Phase 1/2 trials of human bone marrow-derived clonal mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play important roles in therapeutic applications by regulating immune responses. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the safety and efficacy of allogenic human bone marrow-derived clonal MSCs (hcMSCs) in subjects with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS: The study included a phase 1 open-label trial followed by a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that involved 72 subjects with moderate to severe AD. RESULTS: In phase 1, intravenous administration of hcMSCs at 2 doses (1 × 106 and 5 × 105 cells/kg) was safe and well tolerated in 20 subjects. Because there was no difference between the 2 dosage groups (P = .9), it was decided to administer low-dose hcMSCs only for phase 2. In phase 2, subjects receiving 3 weekly intravenous infusions of hcMSCs at 5 × 105 cells/kg showed a higher proportion of an Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)-50 response at week 12 compared to the placebo group (P = .038). The differences between groups in the Dermatology Life Quality Index and pruritus numeric rating scale scores were not statistically significant. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and resolved by the end of the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The hcMSC treatment resulted in a significantly higher rate of EASI-50 at 12 weeks compared to the control group in subjects with moderate to severe AD. The safety profile of hcMSC treatment was acceptable. Further larger-scale studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.

Efficacy and Safety of PrabotulinumtoxinA in Subjects With Benign Masseteric Hypertrophy: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Phase 3 Trial and Open-Label Extension Study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread use of botulinum toxin (BTX) injection for the treatment of masseter muscle hypertrophy (MMH), there is no standard treatment option. OBJECTIVE: We report the efficacy and safety for BTX in MMH over a period of 48 weeks. METHODS: In double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials, 180 patients (randomized 1:1) received treatment with placebo (normal saline) or prabotulinumtoxinA (48 units). Masseter muscle thickness (at maximal clenching and resting positions), 3D imaging analysis, and masseter muscle hypertrophy scale grades were analyzed at each time point. After the 24-week CORE study, all patients who met the same criteria of the CORE study at week 24 ( n = 114) received only prabotulinumtoxinA, regardless of previous treatment, for an additional 24 weeks (48 weeks in total) for the open-label extension study. RESULTS: The largest differences in mean and percent changes from baseline in masseter muscle thickness were observed at 12 weeks, and there were significant differences between the 2 groups at all time points (all p < .001). The effect was independent of the number of injections. No serious adverse event was observed. CONCLUSION: PrabotulinumtoxinA could effectively ameliorate MMH without major complications.

Increased risk of suicidality in patients with psoriasis: A Nationwide cohort study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis has a devastating psychological impact on patients' quality of life. However, the relationship between suicidality and psoriasis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study analysed and compared the risk of suicidality (suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and completed suicide) between patients with psoriasis and the general population. METHODS: This nationwide, population-based, retrospective, cohort study analysed the Korean National Health Insurance Service claim data from 2005 to 2018. RESULTS: The study included 348,439 patients with psoriasis aged over 18 years and with age- and sex-matched controls. The risk of suicidality was higher in the psoriasis group than in the control group [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-1.24]. The aHR of suicidality was higher in the psoriatic arthritis group (aHR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.39-1.54) than in the psoriasis-alone group (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.13-1.20). However, the severity of psoriasis and suicidality showed no correlation (mild psoriasis group: aHR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.18-1.25; moderate-to-severe psoriasis group: aHR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.23). CONCLUSION: Patients with psoriasis have an increased risk of suicidality. In particular, the presence of arthritis in patients had a more significant effect on the risk of suicidality.

Asivatrep, a TRPV1 antagonist, for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis: Phase 3, randomized, vehicle-controlled study (CAPTAIN-AD).

