RESUMO
To date, no immunotherapy approaches have managed to fully overcome T-cell exhaustion, which remains a mandatory fate for chronically activated effector cells and a major therapeutic challenge. Understanding how to reprogram CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes away from exhausted effector states remains an elusive goal. Our work provides evidence that orthogonal gene engineering of T cells to secrete an interleukin (IL)-2 variant binding the IL-2Rßγ receptor and the alarmin IL-33 reprogrammed adoptively transferred T cells to acquire a novel, synthetic effector state, which deviated from canonical exhaustion and displayed superior effector functions. These cells successfully overcame homeostatic barriers in the host and led-in the absence of lymphodepletion or exogenous cytokine support-to high levels of engraftment and tumor regression. Our work unlocks a new opportunity of rationally engineering synthetic CD8+ T-cell states endowed with the ability to avoid exhaustion and control advanced solid tumors.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Interleucina-2 , Neoplasias Experimentais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Exaustão das Células T , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Interleucina-2/farmacologia , Interleucina-33 , Engenharia de Proteínas , Feminino , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Experimentais/terapia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismoRESUMO
B7-H4 protein is frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Here, we engineered T cells with novel B7-H4-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognized both human and murine B7-H4 to test the hypothesis that B7-H4 CAR T cell therapy can be applied safely in preclinical models. B7-H4 CAR T cells specifically secreted IFN-γ and lysed B7-H4(+) targets. In vivo, B7-H4 CAR T cells displayed antitumor reactivity against B7-H4(+) human ovarian tumor xenografts. Unexpectedly, B7-H4 CAR T cell treatment reproducibly showed delayed, lethal toxicity 6-8 weeks after therapy. Comprehensive assessment of murine B7-H4 protein distribution uncovered expression in ductal and mucosal epithelial cells in normal tissues. Postmortem analysis revealed the presence of widespread histologic lesions that correlated with B7-H4(+) expression, and were inconsistent with graft versus host disease. Lastly, expression patterns of B7-H4 protein in normal human tissue were comparable to distribution in mice, advancing our understanding of B7-H4. We conclude that B7-H4 CAR therapy mediates control of cancer outgrowth. However, long-term engraftment of B7-H4 CAR T cells mediates lethal, off-tumor toxicity that is likely due to wide expression of B7-H4 in healthy mouse organs. This model system provides a unique opportunity for preclinical evaluation of safety approaches that limit CAR-mediated toxicity after tumor destruction in vivo.
Assuntos
Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos/métodos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Inibidor 1 da Ativação de Células T com Domínio V-Set/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Linfócitos T/transplante , Resultado do Tratamento , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Cancer regression by gene-modified T cells bearing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) exodomain of mouse origin can be limited by the induction of transgene immunogenicity resulting in poor persistence and function in vivo. The development of functionally-active CAR of human origin can address this issue. Here, we constructed and evaluated fully human anti-mesothelin CARs comprised of a human mesothelin-specific single-chain antibody variable fragment (P4 scFv) coupled to T cell signaling domains. Primary human T cells expressing P4 CAR specifically produced proinflammatory cytokines, degranulated and exerted potent cytolytic functions when cultured with mesothelin-expressing tumors in vitro. P4 CAR T cells also mediated bystander killing of mesothelin-negative cancer cells during coculture. CAR reactivity was not abrogated by soluble tumor-secreted or recombinant mesothelin protein even at supraphysiological levels. Importantly, adoptive transfer of P4 CAR-expressing T cells mediated the regression of large, established tumor in the presence of soluble mesothelin in a xenogenic model of human ovarian cancer. Thus, primary human T cells expressing fully human anti-mesothelin CAR efficiently kill mesothelin-expressing tumors in vitro and in vivo and have the potential to overcome the issue of transgene immunogenicity that may limit CAR T cell trials that utilize scFvs of mouse origin.
