Low-dose chidamide restores immune tolerance in ITP in mice and humans.

Increased macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-coated platelets, as well as decreased numbers and/or impaired function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, has been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Low-dose histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's) are anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents that can enhance immunosuppression in graft-versus-host disease by increasing the number and function of Foxp3+ Treg cells, but it is unclear whether they have the potential to promote immune tolerance and platelet release in ITP. In this study, we performed in vitro and in vivo experiments and found that a low-dose HDACi (chidamide) alleviated thrombocytopenia in passive and active murine models of ITP. Further, low-dose HDACi's attenuated macrophage phagocytosis of antibody-coated platelets, stimulated the production of natural Foxp3+ Treg cells, promoted the peripheral conversion of T cells into Treg cells, and restored Treg cell suppression in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we confirmed that low-dose HDACi's could regulate CTLA4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells through modulation of histone H3K27 acetylation. Low-dose HDACi treatment in ITP could be offset by blocking the effect of CTLA4. Therefore, we propose that low-dose chidamide administration has potential as a novel treatment for ITP in the clinic.

Interleukin 27 inhibits cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated platelet destruction in primary immune thrombocytopenia.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated platelet destruction and aberrant cytokine profiles play important roles in the pathogenesis of primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Interleukin-27 (IL-27) has pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects. However, the effect of IL-27 on CTL activity in ITP has not been reported. In the present study, platelets from ITP patients were cultured with autologous CTLs in the presence of IL-27. We found that IL-27 could inhibit CTL-mediated platelet destruction. In these IL-27-treated CTLs, granzyme B and T-bet expression decreased significantly, whereas granzyme A, perforin, and eomesodermin were not affected. To further investigate the role of granzyme B in CTL-mediated platelet destruction, granzyme B inhibitor was added and platelet apoptosis was significantly inhibited. These results suggest that IL-27 negatively regulates CTL cytotoxicity toward platelets in ITP by decreasing granzyme B expression, which is associated with reduced T-bet expression. IL-27 may have a therapeutic role in treating ITP patients.

Range extension and sexual dimorphism in Megabatrus caviceps Löbl (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae).

Megabatrus caviceps Löbl, originally described from Kuatun, Fou-kien (= Guadun, Fujian), eastern China, is recorded from the Nanling Nature Reserve, Guangdong, southern China, ca. 550 km SW from the type locality. The female of this species is discovered and described for the first time. For comparative purposes, male diagnostic characters of M. caviceps are figured and supplementary description is provided. Some new data on this species' biology are given.

Zopherobatrus gen. n. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), a new troglobitic batrisine from southwestern China.

A new genus and new species of the pselaphine tribe Batrisini, Zopherobatrus tianmingyii Yin & Li gen. et sp. n., is described based on material collected from a cave in Guizhou, southwestern China. The new taxon exhibits a typical suite of morphological adaptations to life in caves, and represents a third genus of the cave-inhabiting Pselaphinae in China.

New species and new record of Megatyrus Hlavác & Nomura (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from Asia.

A new species, Megatyrus femoralis sp. n., is described from the Koshi Zone, East Nepal, with major diagnostic features illustrated. Megatyrus masumotoi Nomura, Sakchoowong & Chanpaisaeng, originally described from southwestern Thailand, is recorded from the Noring Timur Mountain, West Malaysia. The above data extends the known range of Megatyrus about 1,200 km to the west, and 870 km to the south.

A new species of Syndicus (s. str.) Motschulsky (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae) from East China.

Syndicus (s. str.) jaloszynskii Yin and Song, new species is described from Fujian and Zhejiang, East China. All material was collected in rotten woods. The habitus of both sexes, aedeagus, and spermatheca are illustrated. The new species can be readily separated from all known congeners by the strikingly large body size, the structure of aedeagal endophallus, and the form of spermatheca. This is the first species of the nominotypical subgenus of Syndicus known to occur in China.

A new species of Lasinus Sharp (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from East China.

Lasinus orientalis Yin & Bekchiev, new species, is described from the eastern Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi, with major diagnostic features illustrated. The new species is compared with, and distinguished from related congeners.

Seventeen new species and additional records of Lathrobium (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) from mainland China.