BACKGROUND: Asivatrep is a potent and selective antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), which plays an important role in itch and inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: This current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of asivatrep cream in patients with AD. METHODS: For this phase 3 double-blind, vehicle-controlled study, patients aged ≥12 years with mild to moderate AD were enrolled and randomly assigned 2:1 to the 1.0% asivatrep or vehicle group for 8 weeks of twice-daily application (n = 240). The primary end point was the proportion of patients with an Investigator's Global Assessment score (IGA) of 0 or 1 at week 8. Standard safety assessments were conducted. RESULTS: At week 8, significantly more patients in the asivatrep group (36.0%) than in the vehicle group (12.8%) had IGA scores of 0 or 1 (P < .001); significantly more had ≥2 points of improvement on the IGA from baseline score (20.3% vs 7.7%; P = .01). The mean percentage reduction in the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score was 44.3% for the asivatrep group and 21.4% for the vehicle group at week 8 (P < .001). Significantly more asivatrep-treated patients experienced an improvement of at least 50%, 75%, and 90% on the EASI than the vehicle group. The mean ± SD change in the pruritus visual analog scale score at week 8 was -2.3 ± 2.4 for the asivatrep group and -1.5 ± 2.4 for the vehicle group (P = .02). No significant safety issues were reported. CONCLUSION: Asivatrep improved clinical signs and symptoms of AD and was well tolerated.

Interactions between Malassezia and New Therapeutic Agents in Atopic Dermatitis Affecting Skin Barrier and Inflammation in Recombinant Human Epidermis Model.

Several studies have reported the pathogenic role of Malassezia in atopic dermatitis (AD); the significance of Malassezia's influence on AD needs to be further investigated. Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody to anti-Interleukin (IL) 4Rα, and ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK)1/2 inhibitor, are the first approved biologics and inhibitors widely used for AD treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate how Malassezia Restricta (M. restricta) affects the skin barrier and inflammation in AD and interacts with the AD therapeutic agents ruxolitinib and anti-IL4Rα. To induce an in vitro AD model, a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) was treated with IL-4 and IL-13. M. restricta was inoculated on the surface of RHE, and anti-IL4Rα or ruxolitinib was supplemented to model treated AD lesions. Histological and molecular analyses were performed. Skin barrier and ceramide-related molecules were downregulated by M. restricta and reverted by anti-IL4Rα and ruxolitinib. Antimicrobial peptides, VEGF, Th2-related, and JAK/STAT pathway molecules were upregulated by M. restricta and suppressed by anti-IL4Rα and ruxolitinib. These findings show that M. restricta aggravated skin barrier function and Th2 inflammation and decreased the efficacy of anti-IL4Rα and ruxolitinib.

A randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DWJ211 in the treatment of moderate to severe submental fat.

Excessive accumulation of submental fat (SMF) causes a lower face cosmetic problem. A lipolytic injectable has recently been developed as a solution. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects and safety of DWJ211 (a newly developed lipolytic injectable) in the reduction of SMF and to identify the optimum dose. In this multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects with moderate to severe SMF were randomized to injections of DWJ211 0.5%, DWJ211 1%, DWJ211 2% or placebo in the submental area, every 4 weeks, up to Week 12. Efficacy was determined by improvements in physician-assisted SMF rating scales (PA-SMFRS) and subject-assisted SMF rating scales (SA-SMFRS) 4 weeks after the last treatment (Week 16). Safety was assessed by inquiries, subject diary entries of adverse events, laboratory tests, and vital sign checks. Of 140 enrolled subjects, 136 were included in the analysis. The proportions of subjects, who achieved ≥1-grade improvement on the PA-SMFRS were 41.7%, 65.7%, 84.4%, and 72.7%, and the proportions of subjects, who achieved ≥1-grade improvement on the SA-SMFRS were 50.0%, 71.4%, 93.8%, and 81.8% for the placebo, DWJ211 0.5%, DWJ211 1%, and DWJ211 2% group, respectively. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were more common in each of the treatment groups compared with placebo, with the most common ADR being injection site pain. No subjects experienced any serious adverse events. In conclusion, the 1% DWJ211 dose was beneficial for SMF reduction and had a tolerable safety profile. Thus, we selected 1% as the dose to be tested in a Phase 3 clinical trial.

Validation of Relationship between Patients' Descriptions of Pruritus and Patient-burden of Chronic Pruritus using Structural Equation Modelling.