Assuntos
Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Anticorpos de Cadeia Única/genética , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Efeito Espectador/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Epitopos/imunologia , Feminino , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI/metabolismo , Ordem dos Genes , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Lentivirus/genética , Mesotelina , Camundongos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Anticorpos de Cadeia Única/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Transdução Genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cell population for activating tumor-specific T cells. Due to the wide range of methods for generating DCs, there is no common protocol or defined set of criteria to validate the immunogenicity and function of DC vaccines. METHODS: Monocyte-derived DCs were generated during 4 days of culture with recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4, and pulsed with tumor lysate produced by hypochlorous acid oxidation of tumor cells. Different culture parameters for clinical-scale DC preparation were investigated, including: 1) culture media; 2) culture surface; 3) duration of activating DCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-gamma; 4) method of DC harvest; and 5) cryomedia and final DC product formulation. RESULTS: DCs cultured in CellGenix DC media containing 2% human AB serum expressed higher levels of maturation markers following lysate-loading and maturation compared to culturing with serum-free CellGenix DC media or AIM-V media, or 2% AB serum supplemented AIM-V media. Nunclon™Δ surface, but not Corning(®) tissue-culture treated surface and Corning(®) ultra-low attachment surface, were suitable for generating an optimal DC phenotype. Recombinant trypsin resulted in reduced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and II expression on mature lysate-loaded DCs, however presentation of MHC Class I peptides by DCs was not impaired and cell viability was higher compared to cell scraping. Preservation of DCs with an infusible cryomedia containing Plasma-Lyte A, dextrose, sodium chloride injection, human serum albumin, and DMSO yielded higher cell viability compared to using human AB serum containing 10% DMSO. Finally, activating DCs for 16 hours with LPS and IFN-γ stimulated robust mixed leukocyte reactions (MLRs), and high IL-12p70 production in vitro that continued for 24 hours after the cryopreserved DCs were thawed and replated in fresh media. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined criteria including DC phenotype, viability, IL-12p70 production and the ability to stimulate MLR as metrics of whole oxidized tumor lysate-pulsed DC immunogenicity and functionality. Development and optimization of this unique method is now being tested in a clinical trial of autologous oxidized tumor lysate-pulsed DC in clinical-scale in recurrent ovarian, primary peritoneal or fallopian tube cancer (NCT01132014).
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura de Células/métodos , Extratos Celulares/farmacologia , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Criopreservação , Meios de Cultura/farmacologia , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Ácido Hipocloroso/farmacologia , Interleucina-12/biossíntese , Teste de Cultura Mista de Linfócitos , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Fenótipo , Fatores de Tempo , Tripsina/metabolismoRESUMO
T cell modification with genes that encode chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) has shown tremendous promise for the treatment of B cell malignancies. The successful translation of CAR-T cell therapy to other tumor types, including solid tumors, is the next big challenge. As the field advances from second- to next-generation CAR-T cells comprising multiple genetic modifications, more sophisticated methods and tools to engineer T cells are being developed. Viral vectors, especially γ-retroviruses and lentiviruses, are traditionally used for CAR-T cell engineering due to their high transduction efficiency. However, limited genetic cargo, high costs of production under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions, and the high regulatory demands are obstacles for widespread clinical translation. To overcome these limitations, different nonviral approaches are being explored at a preclinical or clinical level, including transposon/transposase systems and mRNA electroporation and nonintegrating DNA nanovectors. Genome editing tools that allow efficient knockout of particular genes and/or site-directed integration of the CAR and/or other transgenes into the genome are also being evaluated for CAR-T cell engineering. In this review, we discuss the development of viral and nonviral vectors used to generate CAR-T cells, focusing on their advantages and limitations. We also discuss the lessons learned from clinical trials using the different genetic engineering tools, with special focus on safety and efficacy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Engenharia Genética , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/terapia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/genética , Linfócitos TRESUMO
Limited clinical benefit has been demonstrated for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy of solid tumors, but coengineering strategies to generate so-called fourth-generation (4G) CAR-T cells are advancing toward overcoming barriers in the tumor microenvironment (TME) for improved responses. In large part due to technical challenges, there are relatively few preclinical CAR therapy studies in immunocompetent, syngeneic tumor-bearing mice. Here, we describe optimized methods for the efficient retroviral transduction and expansion of murine T lymphocytes of a predominantly central memory T cell (TCM cell) phenotype. We present a bicistronic retroviral vector encoding both a tumor vasculature-targeted CAR and murine interleukin-15 (mIL-15), conferring enhanced effector functions, engraftment, tumor control, and TME reprogramming, including NK cell activation and reduced presence of M2 macrophages. The 4G-CAR-T cells coexpressing mIL-15 were further characterized by up-regulation of the antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2 and lower cell-surface expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1. Overall, this work introduces robust tools for the development and evaluation of 4G-CAR-T cells in immunocompetent mice, an important step toward the acceleration of effective therapies reaching the clinic.
