RESUMO
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are specialized stromal cells that define tissue architecture and regulate lymphocyte compartmentalization, homeostasis, and innate and adaptive immunity in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). In the present study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of human and mouse lymph nodes (LNs) to identify a subset of T cell-zone FRCs defined by the expression of Gremlin1 (Grem1) in both species. Grem1-CreERT2 knock-in mice enabled localization, multi-omics characterization and genetic depletion of Grem1+ FRCs. Grem1+ FRCs primarily localize at T-B cell junctions of SLOs, neighboring pre-dendritic cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). As such, their depletion resulted in preferential loss and decreased homeostatic proliferation and survival of resident cDCs and compromised T cell immunity. Trajectory analysis of human LN scRNA-seq data revealed expression similarities to murine FRCs, with GREM1+ cells marking the endpoint of both trajectories. These findings illuminate a new Grem1+ fibroblastic niche in LNs that functions to maintain the homeostasis of lymphoid tissue-resident cDCs.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas Foliculares/imunologia , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Células Estromais/imunologia , Idoso , Animais , Apoptose/genética , Apoptose/imunologia , Proliferação de Células/genética , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Sobrevivência Celular/imunologia , Células Dendríticas Foliculares/metabolismo , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Técnicas de Introdução de Genes , Humanos , Imunidade Celular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Linfonodos/citologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , RNA-Seq , Análise de Célula Única , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
Myeloid cells encounter stromal cells and their matrix determinants on a continual basis during their residence in any given organ. Here, we examined the impact of the collagen receptor LAIR1 on myeloid cell homeostasis and function. LAIR1 was highly expressed in the myeloid lineage and enriched in non-classical monocytes. Proteomic definition of the LAIR1 interactome identified stromal factor Colec12 as a high-affinity LAIR1 ligand. Proteomic profiling of LAIR1 signaling triggered by Collagen1 and Colec12 highlighted pathways associated with survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Lair1-/- mice had reduced frequencies of Ly6C- monocytes, which were associated with altered proliferation and apoptosis of non-classical monocytes from bone marrow and altered heterogeneity of interstitial macrophages in lung. Myeloid-specific LAIR1 deficiency promoted metastatic growth in a melanoma model and LAIR1 expression associated with improved clinical outcomes in human metastatic melanoma. Thus, monocytes and macrophages rely on LAIR1 sensing of stromal determinants for fitness and function, with relevance in homeostasis and disease.
Assuntos
Homeostase/fisiologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Macrófagos Alveolares/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Medula Óssea/metabolismo , Medula Óssea/patologia , Células COS , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Linhagem da Célula/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Feminino , Humanos , Pulmão/patologia , Macrófagos Alveolares/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Monócitos/patologia , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Proteômica/métodos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Despite the resounding clinical success in cancer treatment of antibodies that block the interaction of PD1 with its ligand PDL11, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. A major limitation to understanding the origin and fate of T cells in tumour immunity is the lack of quantitative information on the distribution of individual clonotypes of T cells in patients with cancer. Here, by performing deep single-cell sequencing of RNA and T cell receptors in patients with different types of cancer, we survey the profiles of various populations of T cells and T cell receptors in tumours, normal adjacent tissue, and peripheral blood. We find clear evidence of clonotypic expansion of effector-like T cells not only within the tumour but also in normal adjacent tissue. Patients with gene signatures of such clonotypic expansion respond best to anti-PDL1 therapy. Notably, expanded clonotypes found in the tumour and normal adjacent tissue can also typically be detected in peripheral blood, which suggests a convenient approach to patient identification. Analyses of our data together with several external datasets suggest that intratumoural T cells, especially in responsive patients, are replenished with fresh, non-exhausted replacement cells from sites outside the tumour, suggesting continued activity of the cancer immunity cycle in these patients, the acceleration of which may be associated with clinical response.
