CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated HY5 Gene Editing Reduces Growth Inhibition in Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa) under ER Stress.

Various stresses can affect the quality and yield of crops, including vegetables. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was employed to examine the role of the ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) gene in influencing the growth of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa). Single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed to target the HY5 gene, and deep-sequencing analysis confirmed the induction of mutations in the bZIP domain of the gene. To investigate the response of Chinese cabbage to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, plants were treated with tunicamycin (TM). Both wild-type and hy5 mutant plants showed increased growth inhibition with increasing TM concentration. However, the hy5 mutant plants displayed less severe growth inhibition compared to the wild type. Using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining methods, we determined the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under ER stress conditions, and found that the hy5 mutant plants generated lower levels of ROS compared to the wild type. Under ER stress conditions, the hy5 mutant plants exhibited lower expression levels of UPR- and cell death-related genes than the wild type. These results indicate that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the HY5 gene can mitigate growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage under stresses, improving the quality and yield of crops.

Genome-Wide Analysis of MYB10 Transcription Factor in Fragaria and Identification of QTLs Associated with Fruit Color in Octoploid Strawberry.

The genus Fragaria encompass fruits with diverse colors influenced by the distribution and accumulation of anthocyanin. Particularly, the fruit colors of strawberries with different ploidy levels are determined by expression and natural variations in the vital structural and regulatory genes involved in the anthocyanin pathway. Among the regulatory genes, MYB10 transcription factor is crucial for the expression of structural genes in the anthocyanin pathway. In the present study, we performed a genome wide investigation of MYB10 in the diploid and octoploid Fragaria species. Further, we identified seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with fruit color in octoploid strawberry. In addition, we predicted 20 candidate genes primarily influencing the fruit color based on the QTL results and transcriptome analysis of fruit skin and flesh tissues of light pink, red, and dark red strawberries. Moreover, the computational and transcriptome analysis of MYB10 in octoploid strawberry suggests that the difference in fruit colors could be predominantly influenced by the expression of MYB10 from the F. iinumae subgenome. The outcomes of the present endeavor will provide a platform for the understanding and tailoring of anthocyanin pathway in strawberry for the production of fruits with aesthetic colors.

Years of Life Lost due to Premature Death in People with Disabilities in Korea: the Korean National Burden of Disease Study Framework.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have been conducted regarding people with disabilities, however no studies have estimated the disease burden due to premature death. As such, we aimed to compare the years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature death between a population with disabilities and the total population of Korea. METHODS: To calculate the YLLs in people with disabilities, we combined disability registration data from the 2002-2011 Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea and the causes of mortality data by Statistics Korea for 3,158,231 people. RESULTS: YLLs of people with disabilities were 517,337, which accounted for 23.4% of YLLs of the total population. YLLs per 100,000 people with disabilities were approximately 3.8 times higher than those in the total Korean population. Ischemic stroke was associated with the highest YLLs per 100,000 people, followed by ischemic heart disease, hemorrhagic, and other non-ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus, and self-harm. Among individuals with physical disabilities, ischemic heart disease was associated with the highest YLLs. For intellectual disability, epilepsy contributed to the most YLLs. For individuals with mental disability, self-harm was the largest contributor to YLLs. CONCLUSION: The burden of disease was higher in the population with disabilities than that in the general population. Cardiovascular diseases and cancer had a higher burden of disease than did other diseases in the population with disabilities; thus, overall, non-communicable diseases have a higher burden of disease than communicable diseases or injuries in the population with disabilities than in the general population.

Measuring the Economic Burden of Disease and Injury in Korea, 2015.