Assuntos
Interleucina-15/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/genética , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Engenharia Genética/métodos , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Vetores Genéticos/imunologia , Humanos , Memória Imunológica/genética , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has emerged as a potent immunotherapy against some hematological malignancies but not yet for epithelial-derived solid tumors. One critical issue is the paucity of broadly expressed solid tumor antigens (TAs), and another is the presence of suppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can impair CAR-T cell homing, extravasation and effector functions. TAs expressed by endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature are of clinical interest for CAR therapy because of their genomic stability and accessibility to circulating T cells, as well as their expression across multiple tumor types. In this study, we sought to explore limitations to the efficacy of second-generation (2G) murine CAR-T cells redirected against the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) with the well-characterized single-chain variable fragment DC101. METHODS: Primary murine T cells were retrovirally transduced to express a 2G anti-VEGFR-2-CAR, and the in vitro binding to VEGFR-2, as well as reactivity against TA-expressing cells, was evaluated in the absence versus presence of exogenous VEGF-A. The CAR-T cells were further tested in vivo for tumor control alone and in combination with anti-VEGF-A antibody. Finally, we performed ex vivo phenotypic analyses of tumor-infiltrating CAR-T cells for the two treatment groups. RESULTS: In line with previous reports, we observed poor control of B16 melanoma by the 2G anti-VEGFR-2 CAR-T cells as a monotherapy. We further showed that VEGFR-2 is not downregulated by B16 melanoma tumors post treatment, but that its soluble ligand VEGF-A is upregulated and furthermore competes in vitro with the CAR-T cells for binding to VEGFR-2. This competition resulted in impaired CAR-T cell adhesion and effector function in vitro that could be restored in the presence of anti-VEGF-A antibody. Finally, we demonstrated that coadministration of anti-VEGF-A antibody in vivo promoted CAR-T cell persistence and tumor control and was associated with reduced frequencies of PD-1+ Ki67- and LAG-3+ Ki67- CAR-T cells in the TME. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first example of impaired function of a vasculature-targeted CAR by an angiogenic ligand and rationalizes the use of combinatorial therapies that target the tumor vasculature and augment CAR-T cell effector function.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/genética , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , CamundongosRESUMO
In this study, we investigate mechanisms leading to inflammation and immunoreactivity in ovarian tumors with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). BRCA1 loss is found to lead to transcriptional reprogramming in tumor cells and cell-intrinsic inflammation involving type I interferon (IFN) and stimulator of IFN genes (STING). BRCA1-mutated (BRCA1mut) tumors are thus T cell inflamed at baseline. Genetic deletion or methylation of DNA-sensing/IFN genes or CCL5 chemokine is identified as a potential mechanism to attenuate T cell inflammation. Alternatively, in BRCA1mut cancers retaining inflammation, STING upregulates VEGF-A, mediating immune resistance and tumor progression. Tumor-intrinsic STING elimination reduces neoangiogenesis, increases CD8+ T cell infiltration, and reverts therapeutic resistance to dual immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). VEGF-A blockade phenocopies genetic STING loss and synergizes with ICB and/or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to control the outgrowth of Trp53-/-Brca1-/- but not Brca1+/+ ovarian tumors in vivo, offering rational combinatorial therapies for HRD cancers.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/deficiência , Inflamação/patologia , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Animais , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Inativação Gênica , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Inflamação/complicações , Inflamação/imunologia , Interferons/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Gradação de Tumores , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/complicações , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Transcrição Gênica , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
