Hypomorphic RAG deficiency: impact of disease burden on survival and thymic recovery argues for early diagnosis and HSCT.

Patients with hypomorphic mutations in the RAG1 or RAG2 gene present with either Omenn syndrome or atypical combined immunodeficiency with a wide phenotypic range. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is potentially curative, but data are scarce. We report on a worldwide cohort of 60 patients with hypomorphic RAG variants who underwent HSCT, 78% of whom experienced infections (29% active at HSCT), 72% had autoimmunity, and 18% had granulomas pretransplant. These complications are frequently associated with organ damage. Eight individuals (13%) were diagnosed by newborn screening or family history. HSCT was performed at a median of 3.4 years (range 0.3-42.9 years) from matched unrelated donors, matched sibling or matched family donors, or mismatched donors in 48%, 22%, and 30% of the patients, respectively. Grafts were T-cell depleted in 15 cases (25%). Overall survival at 1 and 4 years was 77.5% and 67.5% (median follow-up of 39 months). Infection was the main cause of death. In univariable analysis, active infection, organ damage pre-HSCT, T-cell depletion of the graft, and transplant from a mismatched family donor were predictive of worse outcome, whereas organ damage and T-cell depletion remained significant in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR] = 6.01, HR = 8.46, respectively). All patients diagnosed by newborn screening or family history survived. Cumulative incidences of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease were 35% and 22%, respectively. Cumulative incidences of new-onset autoimmunity was 15%. Immune reconstitution, particularly recovery of naïve CD4+ T cells, was faster and more robust in patients transplanted before 3.5 years of age, and without organ damage. These findings support the indication for early transplantation.

Observation of Coulomb-Assisted Nuclear Bound State of Ξ

In an emulsion-counter hybrid experiment performed at J-PARC, a Ξ^{-} absorption event was observed which decayed into twin single-Λ hypernuclei. Kinematic calculations enabled a unique identification of the reaction process as Ξ^{-}+^{14}N→_{Λ}^{10}Be+_{Λ}^{5}He. For the binding energy of the Ξ^{-} hyperon in the Ξ^{-}-^{14}N system a value of 1.27±0.21 MeV was deduced. The energy level of Ξ^{-} is likely a nuclear 1p state which indicates a weak ΞN-ΛΛ coupling.

Anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitor therapy in acral melanoma: a multicenter study of 193 Japanese patients.