Patients with chronic itch describe their pruritus in a wide variety of ways. However, these subjective descriptions are often not taken into consideration by physicians. This study aimed to validate patients' descriptions of pruritus, and to investigate the relationship between various descriptions of pruritus and the patient burden of chronic pruritus by examining the mediating effects of sleep disturbance and sexual dysfunction on patient's quality of life, as predicted by various descriptions of pruritus. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to identify the factor structure measured by 11 descriptions of pruritus. The study then analysed differences in the degree of sleep disturbance, sexual dysfunction, and quality of life deterioration factors using a structural equation modelling method. Using data from 419 patients with chronic pruritus, 11 descriptions of pruritus were classified into 2 groups: (i) sensory pruritus (i.e. stinging, stabbing, burning, painful, formication, throbbing, and cold) that are linked with descriptions of pruritus patterns; and (ii) affective pruritus (i.e. annoying, unbearable, worrisome, and warm) from patient reports of psychological or emotional distress. The study found that affective pruritus decreases patient's quality of life either directly or indirectly through sleep disturbance. In conclusion, clues about a patients' sleep disturbance or poor quality of life can be obtained through their descriptions of pruritus.

A Phase 3, Randomized, Multi-center Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Neu-BoNT/A in Treatment of Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis.

BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin type A is widely used to treat primary axillary hyperhidrosis and has proven to be an effective and safe approach. Onabotulinumtoxin A was approved by the FDA as a treatment for primary axillary hyperhidrosis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Neu-BoNT/A in subjects diagnosed with primary axillary hyperhidrosis. METHODS: The Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale, gravimetric measurement of sweat, and Global Assessment Scale were analyzed at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 to determine the effect of treatment. Adverse events, physical examination, and vital signs were monitored. RESULTS: Subjects treated with Neu-BoNT/A showed statistically significant improvement by all 3 methods at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 (P value = 0.00). There were no severe adverse events or significant changes in vital signs, physical examination, or laboratory tests. CONCLUSION: Neu-BoNT/A can be effectively and safely used for primary axillary hyperhidrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The continuous development of a complete and objective automatic grading system of facial signs from selfie pictures: Asian validation study and application to women of three ethnic origins, differently aged.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capacity of the automatic detection system to accurately grade, from smartphones' selfie pictures, the severity of seven new facial signs added to the nine previously integrated. METHODS: A two-step approach was conducted: first, to check on 112 Korean women, how the AI-based automatic grading system may correlate with dermatological assessments, taken as reference; second, to confirm on 1140 women of three ancestries (African, Asian, and Caucasian) the relevance of the newly input facial signs. RESULTS: The sixteen specific Asian facial signs, detected automatically, were found significantly (P < .0001) highly correlated with the clinical evaluations made by two Korean dermatologists (wrinkles: r = .90; sagging: r = .75-.95; vascular: r = .85; pores: r = .60; pigmentation: r = .50-.80). When applied at a larger scale on women of different ethnicities, new signs were found of good accuracy and reproducibility, albeit depending on ethnicity. Due to contrast with the innate skin complexion, the facial signs dealing with skin pigmentation were found of a much higher relevance among Asian women than African or Caucasian women. The automatic gradings were even found of a slightly higher accuracy than the clinical gradings. CONCLUSION: The previously used automatic grading system is now completed by adding new facial signs apt at being detected. The continuous development is now integrating some limitations with regard to the constitutive skin complexion of the self-pictured subjects. Presenting reproducible assessments, highly correlated with medical grading, this system could change tremendously clinical researches, like in epidemiological studies, where it offers an easy, fast, affordable, and confidential approach in the objective quantification of facial signs.

