The utility and challenges of histopathologic evaluation in the diagnosis of nonmalignant skin ulcers.

Histopathologic evaluation of cutaneous ulcers is indicated when the clinical diagnosis is unclear or when ulcers have not responded to standard of care. Many nonmalignant skin ulcers lack specific histologic findings on biopsy and pose a diagnostic challenge. While the usefulness of skin biopsies to diagnose underlying malignancy in ulcerated lesions has been demonstrated in previous studies, their utility in the diagnosis of ulcers of other etiologies has not been reported. We conducted a retrospective study of 45 nonmalignant ulcer biopsies in a 3-year period to compare the histologic diagnosis with the final diagnosis. Additionally, we assessed the diagnostic concordance among three blinded dermatopathologists when reviewing these cases. The leading histologic diagnosis from each of the three observers agreed with the final clinical diagnosis, on average, for 29.6% of the cases (average pairwise kappa = 0.15). Inflammatory ulcers had the lowest concordance between the observers and final diagnosis with an average of 26.0% of cases (average pairwise kappa = 0.06). The observers agreed with each other for 35.6% of the cases (Fleiss' kappa = 0.32). The highest agreement among observers was in the vascular/vasculopathic category (50%, Fleiss' kappa = 0.44). Our results indicate that skin biopsies alone are useful in the evaluation of nonmalignant ulcers to rule out other conditions (e.g. neoplasm) but frequently not sufficient to establish a definitive diagnosis. Additional clinicopathologic correlation is necessary in the final assessment of nonmalignant ulcers to determine the diagnosis. Future research endeavors should explore alternative approaches to more efficiently diagnose nonmalignant skin ulcers.

Herpes zoster presenting as unilateral vasculitis.

Vasculitis can be a primary disorder or a cutaneous manifestation of a viral infection. The present case describes an atypical localized cutaneous varicella-zoster virus infection inducing a small vessel vasculitis in a patient with multisystem sarcoidosis. Additionally, we discuss the differential diagnoses and treatment options. Varicella-Zoster infection occurs more frequently in immunosuppressed populations and can present with uncharacteristic clinical manifestations complicating the diagnosis as in the present case.

Histologic and receptor analysis of primary and secondary vestibulodynia and controls: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the association between hormone receptor densities, pain nerves, and inflammation in vestibulodynia patients. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective study, tender and nontender biopsies from 10 primary and 10 secondary vestibulodynia patients were compared with biopsies in 4 nontender controls. Hormone receptors were evaluated using immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta, androgen, and progesterone receptors. Inflammation, nerves, and mast cells were assessed histologically. Statistical analysis was by Fisher's exact test, analysis of variance, paired Student t test, and Wilcoxon rank test. RESULTS: Tender sites from primary vestibulodynia had increased nerve density compared with secondary and control biopsies (P = .01). Tender sites in secondary vestibulodynia had more lymphocytes than tender primary sites and control biopsies (P < .0001). Mast cells were increased in tender sites compared with nontender and controls. There were no differences in hormone receptor expression. CONCLUSION: Markers of inflammation differed between primary and secondary vestibulodynia and controls.

Assessing Genetic Expression Profiles in Melanoma Diagnosis.

Most melanocytic tumors can be characterized as a benign nevus or a melanoma by a trained pathologist using traditional histopathological methods. However, a minority demonstrates ambiguous features and continues to be a diagnostic challenge. Genetic expression profiling (GEP) assays have been developed in an effort to resolve this dilemma. These assays measure mRNA levels of specified genes using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology. The development of GEP assays, methodology, challenges associated with GEP validation and testing, and the suitability of a currently available GEP test for clinical use are reviewed.

Cell death-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor in keratinocytes: implications for restricting epidermal damage in dermatitis.

Recent findings have implicated Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) in mediating the death of keratinocytes in spongiotic lesions. We asked whether dying keratinocytes could potentially initiate a protective response of the skin to limit the destruction of the epidermis in the spongiotic areas. In addition to apoptosis, treatment of keratinocyte cultures in vitro with FasL triggers a profound phoshorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and of its downstream effectors ERK and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). Using a variety of inhibitors and blocking antibodies, we demonstrated that: (i) apoptosis is required for the generation of the signal(s) leading to the activation of EGFR, ERK, and Akt; (ii) the activation of EGFR, ERK, and Akt by FasL is indeed mediated by its bona fide receptor Fas; (iii) the activation of EGFR is essential for the subsequent activation of ERK and Akt; and (iv) apoptotic keratinocytes secrete soluble EGFR ligands (including amphiregulin) that are processed from membrane-bound proligand forms by metalloproteinase(s). Our findings demonstrate a potential mechanism for the restriction and repair of spongiotic damage in eczemas.

Differences in primary compared with secondary vestibulodynia by immunohistochemistry.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether primary and secondary vestibulodynia represent different pathologic pathways. METHODS: This was an analysis of archived vestibulectomy specimens from 88 premenopausal women with vestibulodynia (2002-2008). Patient records were reviewed to classify the type of vestibulodynia, duration of symptoms, and hormone status. Histologic sections were stained for hematoxylin and eosin to grade inflammation, S100 to highlight nerves, CD117 for mast cells, estrogen receptor α, and progesterone receptor. Differences between primary and secondary vestibulodynia were tested by t tests, chi-square analysis, and linear and logistic regression. RESULTS: Primary vestibulodynia showed significant neural hypertrophy and hyperplasia (P=.02, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-7.6) and increased progesterone receptor nuclear immunostaining (P=.004, adjusted OR 3.94, CI 1.6-9.9) compared with secondary vestibulodynia. Estrogen receptor α expression was also greater in primary vestibulodynia when symptom diagnosis was less than 5 years (P=.004, adjusted OR 5.53 CI 1.71-17.91). CONCLUSION: Primary and secondary vestibulodynia have significantly different histologic features, suggesting that they may have separate mechanistic pathways. Clinically, this may mean the discovery of distinct conditions.

Immunohistochemical and molecular markers in breast phyllodes tumors.

Phyllodes tumors of the breast are diagnostically and managerially enigmatic, as their malignant potential is difficult to predict based on the standard morphologic criteria. Thus, there is a need for additional markers of biologic potential. Although a number of ancillary tests have been reported, consensus in the literature is lacking. We studied 38 cellular fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumors of various grade (World Health Organization benign, borderline, and malignant) with a panel of immunohistochemical stains (p53, CD117, phospho-Histone3, mdm2, cdk4) and screened 26 of the tumors for mutations across 30 cancer-related genes using PCR and mass-spectrometry based methods. p53 and phospho-Histone3 (mitotic marker) showed increased staining in higher grade phyllodes tumors. CD117, mdm2, and cdk4 showed no difference in expression across different grades of phyllodes tumors. Mutational analysis revealed an S8R substitution in FBX4 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) in 3 cases: 1 benign and 2 borderline. The S8R substitution seems to be more common in phyllodes tumors (11.5%) as compared with other cancers. FBX4 S8R cases had high cyclin D1 expression, but this finding was not specific. Our data support earlier studies showing that p53 has potential use in pathologic assessment of phyllodes tumors, and we newly characterized phospho-Histone3 for this application. Further studies are needed to characterize the molecular pathogenesis of the phyllodes tumors, as we were unable to identify activating mutations despite screening for a large panel of activating hotspot mutations. The significance of the FBX4 substitution deserves further investigation.