Synthetic biology has been transformative to the treatment of advanced hematological malignancies by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells. A range of obstacles are now understood to limit the responses of solid epithelial-derived tumors to CAR therapy. For example, inefficient tumor homing and a fortified stroma can restrain the number of CAR-T cells reaching the tumor bed. Upon transendothelial migration across the tumor vasculature, CAR-T cells face a highly suppressive microenvironment that can quickly render them hypofunctional. Safety also remains a critical issue for advancing CAR therapy of solid tumors. Innovative CAR design as well as coengineering and combinatorial treatment strategies with oncolytic adenovirus, radiotherapy, vaccines, chemotherapy, small molecules and monoclonal antibodies hold tremendous potential to support CAR-T cell control of solid tumors, either by directly promoting CAR-T cell function, or/and by re-programming the TME and harnessing the endogenous immune system against the tumor.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e Tecidos , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias/terapia , Biologia Sintética , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Therapy by adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded tumor-infiltrating or genetically modified T cells may lead to impressive clinical responses. However, there is a need to improve in vivo persistence and functionality of the transferred T cells, in particular, to face the highly immunosuppressive environment of solid tumors. Here, we investigate the potential of miR-155, a microRNA known to play an important role in CD8+ T cell fitness. We show that forced expression of miR-155 in tumor antigen-specific T cells improves the tumor control of B16 tumors expressing a low-affinity antigen ligand. Importantly, miR-155-transduced T cells exhibit increased proliferation and effector functions associated with a higher glycolytic activity independent of exogenous glucose. Altogether, these data suggest that miR-155 may optimize the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred low-affinity tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), in particular, by rendering them more resistant to the glucose-deprived environment of solid tumors. Thus, transgenic expression of miR-155 may enable therapeutic targeting of self-antigen-specific T cells in addition to neoantigen-specific ones.
RESUMO
We investigated the role of chemokines in regulating T cell accumulation in solid tumors. CCL5 and CXCL9 overexpression was associated with CD8+ T cell infiltration in solid tumors. T cell infiltration required tumor cell-derived CCL5 and was amplified by IFN-γ-inducible, myeloid cell-secreted CXCL9. CCL5 and CXCL9 coexpression revealed immunoreactive tumors with prolonged survival and response to checkpoint blockade. Loss of CCL5 expression in human tumors was associated with epigenetic silencing through DNA methylation. Reduction of CCL5 expression caused tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) desertification, whereas forced CCL5 expression prevented Cxcl9 expression and TILs loss, and attenuated tumor growth in mice through IFN-γ. The cooperation between tumor-derived CCL5 and IFN-γ-inducible CXCR3 ligands secreted by myeloid cells is key for orchestrating T cell infiltration in immunoreactive and immunoresponsive tumors.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiocina CCL5/genética , Quimiocina CCL5/imunologia , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL9/genética , Quimiocina CXCL9/imunologia , Quimiocina CXCL9/metabolismo , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Cocultura , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/imunologia , Metilação de DNA , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Interferon gama/genética , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/terapia , Comunicação Parácrina , Receptores CXCR3/genética , Receptores CXCR3/imunologia , Receptores CXCR3/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The heterodimeric transcription factor HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1) represents the key mediator of hypoxia response. HIF-1 controls numerous genes of pivotal importance for cellular metabolism, angiogenesis, cell cycle regulation and inhibition of apoptosis. HIF-1 overexpression and enhanced transcriptional activity are linked to tumour initiation and progression. Malfunction of the HIF-1 signalling network has been associated with breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), also observed in such tumours, have been implicated in HIF-1 signalling. Deciphering the role of ROS in cancer onset and their involvement in signalling networks should prove invaluable for the design of novel anticancer therapeutics.
Assuntos
Fator 1 Induzível por Hipóxia/fisiologia , Neoplasias/etiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Animais , Hipóxia Celular , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
After publication of this article [1], it was noticed that 3 authors were missed from the author list.