BACKGROUND: Disease burden can be represented by health-related parameters such as disability-adjusted life years and economic burden. Economic burden is an important index, as it estimates the maximum possible cost reduction if a disease is prevented. This study aimed to determine the economic burden of 238 diseases and 22 injuries in Korea in 2015. METHODS: Economic burden was estimated with a human resources approach from a social perspective, and direct and indirect costs were calculated from insurance claims data and a cause of death database. Direct costs were divided into medical costs (including hospital admission, outpatient visit, and medication use) and nonmedical costs (including transportation and caregiver costs). Indirect costs from lost productivity, either from the use of healthcare service or premature death, were analyzed. RESULTS: In 2015, the estimated economic burden was USD 133.7 billion (direct: USD 65.5 billion, indirect: USD 68.2 billion). The total cost of communicable diseases was USD 16.0 billion (11.9%); non-communicable diseases, USD 92.3 billion (69.1%); and injuries, USD 25.4 billion (19.0%). Self-harm had the highest costs (USD 8.3 billion), followed by low back pain (LBP, USD 6.6 billion). For men, self-harm had the highest cost (USD 7.1 billion), while LBP was the leading cost (USD 3.7 billion) for women. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of Korea's total socioeconomic disease burden is due to chronic diseases; however, unnoticed conditions such as infectious diseases, injuries, and LBP are high in certain age groups and differ by gender, emphasizing the need for targeted social interventions to manage and prevent disease risk factors.

Serum alanine aminotransferase level and liver-related mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B: A large national cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level has been used to identify at-risk patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who need antiviral therapy. However, the level associated with increased liver-related mortality requiring active treatment is still unclear. METHODS: We used a Health Examination Cohort of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea that included approximately 0.5 million individuals aged 40-79 years. In total, 12 486 patients with CHB and no other concurrent liver disease were enrolled, and patients' liver-related mortality, including that owing to liver cancer, was investigated over 9 years. RESULTS: The serum ALT level was correlated positively with liver-related mortality. The rates in men were 0.14, 0.17, 0.24, 0.57, 0.63 and 0.85 per 100 person-years (%) for serum ALT levels of <20, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-79 and ≥80 U/L, respectively, and the corresponding liver-related mortality rates in women were 0.03%, 0.09%, 0.12%, 0.63%, 0.65% and 0.32%. In patients with ALT levels of 40-79 U/L, the liver-related mortality rates were 0.60% in men and 0.64% in women, which were similar to the overall mortality rate of age- and sex-matched subjects without CHB (0.69%). The best cut-off values for liver-related mortality prediction were >34 U/L in men and >30 U/L in women. CONCLUSIONS: The liver-related mortality rate increased significantly, even in CHB patients with relatively low serum ALT levels. Careful monitoring or earlier antiviral therapy should be considered for patients aged >40 years with serum ALT levels above the upper limit of normal.

Application of a Modified Garbage Code Algorithm to Estimate Cause-Specific Mortality and Years of Life Lost in Korea.

Years of life lost (YLLs) are estimated based on mortality and cause of death (CoD); therefore, it is necessary to accurately calculate CoD to estimate the burden of disease. The garbage code algorithm was developed by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study to redistribute inaccurate CoD and enhance the validity of CoD estimation. This study aimed to estimate cause-specific mortality rates and YLLs in Korea by applying a modified garbage code algorithm. CoD data for 2010-2012 were used to calculate the number of deaths. The garbage code algorithm was then applied to calculate target cause (i.e., valid CoD) and adjusted CoD using the garbage code redistribution. The results showed that garbage code deaths accounted for approximately 25% of all CoD during 2010-2012. In 2012, lung cancer contributed the most to cause-specific death according to the Statistics Korea. However, when CoD was adjusted using the garbage code redistribution, ischemic heart disease was the most common CoD. Furthermore, before garbage code redistribution, self-harm contributed the most YLLs followed by lung cancer and liver cancer; however, after application of the garbage code redistribution, though self-harm was the most common leading cause of YLL, it is followed by ischemic heart disease and lung cancer. Our results showed that garbage code deaths accounted for a substantial amount of mortality and YLLs. The results may enhance our knowledge of burden of disease and help prioritize intervention settings by changing the relative importance of burden of disease.

Disability-Adjusted Life Years for Communicable Disease in the Korean Burden of Disease Study 2012.