Efficacy and Safety of a New Botulinum Toxin (HU-014) Versus Existing Onabotulinumtoxin A in Subjects With Moderate to Severe Glabellar Lines.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the safety of a new botulinum toxin (HU-014) was confirmed through animal experiments. The evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this newly introduced botulinum toxin is required considering the risk of adverse events (AEs) and need for standardization before its universal use. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel, active-controlled phase III clinical trial was to investigate the noninferiority of HU-014 versus existing onabotulinumtoxin A for the treatment of moderate to severe glabellar lines. METHODS: In total, 267 subjects were randomized to either the test (HU-014) or control (onabotulinumtoxin A) group. At the baseline and at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16, investigator's live assessment, independent photographic assessment, subjects' improvement assessment, subjects' satisfaction assessment, and safety assessment were performed. RESULTS: At week 4, the response rate was 90.15% and 92.31% in the test and control groups, respectively, as per investigator's live assessment while frowning, without a significant difference. Both groups also showed no significant differences in response rates in the other assessments. In addition, no serious AEs were reported. CONCLUSION: HU-014 was noninferior to existing onabotulinumtoxin A in the treatment of glabellar lines at a 1:1 dose ratio, and both products were well tolerated.

Phase I/III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a New Botulinum Toxin (HU-014) Versus OnabotulinumtoxinA in Subjects With Moderate-to-Severe Crow's Feet Lines.

BACKGROUND: HU-014, a newly introduced botulinum toxin type A, has not been investigated for its efficacy and safety in crow's feet line (CFL) treatment. OBJECTIVE: Here, we compared the efficacy and safety of HU-014 and onabotulinumtoxinA in CFL treatment. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, active drug-controlled, multicenter, 16-week, Phase I/III study designed to determine the noninferiority of HU-014 compared with onabotulinumtoxinA in moderate-to-severe CFL treatment. In the Phase III study, 290 subjects were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive a single treatment of HU-014 or onabotulinumtoxinA. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects achieving Grade 0 or 1 in the facial wrinkle scale on maximum smile at Week 4. RESULTS: The primary endpoint was achieved by 72% of the subjects with HU-014 and onabotulinumtoxinA treatments, supporting the noninferiority of HU-014 compared with onabotulinumtoxinA. All secondary efficacy outcomes were achieved by the subjects. The 2 groups showed no significant differences in the safety analysis. CONCLUSION: HU-014 has noninferior efficacy and safety compared with onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of CFL.

Inflammasome-mediated Inflammation by Malassezia in human keratinocytes: A comparative analysis with different strains.

Malassezia species are associated with several common dermatologic conditions including pityriasis versicolor, seborrhoeic dermatitis, folliculitis, and atopic dermatitis and dandruff. However, its causal role remains to be established. We intended to explore the role of inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes in response to three different Malassezia species. We compared the different activation patterns of inflammasomes and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides by three different Malassezia species-M. restricta, M. globosa and M. sympodialis-in human keratinocytes. We found that different Malassezia species, especially M. restricta and M. globosa could induce nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin-domain-containing protein (NLRP)3-apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) inflammasome activation and subsequent interleukin (IL)-1ß secretion in human keratinocytes. Malassezia species variably induced thymic stromal lymphopoietin, ß-defensin 2, and LL-37. IL-8 mRNA and IL-22 protein significantly increased in the M. sympodialis-treated group, and Chemokine C-C motif ligand (CCL)17 and CCL22 mRNA were increased in response to M. globosa- and M. restricta- treated keratinocytes, respectively. Our data show that various species of Malassezia promote variable inflammatory responses in keratinocytes by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides.

Validity and reliability of itch assessment scales for chronic pruritus in adults: A prospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Several tools can provide a reliable and accurate evaluation of pruritus, including the visual analog scale (VAS), numeric rating scale (NRS), verbal rating scale (VRS), and multidimensional questionnaires such as the Itch Severity Scale (ISS). However, no single method is considered a gold standard. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the validity and reliability of VAS, NRS, VRS, and ISS and their correlation with a pruritus-specific quality of life instrument, ItchyQoL. METHODS: A total of 419 patients (215 men and 204 women) with chronic pruritus (mean age, 46.58 years) recorded their pruritus intensity on VAS, NRS, VRS, and ISS. Retest reliability was analyzed in a second assessment 3 hours after the initial assessment. All participants answered ItchyQoL. RESULTS: A strong correlation between VAS, NRS, and VRS was found. ISS showed a low intercorrelation validity with these tools. However, ISS was more strongly correlated with ItchyQoL. The retest reliability scores were similar for VAS, NRS, and VRS but lower than the scores obtained for ISS. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include patient heterogeneity and recall bias. CONCLUSION: The assessment of pruritus is challenging because of the subjective symptoms and the multifactorial nature. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine the best strategy to assess itch intensity.