BACKGROUND: Acral melanoma (AM) is an epidemiologically and molecularly distinct entity that is underrepresented in clinical trials on immunotherapy in melanoma. We aimed to analyze the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) antibodies in advanced AM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated unresectable stage III or stage IV AM patients treated with an anti-PD-1 antibody in any line at 21 Japanese institutions between 2014 and 2018. The clinicobiologic characteristics, objective response rate (ORR, RECIST), survival estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events 4.0.) were analyzed to estimate the efficacy of the anti-PD-1 antibodies. RESULTS: In total, 193 patients (nail apparatus, 70; palm and sole, 123) were included in the study. Anti-PD-1 antibody was used as first-line therapy in 143 patients (74.1%). Baseline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was within the normal concentration in 102 patients (52.8%). The ORR of all patients was 16.6% (complete response, 3.1%; partial response, 13.5%), and the median overall survival (OS) was 18.1 months. Normal LDH concentrations showed a significantly stronger association with better OS than abnormal concentrations (median OS 24.9 versus 10.7 months; P < 0.001). Although baseline characteristics were similar between the nail apparatus and the palm and sole groups, ORR was significantly lower in the nail apparatus group [6/70 patients (8.6%) versus 26/123 patients (21.1%); P = 0.026]. Moreover, the median OS in this group was significantly poorer (12.8 versus 22.3 months; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-PD-1 antibodies have limited efficacy in AM patients. Notably, patients with nail apparatus melanoma had poorer response and survival, making nail apparatus melanoma a strong candidate for further research on the efficacy of novel combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Impact of cirrhosis in patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection in a nationwide multicentre survey.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to analyse the impact of cirrhosis on short-term outcomes after laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) in a multicentre national cohort study. METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients undergoing LLR in 27 centres between 2000 and 2017. Cirrhosis was defined as F4 fibrosis on pathological examination. Short-term outcomes of patients with and without liver cirrhosis were compared after propensity score matching by centre volume, demographic and tumour characteristics, and extent of resection. RESULTS: Among 3150 patients included, LLR was performed in 774 patients with (24·6 per cent) and 2376 (75·4 per cent) without cirrhosis. Severe complication and mortality rates in patients with cirrhosis were 10·6 and 2·6 per cent respectively. Posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) developed in 3·6 per cent of patients with cirrhosis and was the major cause of death (11 of 20 patients). After matching, patients with cirrhosis tended to have higher rates of severe complications (odds ratio (OR) 1·74, 95 per cent c.i. 0·92 to 3·41; P = 0·096) and PHLF (OR 7·13, 0·91 to 323·10; P = 0·068) than those without cirrhosis. They also had a higher risk of death (OR 5·13, 1·08 to 48·61; P = 0·039). Rates of cardiorespiratory complications (P = 0·338), bile leakage (P = 0·286) and reoperation (P = 0·352) were similar in the two groups. Patients with cirrhosis had a longer hospital stay than those without (11 versus 8 days; P = 0·018). Centre expertise was an independent protective factor against PHLF in patients with cirrhosis (OR 0·33, 0·14 to 0·76; P = 0·010). CONCLUSION: Underlying cirrhosis remains an independent risk factor for impaired outcomes in patients undergoing LLR, even in expert centres.

ANTECEDENTES: El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la cirrosis en los resultados a corto plazo después de la resección hepática laparoscópica (laparoscopic liver resection, LLR) en un estudio de cohortes multicéntrico nacional. MÉTODOS: Este estudio retrospectivo incluyó todos los pacientes sometidos a LLR en 27 centros entre 2000 y 2017. La cirrosis se definió como fibrosis F4 en el examen histopatológico. Los resultados a corto plazo de los pacientes con hígado cirrótico (cirrhotic liver CL) (pacientes CL) y los pacientes con hígado no cirrótico (non-cirrhotic liver, NCL) (pacientes NCL) se compararon después de realizar un emparejamiento por puntaje de propension del volumen del centro, las características demográficas y del tumor, y la extensión de la resección. RESULTADOS: Del total de 3.150 pacientes incluidos, se realizó LLR en 774 (24,6%) pacientes CL y en 2.376 (75,4%) pacientes NCL. Las tasas de complicaciones graves y mortalidad en el grupo de pacientes CL fueron del 10,6% y 2,6%, respectivamente. La insuficiencia hepática posterior a la hepatectomía (post-hepatectomy liver failure, PHLF) fue la principal causa de mortalidad (55% de los casos) y se produjo en el 3,6% de los casos en pacientes CL. Después del emparejamiento, los pacientes CL tendieron a tener tasas más altas de complicaciones graves (razón de oportunidades, odds ratio, OR 1,74; i.c. del 95% 0,92-0,41; P = 0,096) y de PHLF (OR 7,13; i.c. del 95% 0,91-323,10; P = 0,068) en comparación con los pacientes NCL. Los pacientes CL estuvieron expuestos a un mayor riesgo de mortalidad (OR 5,13; i.c. del 95% 1,08-48,6; P = 0,039) en comparación con los pacientes NCL. Los pacientes CL presentaron tasas similares de complicaciones cardiorrespiratorias graves (P = 0,338), de fuga biliar (P = 0,286) y de reintervenciones (P = 0,352) que los pacientes NCL. Los pacientes CL tuvieron una estancia hospitalaria más larga (11 versus 8 días; P = 0,018) que los pacientes NCL. La experiencia del centro fue un factor protector independiente de PHLF (OR 0,33; i.c. del 95% 0,14-0,76; P = 0,010) pacientes CL. CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de cirrosis subyacente sigue siendo un factor de riesgo independiente de peores resultados en pacientes sometidos a resección hepática laparoscópica, incluso en centros con experiencia.