Globally, the incidence of communicable diseases has decreased compared to non-communicable diseases. However, chronic communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis persist worldwide. Furthermore, emerging new infections such as H1N1 influenza pose a new threat to public health. However, most studies have focused on non-communicable diseases because of their increasing incidence, with fewer studies investigating communicable diseases. Therefore, we estimated the burden of communicable diseases in Korea using national representative 2012 data. To estimate the disability-adjusted life years (DALY), we used cause of death data from the Statistics Korea to estimate the years of life lost (YLL), applied the Korean garbage code algorithm, and used national claims data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) to estimate years lived with disability (YLD). In 2012, the total DALYs of communicable disease were 445 per 100,000, with 129 YLLs per 100,000 and 316 YLDs per 100,000. The total DALYs in men were 468 per 100,000, greater than the 422 per 100,000 DALYs seen in women. The DALYs of lower respiratory infections were the highest value among communicable diseases at 143/100,000 DALYs followed by tuberculosis and upper respiratory infections. The 40-49 years old age group had the largest number of total DALYs. In contrast, the over 80 years old age group had the largest number of total DALYs per 100,000 followed by the 70-79 and 0-9 years old age groups. These results enable the prioritization of interventions related to communicable diseases and can be used for evidence-based public health policies.

Disability-adjusted Life Years for 313 Diseases and Injuries: the 2012 Korean Burden of Disease Study.

This study is part of a 5-year research project on the national burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors in Korea. Using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), a metric introduced by the 1990 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project, we performed a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the magnitude and distribution of both fatal and non-fatal health problems in the Korean population. The concept and general approach were consistent with the original GBD study, with some methodological modifications to make the study more suitable for Korea. We computed DALYs for 313 causes in both sexes and nine age groups using the entire population's medical records and newly generated Korean disability weights. In 2012, the dominant disease burden was non-communicable diseases, which accounted for 85.21% of total DALYs, while injuries accounted for 7.77% and communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders for 7.02%. Of the total DALYs, 88.67% were from years lived with disability and 11.32% were from years of life lost due to premature mortality. Diabetes mellitus was the leading cause of DALYs, followed by low back pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, cirrhosis of the liver, falls, osteoarthritis, motorized vehicle with three or more wheels, and self-harm. The results reported here identify key health challenges and opportunities for future health interventions and policy changes, and provide information that will help assess the major public health issues in Korea, a nation faced with one of the world's most rapidly ageing populations.

Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy in a dog treated with epirubicin.

An 8-year-old American cocker spaniel dog was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Four years earlier, the dog had been diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma and had received 4 cycles of multi-agent chemotherapy, including doxorubicin and epirubicin. The total cumulative dose of epirubicin was 168 mg/m(2). Dilated cardiomyopathy was considered a consequence of epirubicin toxicity.

Cardiomyopathie induite par l'anthracycline chez un chien traité à l'épirubicine. Un chien Épagneul cocker américain a été diagnostiqué avec une cardiomyopathie dilatée. Quatre années plus tôt, le chien avait été diagnostiqué avec un lymphome multicentrique et avait reçu 4 cycles de chimiothérapie multi-agents, y compris la doxorubicine et l'épirubicine. La dose cumulative totale d'épirubicine était de 168 mg/m2. La cardiomyopathie dilatée est considérée comme une conséquence de la toxicité de l'épirubicine.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Correlations of MR Sialographic Gradings with the Clinical Measures of Sjögren's Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Sjögren syndrome (SS) features salivary gland architectural changes such as ductal deformities and fat deposition secondary to inflammatory cell infiltrates; however, the anatomical and pathophysiological correlations of SS remain to be determined. This study aimed to determine the correlations of imaging findings based on the magnetic resonance (MR) sialography with the clinical and laboratory aspects of SS patients. METHODS: We evaluated the MR sialographic findings of two pairs of parotid glands (PGs) and submandibular glands (SMGs) from 41 SS patients. The distinct MR sialographic features were then compared with the clinical symptoms, biological (anti-SSA/Ro antibody positivity), histological (labial gland focus score), and functional (salivary flow and scintigraphy) data. RESULTS: Ductal deformities such as sialectasis in the PG ducts were exclusively observed in SS, and fat replacement in SMGs was more distinct in patients with SS than in non-SS sicca patients. Of the 82 PGs and SMGs from 41 SS patients, the grade of sialectasis in PGs on MR sialographic images and fat stage in SMGs showed strong correlations with anti-SSA/Ro-positivity. PG sialectasis was found more frequently in patients with dry mouth and decreased salivary gland function. A significant correlation was found between fat deposition in PGs and SMGs and decreased salivary gland function. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that MR sialography is a reliable, adjunctive anatomical and functional study to assess SS. Detail aspects of sialectasis and fat accumulation encountered on MR sialography in SS patients can help physicians assume the disease status in SS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:307-316, 2023.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to confer turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) resistance in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa).