Assuntos
Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/citologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Variantes Farmacogenômicos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Linfócitos T/citologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Células Clonais , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Deregulated activation of ß-catenin in cancer has been correlated with genomic instability. During thymocyte development, ß-catenin activates transcription in partnership with T-cell-specific transcription factor 1 (Tcf-1). We previously reported that targeted activation of ß-catenin in thymocytes (CAT mice) induces lymphomas that depend on recombination activating gene (RAG) and myelocytomatosis oncogene (Myc) activities. Here we show that these lymphomas have recurring Tcra/Myc translocations that resulted from illegitimate RAG recombination events and resembled oncogenic translocations previously described in human T-ALL. We therefore used the CAT animal model to obtain mechanistic insights into the transformation process. ChIP-seq analysis uncovered a link between Tcf-1 and RAG2 showing that the two proteins shared binding sites marked by trimethylated histone-3 lysine-4 (H3K4me3) throughout the genome, including near the translocation sites. Pretransformed CAT thymocytes had increased DNA damage at the translocating loci and showed altered repair of RAG-induced DNA double strand breaks. These cells were able to survive despite DNA damage because activated ß-catenin promoted an antiapoptosis gene expression profile. Thus, activated ß-catenin promotes genomic instability that leads to T-cell lymphomas as a consequence of altered double strand break repair and increased survival of thymocytes with damaged DNA.
Assuntos
Instabilidade Genômica , Ativação Linfocitária , Linfoma/genética , Linfócitos T/citologia , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Sequência de Bases , Sobrevivência Celular , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Metilação de DNA , Reparo do DNA , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Genes RAG-1/genética , Fator 1-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito , Histonas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Recombinação Genética , Fator 1 de Transcrição de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Timócitos/citologia , Translocação Genética , beta Catenina/genéticaRESUMO
Th17 cells are known to play a critical role in adaptive immune responses to several important extracellular pathogens. Additionally, Th17 cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as in cancer. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that regulate Th17 differentiation. Notch signaling is known to be important at several stages of T cell development and differentiation. In this study, we report that Notch1 is activated in both mouse and human in vitro-polarized Th17 cells and that blockade of Notch signaling significantly downregulates the production of Th17-associated cytokines, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for Notch during Th17 differentiation in both species. We also present evidence, using promoter reporter assays, knockdown studies, as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation, that IL-17 and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt are direct transcriptional targets of Notch signaling in Th17 cells. Finally, in vivo inhibition of Notch signaling reduced IL-17 production and Th17-mediated disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, this study highlights the importance of Notch signaling in Th17 differentiation and indicates that selective targeted therapy against Notch may be an important tool to treat autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis.
Assuntos
Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Receptor Notch1/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Células Th17/imunologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Citocinas/fisiologia , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/imunologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/patologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/terapia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Esclerose Múltipla/imunologia , Esclerose Múltipla/patologia , Esclerose Múltipla/terapia , Células Th17/metabolismo , Células Th17/patologiaRESUMO
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are established as effective cancer therapies, overcoming therapeutic resistance remains a critical challenge. Here we identify interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a correlate of poor response to atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) in large clinical trials of advanced kidney, breast, and bladder cancers. In pre-clinical models, combined blockade of PD-L1 and the IL-6 receptor (IL6R) causes synergistic regression of large established tumors and substantially improves anti-tumor CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses compared with anti-PD-L1 alone. Circulating CTLs from cancer patients with high plasma IL-6 display a repressed functional profile based on single-cell RNA sequencing, and IL-6-STAT3 signaling inhibits classical cytotoxic differentiation of CTLs in vitro. In tumor-bearing mice, CTL-specific IL6R deficiency is sufficient to improve anti-PD-L1 activity. Thus, based on both clinical and experimental evidence, agents targeting IL-6 signaling are plausible partners for combination with ICIs in cancer patients.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Interleucina-6 , Neoplasias , Animais , Camundongos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Antígeno B7-H1/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Imunoterapia , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapiaRESUMO
Cellular senescence is a state of permanent growth arrest that plays an important role in wound healing, tissue fibrosis, and tumor suppression. Despite senescent cells' (SnCs) pathological role and therapeutic interest, their phenotype in vivo remains poorly defined. Here, we developed an in vivo-derived senescence signature (SenSig) using a foreign body response-driven fibrosis model in a p16-CreERT2;Ai14 reporter mouse. We identified pericytes and "cartilage-like" fibroblasts as senescent and defined cell type-specific senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs). Transfer learning and senescence scoring identified these two SnC populations along with endothelial and epithelial SnCs in new and publicly available murine and human data single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) datasets from diverse pathologies. Signaling analysis uncovered crosstalk between SnCs and myeloid cells via an IL34-CSF1R-TGFßR signaling axis, contributing to tissue balance of vascularization and matrix production. Overall, our study provides a senescence signature and a computational approach that may be broadly applied to identify SnC transcriptional profiles and SASP factors in wound healing, aging, and other pathologies.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Senescência Celular , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Senescência Celular/genética , Envelhecimento/genética , Fenótipo , Fibroblastos , Aprendizado de MáquinaRESUMO
After thymic emigration CD4-T-cells continue to differentiate into multiple effector and suppressor sublineages in peripheral lymphoid organs. In vivo analysis of peripheral CD4-T-cell differentiation has relied on animal models with targeted gene mutations. These are expressed either constitutively or conditionally after Cre mediated recombination. Available Cre transgenic strains to specifically target T-cells act at stages of thymocyte development that precede thymic selection. Tracing gene functions in CD4-T-cell development after thymic exit becomes complicated when the targeted gene is essential during thymic development. Other approaches to conditionally modify gene functions in peripheral T-cells involve infection of in vitro activated cells with Cre expressing lenti-, retro-, or adenoviruses, which precludes in vivo analyses. To study molecular mechanisms of peripheral CD4-T-cell differentiation in vivo and in vitro we generated transgenic mice expressing a tamoxifen inducible Cre recombinase (CreER(T2) ) under the control of the CD4 gene promoter. We show here that in CD4CreER(T2) mice Cre is inducibly and selectively activated in CD4-T-cells. Tamoxifen treatment both in vivo and in vitro results in efficient recombination of loci marked by LoxP sites. Moreover, this strain shows no abnormalities related to transgene insertion. Therefore it provides a valuable tool for studying gene function during differentiation of naïve peripheral CD4-T-cells into effector or suppressor sub-lineages.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD4/genética , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Transgenes , Animais , Antígenos CD4/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Marcação de Genes/métodos , Engenharia Genética/métodos , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Integrases/efeitos dos fármacos , Integrases/genética , Linfonodos/citologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Baço/citologia , Tamoxifeno/farmacologia , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
It is currently accepted that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) participate in T-cell exclusion from tumor nests. To unbiasedly test this, we used single-cell RNA sequencing coupled with multiplex imaging on a large cohort of lung tumors. We identified four main CAF populations, two of which are associated with T-cell exclusion: (i) MYH11+αSMA+ CAF, which are present in early-stage tumors and form a single cell layer lining cancer aggregates, and (ii) FAP+αSMA+ CAF, which appear in more advanced tumors and organize in patches within the stroma or in multiple layers around tumor nests. Both populations orchestrate a particular structural tissue organization through dense and aligned fiber deposition compared with T cell-permissive CAF. Yet they produce distinct matrix molecules, including collagen IV (MYH11+αSMA+ CAF) and collagen XI/XII (FAP+αSMA+ CAF). Hereby, we uncovered unique molecular programs of CAF driving T-cell marginalization, whose targeting should increase immunotherapy efficacy in patients bearing T cell-excluded tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: The cellular and molecular programs driving T-cell marginalization in solid tumors remain unclear. Here, we describe two CAF populations associated with T-cell exclusion in human lung tumors. We demonstrate the importance of pairing molecular and spatial analysis of the tumor microenvironment, a prerequisite to developing new strategies targeting T cell-excluding CAF. See related commentary by Sherman, p. 2501. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2483.
Assuntos
Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Linfócitos T , Microambiente Tumoral , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , FibroblastosRESUMO
The cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) marker podoplanin (PDPN) is generally correlated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer patients and thus represents a promising therapeutic target. Despite its biomedical relevance, basic aspects of PDPN biology such as its cellular functions and cell surface ligands remain poorly uncharacterized, thus challenging drug development. Here, we utilize a high throughput platform to elucidate the PDPN cell surface interactome, and uncover the neutrophil protein CD177 as a new binding partner. Quantitative proteomics analysis of the CAF phosphoproteome reveals a role for PDPN in cell signaling, growth and actomyosin contractility, among other processes. Moreover, cellular assays demonstrate that CD177 is a functional antagonist, recapitulating the phenotype observed in PDPN-deficient CAFs. In sum, starting from the unbiased elucidation of the PDPN co-receptome, our work provides insights into PDPN functions and reveals the PDPN/CD177 axis as a possible modulator of fibroblast physiology in the tumor microenvironment.