RNA expression profiling of nonhuman primate renal allograft rejection identifies tolerance.

Tolerance induction to prevent allograft rejection is a long-standing clinical goal. However, convincing and dependable tolerance identification remains elusive. Hypothesizing that intragraft RNA expression is informative in both rejection and tolerance, we profile intrarenal allograft RNA expression in a mixed chimerism renal allograft model of cynomolgus monkeys and identify biologically significant tolerance. Analysis of 67 genes identified 3 dominant factors, each with a different pattern of gene expressions, relating to T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR), chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR), or Tolerance. Clustering these 3 factors created 9 groups. One of the 9 clustered groups, the Tolerance cluster, showed the lowest probability of terminal rejection, the longest duration of allograft survival, and the lowest relative risk of terminal rejection. The Tolerance factor consists of a novel set of gene expressions including cytokine and immunoregulatory genes adding mechanistic insights into tolerance. The Tolerance factor could not be identified within current pathologic diagnostic categories. The TCMR and CAMR factors are dominant to the Tolerance factor, causing rejection even if the Tolerance factor is present. These 3 factors determine the probability of terminal rejection or tolerance. This novel a posteriori approach permits identification of pathways of rejection, including tolerance.

RNA expression profiling of renal allografts in a nonhuman primate identifies variation in NK and endothelial gene expression.

RNA transcript expression estimates are a promising method to study the mechanisms and classification of renal allograft rejections. Here we use the Nanostring platform to profile RNA expression in renal allografts in a nonhuman primate (NHP), the Cynomolgus monkey. We analyzed protocol and indication 278 archival renal allograft samples, both protocol and indication from 76 animals with diagnoses of chronic antibody-mediated rejection (CAMR), acute cellular rejection (TCMR), and MIXED (both CAMR and TCMR), plus normals and samples with no pathological rejection using a Cynomolgus-specific probe set of 67 genes. Analysis identified RNA expression heterogeneity of endothelial and NK genes within CAMR and TCMR, including the stages of CAMR. Three factors were partitioned into additional groups. One group with the longest allograft survival time is pure CAMR without NK or CD3. Three mixed groups show variation in NK and CD3. TCMR was split into 2 groups with variation in NK genes. Additional validation of the complete gene-set correlated many of the genes with diagnoses of CAMR, MIXED, and TCMR rejections and with Banff histologic criteria defined in human subjects. These NHP data demonstrate the utility of RNA expression profiling to identify additional heterogeneity of endothelial and NK RNA gene expressions.

Insulin degludec overdose may lead to long-lasting hypoglycaemia through its markedly prolonged half-life.

BACKGROUND: Overdose of insulin often causes long-lasting severe hypoglycaemia. Insulin degludec has the longest duration of action among the available insulin products; thus, an overdose of insulin degludec can lead to long-lasting hypoglycaemia. In the present paper, we report the case of a woman with long-lasting hypoglycaemia attributable to insulin degludec overdose and markedly prolonged insulin degludec half-life. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old woman with Type 2 diabetes receiving insulin therapy was taken to an emergency department because of disturbed consciousness 21 h after self-injection of 300 units of insulin degludec (4.34 units/kg). Her plasma glucose level was 2.3 mmol/l. She received repeated intravenous boluses of dextrose for 43 h with continuous intravenous dextrose infusion, but no improvement in long-lasting hypoglycaemia or consciousness was observed. Considering the possibility of adrenal insufficiency, intravenous dexamethasone was administered, and her plasma glucose levels subsequently remained above 5.5 mmol/l without intravenous dextrose boluses. She gradually regained consciousness. A total of 34 h after the overdose, her plasma immunoreactive insulin levels were markedly increased and then gradually declined over ~400 h. The insulin degludec half-life was 40.76 h. CONCLUSION: Although the reported half-life of insulin degludec in the body is ~25 h when administered in standard doses (0.4-0.8 units/kg), no study has investigated its half-life after overdose. In the present case, the half-life of insulin degludec was ~1.6 times longer than that observed with standard doses, probably leading to long-lasting hypoglycaemia. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of unexpected long-lasting severe hypoglycaemia resulting from insulin degludec overdose.