Genome editing approaches, particularly the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, are becoming state-of-the-art for trait development in numerous breeding programs. Significant advances in improving plant traits are enabled by this influential tool, especially for disease resistance, compared to traditional breeding. One of the potyviruses, the turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), is the most widespread and damaging virus that infects Brassica spp. worldwide. We generated the targeted mutation at the eIF(iso)4E gene in the TuMV-susceptible cultivar "Seoul" using CRISPR/Cas9 to develop TuMV-resistant Chinese cabbage. We detected several heritable indel mutations in the edited T0 plants and developed T1 through generational progression. It was indicated in the sequence analysis of the eIF(iso)4E-edited T1 plants that the mutations were transferred to succeeding generations. These edited T1 plants conferred resistance to TuMV. It was shown with ELISA analysis the lack of accumulation of viral particles. Furthermore, we found a strong negative correlation (r = -0.938) between TuMV resistance and the genome editing frequency of eIF(iso)4E. Consequently, it was revealed in this study that CRISPR/Cas9 technique can expedite the breeding process to improve traits in Chinese cabbage plants.

Nanostructured Polyaniline Films Functionalized through Auxiliary Nitrogen Addition in Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization.

Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized from liquid aniline, a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound, through the atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma process using a newly designed plasma jet array with wide spacing between plasma jets. To expand the area of the polymerized film, the newly proposed plasma jet array comprises three AP plasma jet devices spaced 7 mm apart in a triangular configuration and an electrodeless quartz tube capable of applying auxiliary gas in the center of the triangular plasma jets. The vaporized aniline monomer was synthesized into a PANI film using the proposed plasma array device. The effects of nitrogen gas addition on the morphological, chemical, and electrical properties of PANI films in AP argon plasma polymerization were examined. The iodine-doped PANI film was isolated from the atmosphere through encapsulation. The constant electrical resistance of the PANI film indicates that the conductive PANI film can achieve the desired resistance by controlling the atmospheric exposure time through encapsulation.

Effects of Dielectric Barrier on Water Activation and Phosphorus Compound Digestion in Gas-Liquid Discharges.

To generate a stable and effective air-liquid discharge in an open atmosphere, we investigated the effect of the dielectric barrier on the discharge between the pin electrode and liquid surface in an atmospheric-pressure plasma reactor. The atmospheric-pressure plasma reactor used in this study was based on a pin-plate discharge structure, and a metal wire was used as a pin-type power electrode. A plate-type ground electrode was placed above and below the vessel to compare the pin-liquid discharge and pin-liquid barrier discharge (PLBD). The results indicated that the PLBD configuration utilizing the bottom of the vessel as a dielectric barrier outperformed the pin-liquid setup in terms of the discharge stability and that the concentration of reactive species was different in the two plasma modes. PLBD can be used as a digestion technique for determining the phosphorus concentration in natural water sources. The method for decomposing phosphorus compounds by employing PLBD exhibited excellent decomposition performance, similar to the performance of thermochemical digestion-an established conventional method for phosphorus detection in water. The PLBD structure can replace the conventional chemical-agent-based digestion method for determining the total dissolved phosphorus concentration using the ascorbic acid reduction method.