RESUMO
Adoptive transfer of T cells transduced with Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CAR) are now FDA-approved for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Yet, the functionality of the endogenous TCR in CART cells has not been fully assessed. Here, we demonstrate that CART cells progressively upregulate Fas, FasL, DR5 and TRAIL, which result in their programmed cell death, independently of antigen-mediated TCR or CAR activation. CART cell apoptosis occurs even when the CAR contains a single (co-)activatory domain such as CD3ζ, CD28 or 4-1BB. Importantly, the dominant role of the Fas and DR5 pathways in CART cell apoptosis is demonstrated by the significant rescue of CART cells upon in vivo blockade by combined Fas-Fc and DR5-Fc recombinant proteins. These observations are of crucial importance for the long-term persistence of CART cells and for the development of new applications including the combined TCR and CAR activation against solid tumors.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia Adotiva , Melanoma Experimental/terapia , Receptores do Ligante Indutor de Apoptose Relacionado a TNF/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Receptor fas/imunologia , Animais , Morte Celular , Proteína Ligante Fas/imunologia , Feminino , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Ligante Indutor de Apoptose Relacionado a TNF/imunologia , Carga TumoralRESUMO
Cancer immunotherapy relies upon the ability of T cells to infiltrate tumors. The endothelium constitutes a barrier between the tumor and effector T cells, and the ability to manipulate local vascular permeability could be translated into effective immunotherapy. Here, we show that in the context of adoptive T cell therapy, antitumor T cells, delivered at high enough doses, can overcome the endothelial barrier and infiltrate tumors, a process that requires local production of C3, complement activation on tumor endothelium and release of C5a. C5a, in turn, acts on endothelial cells promoting the upregulation of adhesion molecules and T-cell homing. Genetic deletion of C3 or the C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1), and pharmacological blockade of C5aR1, impaired the ability of T cells to overcome the endothelial barrier, infiltrate tumors, and control tumor progression in vivo, while genetic chimera mice demonstrated that C3 and C5aR1 expression by tumor stroma, and not leukocytes, governs T cell homing, acting on the local endothelium. In vitro, endothelial C3 and C5a expressions were required for endothelial activation by type 1 cytokines. Our data indicate that effective immunotherapy is a consequence of successful homing of T cells in response to local complement activation, which disrupts the tumor endothelial barrier.
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Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL), a rare and aggressive intestinal malignancy of intraepithelial T lymphocytes, comprises two disease variants (EATL-I and EATL-II) differing in clinical characteristics and pathological features. Here we report findings derived from whole-exome sequencing of 15 EATL-II tumour-normal tissue pairs. The tumour suppressor gene SETD2 encoding a non-redundant H3K36-specific trimethyltransferase is altered in 14/15 cases (93%), mainly by loss-of-function mutations and/or loss of the corresponding locus (3p21.31). These alterations consistently correlate with defective H3K36 trimethylation. The JAK/STAT pathway comprises recurrent STAT5B (60%), JAK3 (46%) and SH2B3 (20%) mutations, including a STAT5B V712E activating variant. In addition, frequent mutations in TP53, BRAF and KRAS are observed. Conversely, in EATL-I, no SETD2, STAT5B or JAK3 mutations are found, and H3K36 trimethylation is preserved. This study describes SETD2 inactivation as EATL-II molecular hallmark, supports EATL-I and -II being two distinct entities, and defines potential new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Assuntos
Linfoma de Células T Associado a Enteropatia/genética , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Neoplasias Intestinais/genética , Linfoma de Células T Associado a Enteropatia/classificação , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genômica , Humanos , Neoplasias Intestinais/classificação , MutaçãoRESUMO
T cells play a critical role in tumor immune surveillance as evidenced by extensive mouse-tumor model studies as well as encouraging patient responses to adoptive T cell therapies and dendritic cell vaccines. It is well established that the interplay of tumor cells with their local cellular environment can trigger events that are immunoinhibitory to T cells. More recently it is emerging that the tumor vasculature itself constitutes an important barrier to T cells. Endothelial cells lining the vessels can suppress T cell activity, target them for destruction, and block them from gaining entry into the tumor in the first place through the deregulation of adhesion molecules. Here we review approaches to break this tumor endothelial barrier and enhance T cell activity.