Role of toll-like receptor 2 in inflammation and alveolar bone loss in experimental peri-implantitis versus periodontitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Peri-implantitis and periodontitis are different entities in immune characteristics even though they share similar features in clinical and radiologic signs. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), one of the key pathogen-recognition receptors in the innate immune system, plays an important role in the progression of periodontitis. However, the role of TLR-2 in peri-implantitis remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of TLR-2 in inflammation and alveolar bone loss in a murine model of ligature-induced peri-implantitis and to compare it with ligature-induced periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Smooth-surface titanium implants were placed in the alveolar bone of the left maxillary molars of wild-type (WT) and Tlr2 knockout (Tlr2-KO) mice 6 weeks after tooth extraction. Silk ligatures were applied to the left implant fixtures and the right maxillary second molars to induce peri-implantitis and periodontitis 4 weeks after implant placement. Two weeks after ligation, bone loss around the implants and maxillary second molars was analysed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and inflammation around the implants and maxillary second molars was assessed at the same time point using histology and TRAP staining, respectively. Expression of mRNA for proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1ß [Il1ß], tumor necrosis factor-α [Tnfα]), an anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10 [Il10]) and osteoclastogenesis-related cytokines (Rankl, osteoprotegerin [Opg]) were evaluated, in gingival tissue, using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: The success rate of implant osseointegration was significantly higher in Tlr2-KO mice (85.71%) compared with WT mice (53.66%) (P = .0125). Micro-CT revealed significantly decreased bone loss in Tlr2-KO mice compared with WT mice (P = .0094) in peri-implantitis. The levels of mRNA for Il1ß (P = .0055), Tnfα (P = .01) and Il10 (P = .0019) in gingiva were significantly elevated in the peri-implantitis tissues of WT mice, but not in Tlr2-KO mice, compared with controls. However, the gingival mRNA ratios of Rankl/Opg in peri-implant tissues were significantly upregulated in both WT (P = .0488) and Tlr2-KO (P = .0314) mice. Ligature-induced periodontitis exhibited similar patterns of bone loss and inflammatory cytokine profile in both groups of mice, except that the level of Il10 was elevated (P = .0114) whereas the Rankl/Opg ratio was not elevated (P = .9755) in Tlr2-KO mice compared with control mice. Histological findings showed increased numbers of TRAP-positive cells and infiltrated inflammatory cells in ligature-induced peri-implantitis in both WT (P < .01) and Tlr2-KO mice (P < .05), and the numbers of both types of cell were significantly higher in WT mice than in Tlr2-KO mice (P < .01). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that TLR-2 mediates bone loss in both peri-implantitis and periodontitis. However, different molecular features may exist in the pathogenesis of the two diseases.

Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Nonhuman Primate Renal Allografts: Validation of Human Histological and Molecular Phenotypes.

Molecular testing represents a promising adjunct for the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Here, we apply a novel gene expression platform in sequential formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from nonhuman primate (NHP) renal transplants. We analyzed 34 previously described gene transcripts related to AMR in humans in 197 archival NHP samples, including 102 from recipients that developed chronic AMR, 80 from recipients without AMR, and 15 normal native nephrectomies. Three endothelial genes (VWF, DARC, and CAV1), derived from 10-fold cross-validation receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, demonstrated excellent discrimination between AMR and non-AMR samples (area under the curve = 0.92). This three-gene set correlated with classic features of AMR, including glomerulitis, capillaritis, glomerulopathy, C4d deposition, and DSAs (r = 0.39-0.63, p < 0.001). Principal component analysis confirmed the association between three-gene set expression and AMR and highlighted the ambiguity of v lesions and ptc lesions between AMR and T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR). Elevated three-gene set expression corresponded with the development of immunopathological evidence of rejection and often preceded it. Many recipients demonstrated mixed AMR and TCMR, suggesting that this represents the natural pattern of rejection. These data provide NHP animal model validation of recent updates to the Banff classification including the assessment of molecular markers for diagnosing AMR.