Immune Responses to Plant-Derived Recombinant Colorectal Cancer Glycoprotein EpCAM-FcK Fusion Protein in Mice.

Epidermal cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), which has been considered as a cancer vaccine candidate. The EpCAM protein fused to the fragment crystallizable region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) tagged with KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (EpCAM-FcK) has been successfully expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) and purified from the plant leaf. In this study, we investigated the ability of the plant-derived EpCAM-FcK (EpCAM-FcKP) to elicit an immune response in vivo. The animal group injected with the EpCAM-FcKP showed a higher differentiated germinal center (GC) B cell population (~9%) compared with the animal group injected with the recombinant rhEpCAM-Fc chimera (EpCAM-FcM). The animal group injected with EpCAM-FcKP (~42%) had more differentiated T follicular helper cells (Tfh) than the animal group injected with EpCAM-FcM (~7%). This study demonstrated that the plant-derived EpCAM-FcK fusion antigenic protein induced a humoral immune response in mice.

Development of an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Device Using Four-Bore Tubing and Its Applications of In-Liquid Material Decomposition and Solution Plasma Polymerization.

In this study, we describe an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) device made of four-bore tubing operable in inhospitable humid environments and introduce two potential applications of liquid material processing: decomposition of aqueous phosphorus compounds and solution-plasma polymerization. A four-bore tube was used as the plasma transfer conduit and two diagonal bores contained metal wires. In the proposed APPJ device, the metal wires serving as electrodes are completely enclosed inside the holes of the multi-bore glass tube. This feature allows the APPJ device to operate both safely and reliably in humid environments or even underwater. Thus, we demonstrate that the proposed electrode-embedded APPJ device can effectively decompose aqueous phosphorus compounds into their phosphate form by directly processing the solution sample. As another application of the proposed APPJ device, we also present the successful synthesis of polypyrrole nanoparticles by solution plasma polymerization in liquid pyrrole.

A comparative study on the chloride effectiveness of synthetic rutile and natural rutile manufactured from ilmenite ore.

Studies on continuous and selective chlorination by using ilmenite have been actively conducted because the efficient removal of FeO from ilmenite(FeTiO3) ore using selective chlorination not only improves the reaction purity of TiCl4 but it also leads to price competitiveness compared to TiCl4 synthesized from natural rutile. The chlorination of synthetic rutile with FeO removed was compared with that of natural rutile to examine the reaction efficiency. The selective chlorination efficiency depends on the input amounts of coke and Cl2, as shown by thermodynamic calculation, when FeO is selectively removed. It was found that manufacturing of TiCl4 was easier by using the synthetic rutile, because it had greater porosity than natural rutile. Relatively greater pore volumes were found in the synthetic rutile than in natural rutile. It was confirmed that the reaction efficiency of chlorination for TiCl4 production was directly related to the difference in the porosity distribution between the titanium ores, as verified by a kinetic comparison of synthetic and natural rutiles.

Chromosome Level Assembly of Homozygous Inbred Line 'Wongyo 3115' Facilitates the Construction of a High-Density Linkage Map and Identification of QTLs Associated With Fruit Firmness in Octoploid Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).