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Isoantígenos/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/imunologia , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/imunologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/genética , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Humanos , Isoantígenos/genética , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Taxa de Sobrevida , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Close proximity between cytotoxic T lymphocytes and tumour cells is required for effective immunotherapy. However, what controls the spatial distribution of T cells in the tumour microenvironment is not well understood. Here we couple digital pathology and transcriptome analysis on a large ovarian tumour cohort and develop a machine learning approach to molecularly classify and characterize tumour-immune phenotypes. Our study identifies two important hallmarks characterizing T cell excluded tumours: 1) loss of antigen presentation on tumour cells and 2) upregulation of TGFß and activated stroma. Furthermore, we identify TGFß as an important mediator of T cell exclusion. TGFß reduces MHC-I expression in ovarian cancer cells in vitro. TGFß also activates fibroblasts and induces extracellular matrix production as a potential physical barrier to hinder T cell infiltration. Our findings indicate that targeting TGFß might be a promising strategy to overcome T cell exclusion and improve clinical benefits of cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/imunologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Apresentação de Antígeno/imunologia , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/genética , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/metabolismo , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estudos de Coortes , Metilação de DNA , Endopeptidases , Feminino , Gelatinases/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/metabolismo , Humanos , Aprendizado de Máquina , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Prognóstico , RNA-Seq , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismoRESUMO
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are confined to crypt bottoms and their progeny differentiate near crypt-villus junctions. Wnt and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) gradients drive this polarity, and colorectal cancer fundamentally reflects disruption of this homeostatic signaling. However, sub-epithelial sources of crucial agonists and antagonists that organize this BMP gradient remain obscure. Here, we couple whole-mount high-resolution microscopy with ensemble and single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify three distinct PDGFRA+ mesenchymal cell types. PDGFRA(hi) telocytes are especially abundant at the villus base and provide a BMP reservoir, and we identified a CD81+ PDGFRA(lo) population present just below crypts that secretes the BMP antagonist Gremlin1. These cells, referred to as trophocytes, are sufficient to expand ISCs in vitro without additional trophic support and contribute to ISC maintenance in vivo. This study reveals intestinal mesenchymal structure at fine anatomic, molecular, and functional detail and the cellular basis for a signaling gradient necessary for tissue self-renewal.
Assuntos
Intestinos , Transdução de Sinais , Proliferação de Células , Mucosa Intestinal , Células-TroncoRESUMO
With only a fraction of patients responding to cancer immunotherapy, a better understanding of the entire tumor microenvironment is needed. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we chart the fibroblastic landscape during pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) progression in animal models. We identify a population of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) that are programmed by TGFß and express the leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) protein. These LRRC15+ CAFs surround tumor islets and are absent from normal pancreatic tissue. The presence of LRRC15+ CAFs in human patients was confirmed in >80,000 single cells from 22 patients with PDAC as well as by using IHC on samples from 70 patients. Furthermore, immunotherapy clinical trials comprising more than 600 patients across six cancer types revealed elevated levels of the LRRC15+ CAF signature correlated with poor response to anti-PD-L1 therapy. This work has important implications for targeting nonimmune elements of the tumor microenvironment to boost responses of patients with cancer to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes the single-cell landscape of CAFs in pancreatic cancer during in vivo tumor evolution. A TGFß-driven, LRRC15+ CAF lineage is associated with poor outcome in immunotherapy trial data comprising multiple solid-tumor entities and represents a target for combinatorial therapy.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 161.
Assuntos
Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/imunologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Miofibroblastos/imunologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Linhagem da Célula/genética , Linhagem da Célula/imunologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Biologia Computacional , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/imunologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Miofibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Miofibroblastos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/imunologia , RNA-Seq , Análise de Célula Única , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Resultado do Tratamento , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Although elevated plasma interleukin-8 (pIL-8) has been associated with poor outcome to immune checkpoint blockade 1, this has not been comprehensively evaluated in large randomized studies. Here we analyzed circulating pIL-8 and IL8 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumors of patients treated with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody) from multiple randomized trials representing 1,445 patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) and metastatic renal cell carcinoma. High levels of IL-8 in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumors were associated with decreased efficacy of atezolizumab in patients with mUC and metastatic renal cell carcinoma, even in tumors that were classically CD8+ T cell inflamed. Low baseline pIL-8 in patients with mUC was associated with increased response to atezolizumab and chemotherapy. Patients with mUC who experienced on-treatment decreases in pIL-8 exhibited improved overall survival when treated with atezolizumab but not with chemotherapy. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the immune compartment showed that IL8 is primarily expressed in circulating and intratumoral myeloid cells and that high IL8 expression is associated with downregulation of the antigen-presentation machinery. Therapies that can reverse the impacts of IL-8-mediated myeloid inflammation will be essential for improving outcomes of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Interleucina-8/metabolismo , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Biomarcadores Farmacológicos/sangue , Biomarcadores Farmacológicos/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renais/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Renais/mortalidade , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/mortalidade , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-8/sangue , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Renais/mortalidade , Masculino , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Análise de Sobrevida , Falha de Tratamento , Neoplasias Urológicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Urológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Urológicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Urológicas/mortalidadeRESUMO
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are generally associated with poor clinical outcome. CAFs support tumor growth in a variety of ways and can suppress antitumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. However, a precise understanding of CAF contributions to tumor growth and therapeutic response is lacking. Discrepancies in this field of study may stem from heterogeneity in the composition and function of fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether CAFs directly interact with and suppress T cells. Here, mouse and human breast tumors were used to examine stromal cells expressing fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a surface marker for CAFs. Two discrete populations of FAP+ mesenchymal cells were identified on the basis of podoplanin (PDPN) expression: a FAP+PDPN+ population of CAFs and a FAP+PDPN- population of cancer-associated pericytes (CAPs). Although both subsets expressed extracellular matrix molecules, the CAF transcriptome was enriched in genes associated with TGFß signaling and fibrosis compared with CAPs. In addition, CAFs were enriched at the outer edge of the tumor, in close contact with T cells, whereas CAPs were localized around vessels. Finally, FAP+PDPN+ CAFs suppressed the proliferation of T cells in a nitric oxide-dependent manner, whereas FAP+PDPN- pericytes were not immunosuppressive. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that breast tumors contain multiple populations of FAP-expressing stromal cells of dichotomous function, phenotype, and location.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Gelatinases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/imunologia , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/patologia , Proliferação de Células , Endopeptidases , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Pericitos/metabolismo , Pericitos/patologia , Células Estromais/patologia , Linfócitos T/patologiaRESUMO
T cell stimulation requires the input and integration of external signals. Signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR) is known to induce formation of the membrane-tethered CBM complex, comprising CARMA1, BCL10, and MALT1, which is required for TCR-mediated NF-κB activation. TCR signaling has been shown to activate NOTCH proteins, transmembrane receptors also implicated in NF-κB activation. However, the link between TCR-mediated NOTCH signaling and early events leading to induction of NF-κB activity remains unclear. In this report, we demonstrate a novel cytosolic function for NOTCH1 and show that it is essential to CBM complex formation. Using a model of skin allograft rejection, we show in vivo that NOTCH1 acts in the same functional pathway as PKCθ, a T cell-specific kinase important for CBM assembly and classical NF-κB activation. We further demonstrate in vitro NOTCH1 associates physically with PKCθ and CARMA1 in the cytosol. Unexpectedly, when NOTCH1 expression was abrogated using RNAi approaches, interactions between CARMA1, BCL10, and MALT1 were lost. This failure in CBM assembly reduced inhibitor of kappa B alpha phosphorylation and diminished NF-κB-DNA binding. Finally, using a luciferase gene reporter assay, we show the intracellular domain of NOTCH1 can initiate robust NF-κB activity in stimulated T cells, even when NOTCH1 is excluded from the nucleus through modifications that restrict it to the cytoplasm or hold it tethered to the membrane. Collectively, these observations provide evidence that NOTCH1 may facilitate early events during T cell activation by nucleating the CBM complex and initiating NF-κB signaling.
RESUMO
The density and type of lymphocytes that infiltrate colon tumors are predictive of the clinical outcome of colon cancer. High densities of T helper 17 (T(H)17) cells and inflammation predict poor outcome, whereas infiltration by T regulatory cells (Tregs) that naturally suppress inflammation is associated with longer patient survival. However, the role of Tregs in cancer remains controversial. We recently reported that Tregs in colon cancer patients can become proinflammatory and tumor-promoting. These properties were directly linked with their expression of RORγt (retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt), the signature transcription factor of T(H)17 cells. We report that Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in T cells promotes expression of RORγt. Expression of ß-catenin was elevated in T cells, including Tregs, of patients with colon cancer. Genetically engineered activation of ß-catenin in mouse T cells resulted in enhanced chromatin accessibility in the proximity of T cell factor-1 (Tcf-1) binding sites genome-wide, induced expression of T(H)17 signature genes including RORγt, and promoted T(H)17-mediated inflammation. Strikingly, the mice had inflammation of small intestine and colon and developed lesions indistinguishable from colitis-induced cancer. Activation of ß-catenin only in Tregs was sufficient to produce inflammation and initiate cancer. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in effector T cells and/or Tregs is causatively linked with the imprinting of proinflammatory properties and the promotion of colon cancer.