Immunosuppression With CD40 Costimulatory Blockade Plus Rapamycin for Simultaneous Islet-Kidney Transplantation in Nonhuman Primates.

The lack of a reliable immunosuppressive regimen that effectively suppresses both renal and islet allograft rejection without islet toxicity hampers a wider clinical application of simultaneous islet-kidney transplantation (SIK). Seven MHC-mismatched SIKs were performed in diabetic cynomolgus monkeys. Two recipients received rabbit antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction followed by daily tacrolimus and rapamycin (ATG/Tac/Rapa), and five recipients were treated with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and rapamycin (aCD40/Rapa). Anti-inflammatory therapy, including anti-interleukin-6 receptor mAb and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α mAb, was given in both groups. The ATG/Tac/Rapa recipients failed to achieve long-term islet allograft survival (19 and 26 days) due to poor islet engraftment and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. In contrast, the aCD40/Rapa regimen provided long-term islet and kidney allograft survival (90, 94, >120, >120, and >120 days), with only one recipient developing evidence of allograft rejection. The aCD40/Rapa regimen was also tested in four kidney-alone transplant recipients. All four recipients achieved long-term renal allograft survival (100% at day 120), which was superior to renal allograft survival (62.9% at day 120) with triple immunosuppressive regimen (tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids). The combination of anti-CD40 mAb and rapamycin is an effective and nontoxic immunosuppressive regimen that uses only clinically available agents for kidney and islet recipients.

Origin of Enriched Regulatory T Cells in Patients Receiving Combined Kidney-Bone Marrow Transplantation to Induce Transplantation Tolerance.

We examined tolerance mechanisms in patients receiving HLA-mismatched combined kidney-bone marrow transplantation (CKBMT) that led to transient chimerism under a previously published nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen (Immune Tolerance Network study 036). Polychromatic flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing of T cell receptor-ß hypervariable regions of DNA from peripheral blood regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD4 non-Tregs revealed marked early enrichment of Tregs (CD3+ CD4+ CD25high CD127low Foxp3+ ) in blood that resulted from peripheral proliferation (Ki67+ ), possibly new thymic emigration (CD31+ ), and, in one tolerant subject, conversion from non-Tregs. Among recovering conventional T cells, central memory CD4+ and CD8+ cells predominated. A large proportion of the T cell clones detected in posttransplantation biopsy specimens by T cell receptor sequencing were detected in the peripheral blood and were not donor-reactive. Our results suggest that enrichment of Tregs by new thymic emigration and lymphopenia-driven peripheral proliferation in the early posttransplantation period may contribute to tolerance after CKBMT. Further, most conventional T cell clones detected in immunologically quiescent posttransplantation biopsy specimens appear to be circulating cells in the microvasculature rather than infiltrating T cells.

Chimerism-based tolerance in organ transplantation: preclinical and clinical studies.

Induction of allograft tolerance has been considered the ultimate goal in organ transplantation. Although numerous protocols to induce allograft tolerance have been reported in mice, a chimerism-based approach through donor haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been the only approach to date that induced allograft tolerance reproducibly following kidney transplantation in man. Renal allograft tolerance has been achieved by induction of either transient mixed chimerism or persistent full donor chimerism. Although the risk of rejection may be low in tolerance achieved via durable full donor chimerism, the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has limited the wider clinical application of this approach. In contrast, tolerance induced by transient mixed chimerism has not been associated with GVHD, but the risk of allograft rejection is more difficult to predict after the disappearance of haematopoietic chimerism. Current efforts are directed towards the development of more clinically feasible and reliable approaches to induce more durable mixed chimerism in order to widen the clinical applicability of these treatment regimens.