Differences in foot skin microbiomes between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals.

Impaired immunity and changes in the microenvironment in patients with diabetes might influence the composition of the cutaneous microbiome. However, data on the cutaneous microbiome of these patients are scarce. This study compared the fungal and bacterial components of the skin microbiome between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy individuals. We obtained skin swab samples from the plantar forefoot of 17 patients with DM and 18 healthy individuals to conduct a cross-sectional study. The samples were profiled with culture-independent sequencing of the V3 to V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal ITS2 region, followed by direct DNA extraction and molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We observed a differential cutaneous microbiome, especially for fungi, in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to that in healthy controls. Trichophyton rubrum was more abundant in DM samples. The Shannon diversity index for fungi was lower in the DM patients. Principal coordinate analysis plots and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) tests based on Bray-Curtis distances between samples supported the association of the fungal microbiome with DM at the species level. The results suggest that clinicians should pay attention to both fungi and bacteria and provide appropriate prevention and therapeutic strategies for diabetic cutaneous complications including diabetic foot ulcers. These data also contribute to future research associated with diabetes and cutaneous microbiomes.

Efficacy and Safety of Prabotulinumtoxin A and Onabotulinumtoxin A for Crow's Feet: A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study.

BACKGROUND: Prabotulinumtoxin A has been shown to have efficacy for the treatment of upper-limb spasticity and improvement of moderate to severe glabellar lines. However, the efficacy and safety of prabotulinumtoxin A for crow's feet have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the efficacy and safety of prabotulinumtoxin A and onabotulinumtoxin A in the treatment of crow's feet. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, split-face study was conducted in subjects with bilateral symmetric, moderate to severe crow's feet at maximum smile. The investigators assessed the severity of crow's feet by using the facial wrinkle scale, and the subjects reported the improvement in severity, their subjective satisfaction, and perceived age. The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of subjects with Grade 0 or 1 severity of crow's feet at maximum smile at Week 4 as assessed by the investigators. RESULTS: In the primary efficacy outcome assessment, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (prabotulinumtoxin A, 65.02%; onabotulinumtoxin A, 62.56%; p = .0956). All secondary efficacy outcomes were also achieved. Adverse events related to injection were mild and recovered spontaneously. CONCLUSION: Prabotulinumtoxin A and onabotulinumtoxin A have comparable efficacy and safety in the treatment of crow's feet.

Assessment of Skin Physiology Change and Safety After Intradermal Injections With Botulinum Toxin: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Split-Face Pilot Study in Rosacea Patients With Facial Erythema.

BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been used cosmetically with good clinical efficacy and tolerable safety. OBJECTIVE: This randomized, double-blind, split-face clinical study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of intradermal BTX in patients with rosacea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four participants were enrolled and randomly given intradermal injections of BTX and normal saline in both cheeks. Clinician Erythema Assessment (CEA) score, Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) score, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin content, erythema index, elasticity, and sebum secretions were evaluated at baseline and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. RESULTS: On the BTX-treated side, the CEA score significantly decreased and the GAIS score significantly increased. The erythema index decreased at Weeks 4 and 8. Skin elasticity was improved at Weeks 2 and 4 and skin hydration, at Weeks 2, 4, and 8. However, TEWL and sebum secretion did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION: Intradermal BTX injections reduced erythema and rejuvenated the skin effectively and safely in patients with rosacea.

Evaluation of drug susceptibility test for Efinaconazole compared with conventional antifungal agents.

