[Trends in caesarean sections associated with non-clinical factors in a Birthing Educational Center in Mexico City]. / Tendencias de cesáreas en relación con factores no clínicos en un centro de educación para el parto en la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the trends in caesarian sections (CS) associated with non-clinical factors in women who attended a birthing educational facility, also known as 'Centro de Educación,' (CEPAPAR) in Mexico City. METHODS: Data from 992 births of 847 women that occurred from 1988-2000 were analyzed using linear regression to identify the association between non-clinical factors and time-trends in CS. RESULTS: The overall incidence of CS was 32.8%, with an 8% average annual increase. Until 1994 the percentage of CS remained relatively steady at 30%, increasing to 40% in subsequent years. In analyzing trends in CS and their relationship with non-clinical factors from 1988-2000, the increased incidence of CS during this period was higher among births where no birth attendant was present, for first-time mothers, and in larger hospitals (>50 beds). CONCLUSIONS: Results show that the increased incidence of CS is associated with non-clinical factors such as size of the hospital and the presence of a birth attendant. A model of support for women which includes information, counseling, and the presence of a birth attendant during labor can contribute to reducing the risk of unnecessary CS in populations such as that studied.

Comparison of HPV-based assays with Papanicolaou smears for cervical cancer screening in Morelos State, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of human papillomavirus (HPV) assays with conventional Pap cytology for cervical cancer (CC) screening in Mexico. METHODS: Pap smears, self-collected vaginal specimens (SS) for HPV testing, and clinician-collected cervical specimens (CS) for HPV testing were obtained from 7868 women, aged 15-85 years old, attending CC screening at the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) between May and October, 1999. SS and CS specimens were screened for oncogenic HPV DNA by Hybrid Capture 2. Women who received cytological interpretations of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), and/or a positive HPV test were referred for colposcopy and histologic studies. The relative estimates for sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of each test were calculated using histological diagnoses of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 2 or 3, or CC histological diagnosis. RESULTS: Oncogenic HPV detection rate was 11.6% for SS, and 9.3% for CS. Pap smear abnormalities were observed in 2.4% of the women. Of 1147 women who had at least one abnormal test result, 88.5% underwent colposcopy, and 101 biopsy-confirmed CIN2/3 or cancer cases were identified. The relative sensitivity estimates for the Pap test, SS and CS were 59.4% (95% CI: 49.2-68.9), 71.3% (95% CI: 61.3-79.6), and 93.1% (95% CI: 85.8-96.9), respectively, while the specificities were 98.3% (95% CI: 98.0-98.6), 89.2% (95% CI: 88.5-89.9), and 91.8% (95% CI: 91.2-92.4), respectively. The positive predictive values of Pap, SS and CS were 36.1, 9.1 and 14.9, the colposcopy referrals needed to detect a case of CIN2/3 or cancer were 2.8, 11.0 and 6.7, respectively. DISCUSSION: Both HPV assays detected more cases of CIN2/3 or CC than Pap cytology alone. However, the HPV assays increased the number of colposcopy referrals. Our study suggests that HPV testing could be an effective way to improve the performance of CC screening.

Tendencias de cesáreas en relación con factores no clínicos en un centro de educación para el parto en la Ciudad de México / Trends in caesarean sections associated with non-clinical factors in a Birthing Educational Center in Mexico City

OBJETIVOS: Describir las tendencias de la operación cesárea (OC) asociadas con factores no clínicos en mujeres que asistieron al Centro de Educación para el Parto (CEPAPAR) en la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó información de 992 nacimientos de 847 mujeres, ocurridos entre 1988 y 2000. Se utilizó el método de regresión lineal para identificar el comportamiento de factores no clínicos con respecto a la tendencia de OC. RESULTADOS: La incidencia global de OC fue de 32.8 por ciento, con 8 por ciento de incremento promedio anual. El porcentaje de OC se mantuvo por debajo de 30 por ciento hasta 1994; durante los siguientes años se incrementó hasta 40 por ciento. Al analizar la tendencia de OC en relación con factores no clínicos se encontró que, a lo largo del periodo 1988-2000, el aumento en la incidencia de la OC fue mayor en nacimientos sin instructora presente, entre mujeres primigestas y en hospitales grandes (con más de 50 camas). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados muestran que el aumento en la incidencia de OC está asociado a factores no clínicos, como el tamaño del hospital y la presencia de una instructora. Un modelo de apoyo a mujeres, que cuente con asesoría, información y presencia de una instructora durante el trabajo de parto, puede contribuir a disminuir el riesgo de tener una OC innecesaria en poblaciones como la estudiada.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the trends in caesarian sections (CS) associated with non-clinical factors in women who attended a birthing educational facility, also known as 'Centro de Educación,' (CEPAPAR) in Mexico City. METHODS: Data from 992 births of 847 women that occurred from 1988-2000 were analyzed using linear regression to identify the association between non-clinical factors and time-trends in CS. RESULTS: The overall incidence of CS was 32.8 percent, with an 8 percent average annual increase. Until 1994 the percentage of CS remained relatively steady at 30 percent, increasing to 40 percent in subsequent years. In analyzing trends in CS and their relationship with non-clinical factors from 1988-2000, the increased incidence of CS during this period was higher among births where no birth attendant was present, for first-time mothers, and in larger hospitals (>50 beds). CONCLUSIONS: Results show that the increased incidence of CS is associated with non-clinical factors such as size of the hospital and the presence of a birth attendant. A model of support for women which includes information, counseling, and the presence of a birth attendant during labor can contribute to reducing the risk of unnecessary CS in populations such as that studied.

Improving cervical cancer screening in Mexico: results from the Morelos HPV Study

OBJETIVO: Describir algunos de los resultados del Estudio de VPH en Morelos. El objetivo principal del Estudio de VPH en Morelos es evaluar el uso de la prueba del virus de papiloma humano (VPH), en relación con la prueba de Papanicolaou, para el tamizaje de cáncer cervical. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El Estudio de VPH en Morelos actualmente se está llevando a cabo en México, para examinar la posibilidad de usar la prueba de VPH para la detección de cáncer cervical. Se evaluó el uso de la prueba de VPH en muestras auto-tomadas vaginales y en muestras cervicales tomadas por un clínico. Se comparó la aceptabilidad del uso de la prueba de VPH en muestras auto-tomadas al uso del Papanicolaou. También se realizó un análisis de costo-efectividad y de costo-beneficio. RESULTADOS: Los resultados del Estudio de VPH en Morelos indican que la prueba de VPH tiene una mayor sensibilidad para detectar los casos de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical 2/3 y cáncer cervical que la prueba de Papanicolaou. Los resultados también indican una aceptabilidad menor al uso de la prueba de Papanicolaou que al uso de la prueba de VPH auto-tomada. Los resultados del análisis de costo-efectividad y el análisis de costo-beneficio indican que el tamizaje con la prueba de VPH en mujeres de 20-80 años de edad siempre es más costo-efectivo que el tamizaje con el Papanicolaou. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros resultados sugieren que la prueba del VPH (ya sea auto-tomada o clínica) podría ser utilizada en los programas de detección y prevención de cáncer cervical, como un complemento o un sustituto efectivo de la prueba de Papanicolaou.