Antibiotic administration alleviates the aggravating effect of orthodontic force on ligature-induced experimental periodontitis bone loss in mice.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is recognized that orthodontic force (OF) has an aggravating effect on the progression of destructive periodontitis if periodontitis have not been well controlled. However, the underlying mechanism is not completely clear. This study was to investigate the effect of antibiotic administration on OF-aggravated, ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: C57BL/6 mice (male, 8 wk old) were divided into three groups (n = 8). Silk ligatures (SL) were tied around the maxillary right (group 1) or both (groups 2 and 3) first molars on day 0, removed on day 8 and systemic antibiotics was administered through drinking water (group 3) since day 8. OF was applied on the maxillary right first molars since day 13 (groups 2 and 3). All mice were killed on day 20. RESULTS: Total oral bacteria load was significantly higher in group 2 when compared to group 1 on day 20, whereas such count was greatly reduced in group 3 when antibiotics were administered. Periodontal bone loss was significantly increased on SL side vs. control side in group 1. Periodontal bone loss was significantly increased on OF + SL side vs. SL side in group 2 (p < 0.05) but not in group 3 when systemic antibiotics were administered. Gingival mRNA and protein expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand/osteoprotegerin were significantly increased on OF + SL side vs. SL side in group 2 (p < 0.01) but not in group 3. However, comparable levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cell formation within periodontal space and tooth movement were observed on OF + SL side in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that reduction of oral bacterial load by antibiotic administration alleviate orthodontic force-aggravated periodontitis bone loss.

Para-psychobiotic Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 ameliorates stress-related symptoms and sleep quality.

AIMS: To confirm the stress-relieving effects of heat-inactivated, enteric-colonizing Lactobacillus gasseri CP2305 (paraprobiotic CP2305) in medical students taking a cadaver dissection course. METHODS AND RESULTS: Healthy students (21 males and 11 females) took paraprobiotic CP2305 daily for 5 weeks during a cadaver dissection course. The General Health Questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were employed to assess stress-related somatic symptoms and sleep quality respectively. The aggravation of stress-associated somatic symptoms was observed in female students (P = 0·029). Sleep quality was improved in the paraprobiotic CP2305 group (P = 0·038), particularly in men (P = 0·004). Among men, paraprobiotic CP2305 shortened sleep latency (P = 0·035) and increased sleep duration (P = 0·048). Diarrhoea-like symptoms were also effectively controlled with CP2305 (P = 0·005) in men. Thus, we observed sex-related differences in the effects of paraprobiotic CP2305. In addition, CP2305 affected the growth of faecal Bacteroides vulgatus and Dorea longicatena, which are involved in intestinal inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: CP2305 is a potential paraprobiotic that regulates stress responses, and its beneficial effects may depend on specific cell component(s). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study characterizes the effects of a stress-relieving para-psychobiotic in humans.

Repeated Injections of IL-2 Break Renal Allograft Tolerance Induced via Mixed Hematopoietic Chimerism in Monkeys.

Tolerance of allografts achieved in mice via stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism relies essentially on continuous elimination of developing alloreactive T cells in the thymus (central deletion). Conversely, while only transient mixed chimerism is observed in nonhuman primates and patients, it is sufficient to ensure tolerance of kidney allografts. In this setting, it is likely that tolerance depends on peripheral regulatory mechanisms rather than thymic deletion. This implies that, in primates, upsetting the balance between inflammatory and regulatory alloimmunity could abolish tolerance and trigger the rejection of previously accepted renal allografts. In this study, six monkeys that were treated with a mixed chimerism protocol and had accepted a kidney allograft for periods of 1-10 years after withdrawal of immunosuppression received subcutaneous injections of IL-2 cytokine (0.6-3 × 10(6) IU/m(2) ). This resulted in rapid rejection of previously tolerated renal transplants and was associated with an expansion and reactivation of alloreactive pro-inflammatory memory T cells in the host's lymphoid organs and in the graft. This phenomenon was prevented by anti-CD8 antibody treatment. Finally, this process was reversible in that cessation of IL-2 administration aborted the rejection process and restored normal kidney graft function.