Strawberry is an allo-octoploid crop with high genome heterozygosity and complexity, which hinders the sequencing and the assembly of the genome. However, in the present study, we have generated a chromosome level assembly of octoploid strawberry sourced from a highly homozygous inbred line 'Wongyo 3115', using long- and short-read sequencing technologies. The assembly of 'Wongyo 3115' produced 805.6 Mb of the genome with 323 contigs scaffolded into 208 scaffolds with an N50 of 27.3 Mb after further gap filling. The whole genome annotation resulted in 151,892 genes with a gene density of 188.52 (genes/Mb) and validation of a genome, using BUSCO analysis resulted in 94.10% complete BUSCOs. Firmness is one of the vital traits in strawberry, which facilitate the postharvest shelf-life qualities. The molecular and genetic mechanisms that contribute the firmness in strawberry remain unclear. We have constructed a high-density genetic map based on the 'Wongyo 3115' reference genome to identify loci associated with firmness in the present study. For the quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification, the 'BS F2' populations developed from two inbred lines were genotyped, using an Axiom 35K strawberry chip, and marker positions were analyzed based on the 'Wongyo 3115' genome. Genetic maps were constructed with 1,049 bin markers, spanning the 3,861 cM. Using firmness data of 'BS F2' obtained from 2 consecutive years, five QTLs were identified on chromosomes 3-3, 5-1, 6-1, and 6-4. Furthermore, we predicted the candidate genes associated with firmness in strawberries by utilizing transcriptome data and QTL information. Overall, we present the chromosome-level assembly and annotation of a homozygous octoploid strawberry inbred line and a linkage map constructed to identify QTLs associated with fruit firmness.

QTL Mapping for Gummy Stem Blight Resistance in Watermelon (Citrullus spp.).

Watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) is an economically important fruit crop worldwide. Gummy stem blight (GSB) is one of the most damaging diseases encountered during watermelon cultivation. In the present study, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with GSB resistance in an F2 population derived from a cross between maternal-susceptible line '920533' (C. lanatus) and the paternal-resistant line 'PI 189225' (C. amarus). The resistance of 178 F2 plants was assessed by two different evaluation methods, including leaf lesion (LL) and stem blight (SB). To analyze the QTLs associated with GSB resistance, a linkage map was constructed covering a total genetic distance of 1070.2 cM. QTL analysis detected three QTLs associated with GSB resistance on chromosome 8 and 6. Among them, two QTLs, qLL8.1 and qSB8.1 on chromosome 8 identified as major QTLs, explaining 10.5 and 10.0% of the phenotypic variations localizing at same area and sharing the same top markers for both LL and SB traits, respectively. A minor QTL, qSB6.1, explains 9.7% of phenotypic variations detected on chromosome 6 only for the SB trait. High-throughput markers were developed and validated for the selection of resistant QTLs using watermelon accessions, and commercial cultivars. Four potential candidate genes were predicted associated with GSB resistance based on the physical location of flanking markers on chromosome 8. These findings will be helpful for the development of watermelon cultivars resistant to GSB.

Genotyping-by-Sequencing Derived Genetic Linkage Map and Quantitative Trait Loci for Sugar Content in Onion (Allium cepa L.).

Onion (2n = 2x = 16) has been a nutritional, medicinal and economically valuable vegetable crop all over the world since ancient times. To accelerate the molecular breeding in onion, genetic linkage maps are prerequisite. However, construction of genetic linkage maps of onion remains relatively rudimentary due to a large genome (about 16.3 Gbp) as well as biennial life cycle, cross-pollinated nature, and high inbreeding depression. In this study, we constructed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic linkage map of onion in an F2 segregating population derived from a cross between the doubled haploid line '16P118' and inbred line 'Sweet Green' through genotyping by sequencing (GBS). A total of 207.3 Gbp of raw sequences were generated using an Illumina HiSeq X system, and 24,341 SNPs were identified with the criteria based on three minimum depths, lower than 30% missing rate, and more than 5% minor allele frequency. As a result, an onion genetic linkage map consisting of 216 GBS-based SNPs were constructed comprising eight linkage groups spanning a genetic length of 827.0 cM. Furthermore, we identified the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the sucrose, glucose, fructose, and total sugar content across the onion genome. We identified a total of four QTLs associated with sucrose (qSC4.1), glucose (qGC5.1), fructose (qFC5.1), and total sugar content (qTSC5.1) explaining the phenotypic variation (R2%) ranging from 6.07-11.47%. This map and QTL information will contribute to develop the molecular markers to breed the cultivars with high sugar content in onion.