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Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Neovascularização Patológica/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Humanos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Neovascularização Patológica/metabolismo , Neovascularização Patológica/terapia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
Infiltration of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in ovarian cancer is a favorable prognostic factor. Employing a differential expression approach, we have recently identified a number of genes associated with CD8+ T-cell infiltration in early stage ovarian tumors. In the present study, we validated by qPCR the expression of two genes encoding the transmembrane proteins GPC6 and TMEM132D in a cohort of early stage ovarian cancer patients. The expression of both genes correlated positively with the mRNA levels of CD8A, a marker of T-lymphocyte infiltration [Pearson coefficient: 0.427 (p = 0.0067) and 0.861 (p < 0.0001), resp.]. GPC6 and TMEM132D expression was also documented in a variety of ovarian cancer cell lines. Importantly, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that high mRNA levels of GPC6 and/or TMEM132D correlated significantly with increased overall survival of early stage ovarian cancer patients (p = 0.032). Thus, GPC6 and TMEM132D may serve as predictors of CD8+ T-lymphocyte infiltration and as favorable prognostic markers in early stage ovarian cancer with important consequences for diagnosis, prognosis, and tumor immunobattling.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Glipicanas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Pennsylvania/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Taxa de Sobrevida , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
T-lymphocyte infiltration in ovarian tumors has been linked to a favorable prognosis, hence, exploring the mechanism of T-cell recruitment in the tumor is warranted. We employed a differential expression analysis to identify genes over-expressed in early stage ovarian cancer samples that contained CD8 infiltrating T-lymphocytes. Among other genes, we discovered that TTF1, a regulator of ribosomal RNA gene expression, and SMARCE1, a factor associated with chromatin remodeling were overexpressed in first stage CD8+ ovarian tumors. TTF1 and SMARCE1 mRNA levels showed a strong correlation with the number of intra-tumoral CD8+ cells in ovarian tumors. Interestingly, forced overexpression of SMARCE1 in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells resulted in secretion of IL8, MIP1b and RANTES chemokines in the supernatant and triggered chemotaxis of CD8+ lymphocytes in a cell culture assay. The potency of SMARCE1-mediated chemotaxis appeared comparable to that caused by the transfection of the CXCL9 gene, coding for a chemokine known to attract T-cells. Our analysis pinpoints TTF1 and SMARCE1 as genes potentially involved in cancer immunology. Since both TTF1 and SMARCE1 are involved in chromatin remodeling, our results imply an epigenetic regulatory mechanism for T-cell recruitment that invites deciphering.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/biossíntese , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/biossíntese , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiocina CXCL9/biossíntese , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Fatores de TranscriçãoRESUMO
The ErbB2 protein is a member of the tyrosine kinase family of growth factor receptors that is overexpressed in cancers of the breast, ovary, stomach, kidney, colon, and lung, and therefore represents an attractive candidate antigen for targeted cancer immunotherapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for various immunogenic ErbB2 peptides have been described, but they often exhibit both poor functional avidity and tumor reactivity. In order to generate potent CD8(+) T cells with specificity for the ErbB2(369-377) peptide, we performed one round of in vitro peptide stimulation of CD8(+) T cells isolated from an HLA-A2(+) patient who was previously vaccinated with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with HLA class I ErbB2 peptides. Using this approach, we enriched highly avid ErbB2-reactive T cells with strong ErbB2-specific, antitumor effector functions. We then stimulated these ErbB2-reactive T cells with ErbB2(+) HLA-A2(+) tumor cells in vitro and sorted tumor-activated ErbB2(369-377) peptide T cells, which allowed for the isolation of a novel T-cell receptor (TCR) with ErbB2(369-377) peptide specificity. Primary human CD8(+) T cells genetically modified to express this ErbB2-specific TCR specifically bound ErbB2(369-377) peptide containing HLA-A2 tetramers, and efficiently recognized target cells pulsed with low nanomolar concentrations of ErbB2(369-377) peptide as well as nonpulsed ErbB2(+) HLA-A2(+) tumor cell lines in vitro. In a novel xenograft model, ErbB2-redirected T cells also significantly delayed progression of ErbB2(+) HLA-A2(+) human tumor in vivo. Together, these results support the notion that redirection of normal T-cell specificity by TCR gene transfer can have potential applications in the adoptive immunotherapy of ErbB2-expressing malignancies.