Tolerance of Lung Allografts Achieved in Nonhuman Primates via Mixed Hematopoietic Chimerism.

While the induction of transient mixed chimerism has tolerized MHC-mismatched renal grafts in nonhuman primates and patients, this approach has not been successful for more immunogenic organs. Here, we describe a modified delayed-tolerance-induction protocol resulting in three out of four monkeys achieving long-term lung allograft survival without ongoing immunosuppression. Two of the tolerant monkeys displayed stable mixed lymphoid chimerism, and the other showed transient chimerism. Serial biopsies and post-mortem specimens from the tolerant monkeys revealed no signs of chronic rejection. The tolerant recipients also exhibited T cell unresponsiveness and a lack of alloantibody. This is the first report of durable mixed chimerism and successful tolerance induction of MHC-mismatched lungs in primates.

Long-term lung transplantation in nonhuman primates.

Despite advances in surgical technique and clinical care, lung transplantation still remains a short-term solution for the treatment of end-stage lung disease. To date, there has been limited experience in experimental lung transplantation using nonhuman primate models. Therefore, we have endeavored to develop a long-term, nonhuman primate model of orthotopic lung transplantation for the ultimate purpose of designing protocols to induce tolerance of lung grafts. Here, we report our initial results in developing this model and our observation that the nonhuman primate lung is particularly prone to rejection. This propensity toward rejection may be a consequence of 1) upregulated nonspecific inflammation, and 2) a larger number of pre-existing alloreactive memory T cells, leading to augmented deleterious immune responses. Our data show that triple-drug immunosuppression mimicking clinical practice is not sufficient to prevent acute rejection in nonhuman primate lung transplantation. The addition of horse-derived anti-thymocyte globulin and a monoclonal antibody to the IL-6 receptor allowed six out of six lung recipients to be free of rejection for over 120 days.

Longitudinal studies of a B cell-derived signature of tolerance in renal transplant recipients.

Biomarkers of transplant tolerance would enhance the safety and feasibility of clinical tolerance trials and potentially facilitate management of patients receiving immunosuppression. To this end, we examined blood from spontaneously tolerant renal transplant recipients and patients enrolled in two interventional tolerance trials using flow cytometry and gene expression profiling. Using a previously reported tolerant cohort as well as newly identified tolerant patients, we confirmed our previous finding that tolerance was associated with increased expression of B cell-associated genes relative to immunosuppressed patients. This was not accounted for merely by an increase in total B cell numbers, but was associated with the increased frequencies of transitional and naïve B cells. Moreover, serial measurements of gene expression demonstrated that this pattern persisted over several years, although patients receiving immunosuppression also displayed an increase in the two most dominant tolerance-related B cell genes, IGKV1D-13 and IGLL-1, over time. Importantly, patients rendered tolerant via induction of transient mixed chimerism, and those weaned to minimal immunosuppression, showed similar increases in IGKV1D-13 as did spontaneously tolerant individuals. Collectively, these findings support the notion that alterations in B cells may be a common theme for tolerant kidney transplant recipients, and that it is a useful monitoring tool in prospective trials.

Pilot Study Evaluating Regulatory T Cell-Promoting Immunosuppression and Nonimmunogenic Donor Antigen Delivery in a Nonhuman Primate Islet Allotransplantation Model.

The full potential of islet transplantation will only be realized through the development of tolerogenic regimens that obviate the need for maintenance immunosuppression. Here, we report an immunotherapy regimen that combines 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (ECDI)-treated donor lymphoid cell infusion (ECDI-DLI) with thymoglobulin, anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody and rapamycin to achieve prolonged allogeneic islet graft survival in a nonhuman primate (NHP) model. Prolonged graft survival is associated with Treg expansion, donor-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness and a transient absence of donor-specific alloantibody production during the period of graft survival. This regimen shows promise for clinical translation.