Material of the paederine genus Lathrobium Gravenhorst, 1802 from the Chinese provinces Heilongjiang, Ningxia, Qinghai, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangdong was examined. Twenty-one species were identified, seventeen of which are described as new: L. liuae (Heilongjiang: Hongwei); L. ningxiaense sp. n. (Ningxia: Heshangpu); L. baiyunense sp. n. (Henan: Baiyun Shan); L. ayui sp. n. (Anhui: Yaoluoping); L. yaoluopingense sp. n. (Anhui: Yaoluoping); L. chenae sp. n. (Zhejiang: Qingliangfeng); L. fengae sp. n. (Zhejiang: Qingliangfeng); L. gutianense sp. n. (Zhejiang: Gutian Shan); L. nannani sp. n. (Zhejiang: Gutian Shan); L. sanqingense sp. n. (Jiangxi: Sanqing Shan); L. badagongense sp. n. (Hunan: Badagong Shan); L. xui sp. n. (Chongqing: Huanggangou); L. fanjingense sp. n. (Guizhou: Fanjing Shan); L. lui sp. n. (Guizhou: Kuankuoshui); L. zhaigei sp. n. (Guizhou: Kuankuoshui); L. zizhiense sp. n. (Yunnan: Zizhi) and L. guangdongense sp. n. (Guangdong: Nanling). The female sexual characters of L. lingae Peng, Li & Zhao and L. longwangshanense Peng, Li & Zhao are described and illustrated for the first time. The junior primary homonym Lathrobium pilosum Peng & Li, 2012 is replaced with Lathrobium zhui nom. n. Including the new taxa described here, 189 Lathrobium species are currently known from the mainland China. 

Notes on synonymy of Diartiger Sharp with Microdiartiger Sawada (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), with description of two new species from East China.

The relationship of the clavigerite genera Diartiger Sharp and Microdiartiger Sawada is discussed, and the synonymy of the two genera proposed by Besuchet (1986) is followed. This results in two new combinations: D. thinhi (Nomura), comb. n. and D. songxiaobini (Yin & Li), comb. n. Two new species, D. dentatus Yin & Li, sp. n. and D. yaoluopingensis Yin & Li, sp. n. are described from Anhui, East China, and new locality data for D. songxiaobini from Anhui and Jiangxi is provided. The new species and D. songxiaobini from Anhui were simultaneously collected from colonies of Lasius sp. nesting under stones. The Diartiger species are newly placed in two groups: the D. japonicus-group and the D.fossulatus-group. A key is provided to assist in identification of the Diartiger species from China.

Smetanabatrus kinabalu (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae: Batrisitae), a new genus and new species from Sabah, Borneo.

A new genus and new species of the pselaphine tribe Batrisini, Smetanabatrus kinabalu gen. et sp. n., is described from Sabah, East Malaysia. Both sexes of the new species have securiform maxillary palpi, with the male exhibiting extreme abdominal modification. Illustrations of the habitus and major diagnostic features, as well as a discussion on the taxonomic placement of the new taxon is provided. A key to genera of the Batrisini from Borneo is provided.

On the identity of Pselaphodes walkeri (Sharp, 1892) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), with description of a new related species.

The identity of Pselaphodes walkeri (Sharp, 1892) is clarified based on examinations of the holotype and recently collect-ed material from the type locality (Damao Island, Zhoushan Archipelago). Previous records of P. walkeri from West Tian-mushan Mountain (Zhejiang), Baishanzu Natural Reserve (Zhejiang) and Wuyishan Mountain (Jiangxi) are proven to be based on misidentifications, populations there represent a new species closely related to P. walkeri. Both P. walkeri and the new species are redescribed/described, illustrated and distinguished from the other members of the genus.

Redescription of Tyrus Aubé and T. sinensis Raffray (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), and two new species from Sichuan, Southwest China.

The genus Tyrus Aubé is redescribed with major diagnostic features illustrated. The first male specimen of T. sinensis Raffray (Type locality: Yunnan, China) is reported from Xizang, China, and two new species, Tyrus sichuanicus Yin & Nomura, sp. n. and Tyrus yajiangensis Yin & Li, sp. n., are described from Sichuan, China. All treated species are (re-)described, illustrated and distinguished.

A new species of Quwatanabius Smetana (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae) from Guangxi, South China.

A new species of Quwatanabius Smetana, Q. dayaoensis Hu, Li & Zhao sp. n. from Dayao Mountain, Guangxi Province, China, is described and illustrated. An identification key to species of Quwatanabius is provided.

Two new species and additional records of Lathrobium Gravenhorst (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae) from Guangxi, South China.