BACKGROUND: Superficial fungal infections are one of the most common and burdensome skin problems affecting quality of life in patients. Various conventional antifungal agents have been used to treat fungal infections; however, various problems have been reported including drug interaction, drug resistance and low effectiveness. Efinaconazole is a novel antifungal agent, which has proven to be particularly effective against onychomycosis compared with conventional antifungal agents. However, the antifungal efficacy of Efinaconazole for specific strains has not been analysed. OBJECTIVE: We conducted an in-vitro study to measure the antifungal activity of Efinaconazole against strains of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans compared with widely-used antifungal drugs. METHODS: We obtained strains of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and C. albicans isolated from patients with onychomycosis and tinea pedis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for various strains of fungal species was evaluated for the antifungal susceptibility test. RESULTS: Efinaconazole showed a low MIC against almost strains of dermatophytes and C albicans and also presented low resistance, indicating high potency of efinaconazole for treatment of superficial fungal infections. CONCLUSION: Efinaconazole could be a comparable alternative to replace existing conventional agents.

Analysis of the skin mycobiome in adult patients with atopic dermatitis.

With the recent availability of culture-independent sequencing methods, studies have been conducted to analyse skin micro-organisms present in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the database on the skin fungal communities, "mycobiome," has been relatively restrictive compared with the bacterial world. We aimed to comparatively analyse the overall skin mycobiome between patients with AD and healthy individuals in the Korean population. We analysed skin swab samples obtained from the antecubital fossae of 8 patients with AD and 8 healthy controls. Using sequencing method followed by direct DNA extraction and molecular PCR, taxonomic compositions of fungi at stepwise level ranks were analysed. The phylogenic marker used was internal transcribed spacer 2 regions of DNA. We observed the tendency of higher intra- and interpersonal taxonomic diversity at genus and species levels in AD samples. Non-Malassezia fungal diversity was also noticeable in the patient group compared with healthy controls. Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta were prevalent in all samples across both study groups, and some Malassezia species, including Malassezia sloofiae and Malassezia dermatis, characterized AD. Our data might provide a new insight into the mycobiome of adult AD, which contributes to building a systemic mycobiome database in AD.

Whole genome sequencing analysis of the cutaneous pathogenic yeast Malassezia restricta and identification of the major lipase expressed on the scalp of patients with dandruff.

Malassezia species are opportunistic pathogenic fungi that are frequently associated with seborrhoeic dermatitis, including dandruff. Most Malassezia species are lipid dependent, a property that is compensated by breaking down host sebum into fatty acids by lipases. In this study, we aimed to sequence and analyse the whole genome of Malassezia restricta KCTC 27527, a clinical isolate from a Korean patient with severe dandruff, to search for lipase orthologues and identify the lipase that is the most frequently expressed on the scalp of patients with dandruff. The genome of M. restricta KCTC 27527 was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq and PacBio platforms. Lipase orthologues were identified by comparison with known lipase genes in the genomes of Malassezia globosa and Malassezia sympodialis. The expression of the identified lipase genes was directly evaluated in swab samples from the scalps of 56 patients with dandruff. We found that, among the identified lipase-encoding genes, the gene encoding lipase homolog MRES_03670, named LIP5 in this study, was the most frequently expressed lipase in the swab samples. Our study provides an overview of the genome of a clinical isolate of M. restricta and fundamental information for elucidating the role of lipases during fungus-host interaction.

Treatment of periorbital wrinkles using multipolar fractional radiofrequency in Korean patients.

A limited number of studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of electrode pin fractional radiofrequency (FRF) for periorbital wrinkle treatment in Asian patients, but none have measured noninvasive methodological objective parameters such as periorbital wrinkle area. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of electrode pin multipolar FRF for the improvement of periorbital wrinkles in Korean patients by using a noninvasive methodological objective parameter. Seventy female subjects with periorbital wrinkles (age range, 40-60 years) participated in this study. Each patient underwent three sessions of FRF treatment to the periorbital region separated by 2-week intervals. The area of periorbital wrinkles was analyzed by using a Robo Skin Analyzer CS50 at 4 weeks after the final treatment session. Periorbital wrinkle area was significantly decreased at 1-month follow-up (75.77 ± 29.46 mm2) compared to baseline (94.74 ± 31.62 mm2). The improvement ratio of periorbital wrinkle area was 20.02 %. Side effects were limited to transient mild erythema, swelling, and crusts. Pain was tolerable without local anesthesia. Our findings suggest that the multipolar electrode pin FRF can be an effective and safe method for reducing periorbital wrinkles in Asian patients.