Cas9 method for fission yeast.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system allows scarless, marker-free genome editing. Current CRISPR/Cas9 systems for the fission yeast  Schizosaccharomyces pombe rely on tedious and time-consuming cloning procedures to introduce a specific sgRNA target sequence into a Cas9-expressing plasmid. In addition, Cas9 endonuclease has been reported to be toxic to fission yeast when constitutively overexpressed from the strong  adh1 promoter. To overcome these problems we have developed an improved system,  SpEDIT, that uses a synthesised Cas9 sequence codon-optimised for  S. pombe expressed from the medium strength  adh15 promoter. The  SpEDIT system exhibits a flexible modular design where the sgRNA is fused to the 3' end of the self-cleaving hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme, allowing expression of the sgRNA cassette to be driven by RNA polymerase III from a tRNA gene sequence. Lastly, the inclusion of sites for the  BsaI type IIS restriction enzyme flanking a GFP placeholder enables one-step Golden Gate mediated replacement of GFP with synthesized sgRNAs for expression. The  SpEDIT system allowed a 100% mutagenesis efficiency to be achieved when generating targeted point mutants in the  ade6 +  or  ura4 + genes by transformation of cells from asynchronous cultures.  SpEDIT also permitted insertion, tagging and deletion events to be obtained with minimal effort. Simultaneous editing of two independent non-homologous loci was also readily achieved. Importantly the  SpEDIT system displayed reduced toxicity compared to currently available  S. pombe editing systems. Thus,  SpEDIT provides an effective and user-friendly CRISPR/Cas9 procedure that significantly improves the genome editing toolbox for fission yeast.

Smart DNA Fabrication Using Sound Waves: Applying Acoustic Dispensing Technologies to Synthetic Biology.

Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) technology uses focused acoustic energy to transfer nanoliter-scale liquid droplets with high precision and accuracy. This noncontact, tipless, low-volume dispensing technology minimizes the possibility of cross-contamination and potentially reduces the costs of reagents and consumables. To date, acoustic dispensers have mainly been used in screening libraries of compounds. In this paper, we describe the first application of this powerful technology to the rapidly developing field of synthetic biology, for DNA synthesis and assembly at the nanoliter scale using a Labcyte Echo 550 acoustic dispenser. We were able to successfully downscale PCRs and the popular one-pot DNA assembly methods, Golden Gate and Gibson assemblies, from the microliter to the nanoliter scale with high assembly efficiency, which effectively cut the reagent cost by 20- to 100-fold. We envision that acoustic dispensing will become an instrumental technology in synthetic biology, in particular in the era of DNA foundries.