Material of the paederine genus Lathrobium Gravenhorst, 1802 from the Chinese province of Guangxi is examined. Five apterous species are identified, two of which are described as new to science: L. damingense Peng & Li sp. n. (Daming Shan) and L. hujiayaoi Peng & Li sp. n. (Maoer Shan). The female sexual characters of L. proprium Peng & Li are described and illustrated for the first time. With the newly described species in this paper, the Lathrobium fauna of Guangxi constitutes 9 species, that of the entire mainland China 168 species.

Description of two new species of the genus Tmesiphodimerus gen. n. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from South Asia.

Tmesiphodimerus Coulon and Yin, new genus (Pselaphitae: Tmesiphorini) is proposed for T. sinensis Yin and Coulon, new species from Hainan, South China (type species), and T. malaysianus Coulon and Yin, new species from Perak, West Malaysia. The new taxa are described, with their major diagnostic features illustrated. The taxonomic placement of Tmesiphodimerus is discussed.

A new species of the Stenus cephalotes group (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) from Guangxi, South China.

A new species of the Stenus cephalotes group, S. mawenliae sp. n. from Guangxi, South China, is described and illustrated. The latest key to Chinese species of the group is modified to include the new species.

On the Nazeris fauna of Guangxi, China. II. The species of Daming Shan (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Paederinae).

Two new species of Nazeris Fauvel collected from Daming Shan, Guangxi Province, are described and illustrated: N. damingshanus Hu & Li, sp. n., N. longilobus Hu & Li, sp. n. An identification key to the Nazeris species from Guangxi is provided.

Three new species of Hygrodromicus/ Tronquet, 1981 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini) from China.

Three new species of the genus Hygrodromicus Tronquet, 1981 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Omaliinae: Anthophagini) from China are described and illustrated: H. carbonarius Cheng, Li Peng sp. n., H. danlangi Cheng, Li Peng sp. n. (Xizang), and H. shaanxiensis Cheng, Li Peng sp. n. (Shaanxi). The genus Hygrodromicus is recorded from China for the first time. A key and distribution map of the Chinese species of Hygrodromicus are provided.

A new species of Parabolitobius Li, Zhao Sakai, 2000 from central China (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae).

Parabolitobius sinensis a new species of the tachyporine genus Parabolitobius Li, Zhao Sakai, 2000 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the mountainous area of central China, is described and illustrated. It is compared to P. prolongatus (Sharp, 1888) and P. yezoensis Li, Zhao Sakai, 2000, the only two other species occurring in the eastern Palaearctic region. The new species differs mainly in the smaller body size, the strongly reduced hindwings in both sexes, the forms of the elytra, tergite VII, and male tergite and sternite VIII, and the unique configuration of the aedeagus.

New species and new records of Lesteva Latreille, 1797 (Coleoptera Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) from China.

New taxonomic, diagnostic and faunistic data for eighteen species of the genus Lesteva Latreille, 1797 from China are provided, of which three are described as new: L. (s.str.) concava Cheng, Li Peng, sp. nov. (Anhui, Zhejiang), L. (s.str.) elongata Cheng, Li Peng, sp. nov. (Zhejiang) and L. (s.str.) obesa Cheng, Li Peng, sp. nov. (Chongqing). New provincial records are provided for L. (s.str.) brevimacula Ma Li, 2012, L. (s.str.) cala Ma, Li Zhao, 2012, L. (s.str.) cooteri Rougemont, 2000 and L. (s.str.) erythra Ma, Li Zhao, 2012 from Anhui, L. (s.str.) dabashanensis Rougemont, 2000 from Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangxi, L. (s.str.) elegantula Rougemont, 2000 from Anhui and Guizhou, L. (s.str.) fikaceki Shavrin, 2013 from Hunan, L. (s.str.) huabeiensis Rougemont, 2000 from Ningxia, L. (s.str.) ochra Li, Li Zhao, 2005 from Anhui and Guizhou, L. (incertae sedis) rufimarginata Rougemont, 2000 from Hebei, L. (s.str.) rufopunctata rufopunctata Rougemont, 2000 from Qinghai, Anhui and Chongqing, L. (s.str.) submaculata Rougemont, 2000 from Anhui and Hubei.and Lesteva (s.str.) cordicollis Motschulsky, 1860, originally known from the Far East of Russia, is recorded from China (Heilongjiang) for the first time. The male sexual characters of L. rufimarginata Rougemont is described and illustrated for the first time. A key and some distribution maps of the Chinese species of Lesteva are provided.