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BACKGROUND: The comparative effectiveness of volatile anaesthesia and total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) in terms of patient outcomes after cardiac surgery remains a topic of debate. METHODS: Multicentre randomised trial in 16 tertiary hospitals in China. Adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive volatile anaesthesia (sevoflurane or desflurane) or propofol-based TIVA. The primary outcome was a composite of predefined major complications during hospitalisation and mortality 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Of the 3123 randomised patients, 3083 (98.7%; mean age 55 yr; 1419 [46.0%] women) were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. The composite primary outcome was met by a similar number of patients in both groups (volatile group: 517 of 1531 (33.8%) patients vs TIVA group: 515 of 1552 (33.2%) patients; relative risk 1.02 [0.92-1.12]; P=0.76; adjusted odds ratio 1.05 [0.90-1.22]; P=0.57). Secondary outcomes including 6-month and 1-yr mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU and hospital stay, and healthcare costs, were also similar for the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among adults undergoing cardiac surgery, we found no difference in the clinical effectiveness of volatile anaesthesia and propofol-based TIVA. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IOR-17013578).
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Anestésicos Inalatórios , Anestésicos Intravenosos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Desflurano , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Propofol , Humanos , Propofol/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/mortalidade , Anestésicos Intravenosos/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Inalatórios/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/mortalidade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Sevoflurano/efeitos adversos , Anestesia Intravenosa/métodos , China/epidemiologia , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Anestesia por Inalação/métodos , Anestesia por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Scaling up superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) into a large array for imaging applications is the current pursuit. Although various readout architectures have been proposed, they cannot resolve multiple-photon detections (MPDs) currently, which limits the operation of the SNSPD arrays at high photon flux. In this study, we focused on the readout ambiguity of a superconducting nanowire single-photon imager applying time-of-flight multiplexing readout. The results showed that image distortion depended on both the incident photon flux and the imaging object. By extracting multiple-photon detections on idle pixels, which were virtual because of the incorrect mapping from the ambiguous readout, a correction method was proposed. An improvement factor of 1.3~9.3 at a photon flux of µ = 5 photon/pulse was obtained, which indicated that joint development of the pixel design and restoration algorithm could compensate for the readout ambiguity and increase the dynamic range.
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Mitochondria serve as sensors of energy regulation and glucose levels, which are impaired by diabetes progression. Catalpol is an iridoid glycoside that exerts a hypoglycemic effect by improving mitochondrial function, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the current study we explored the effects of catalpol on mitochondrial function in db/db mice and C2C12 myotubes in vitro. After oral administration of catalpol (200 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 8 weeks, db/db mice exhibited a decreased fasting blood glucose level and restored mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Catalpol increased mitochondrial biogenesis, evidenced by significant elevations in the number of mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA levels, and the expression of three genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gammaco-activator 1 (PGC-1α), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1). In C2C12 myotubes, catalpol significantly increased glucose uptake and ATP production. These effects depended on activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, catalpol improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by activating AMPK-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings may guide the development of a new therapeutic approach for type 2 diabetes.
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Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Glucosídeos Iridoides/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Oral , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hipoglicemiantes/metabolismo , Glucosídeos Iridoides/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to characterize the polysaccharides from Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching (AMC) rhizome and explore the protective mechanism against d-galactose-induced oxidative stress in aging mice. METHODS: A series of experiments, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy were carried out to characterize AMC polysaccharides. The mechanism was investigated exploring d-galactose-induced aging mouse model. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting assays were performed to assess the gene and protein expression in liver. KEY FINDINGS: Our results showed that AMC polysaccharides were mainly composed of mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (Glc A), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), and fucose (Fuc) in a molar ratio of 0.077:0.088:0.09:1:0.375:0.354:0.04 with a molecular weight of 33203 Da (Mw). AMC polysaccharides strikingly reversed d-galactose-induced changes in mice, including upregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA expression, raised Bcl-2/Bax ratio, downregulated caspase-3 mRNA expression, enhanced Akt, phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt), Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression, decreased caspase-3, and Bax protein expression. CONCLUSION: AMC polysaccharides attenuated d-galactose-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway, which might in part contributed to their anti-aging activity.
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Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Gleiquênias/química , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinase/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Galactose/administração & dosagem , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Camundongos , Monossacarídeos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Our previous genome-wide association study of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in a Chinese Han population suggested that the TNFSF13 gene may be a novel susceptibility gene for IgAN. In the present study, we aimed to further evaluate the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and expression level of the TNFSF13 gene with the risk and clinical parameters of IgAN. METHODS: Six candidate SNPs were selected for genotyping by Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX in 1000 IgAN cases and 1000 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) with adjustment for age and sex. Serum APRIL (encoded by the TNFSF13 gene) level was detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: We found that rs3803800 was significantly associated with the susceptibility of IgAN after Bonferroni correction [padditive = 0.0009, OR (95% CI) = 1.25 (1.09-1.42); precessive = 0.0006, OR (95% CI) = 1.54 (1.20-1.96)]; however, the association remained only in women after further sex-stratified analysis. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis showed significant associations of rs3803800 with severe clinicopathological manifestations in IgAN patients after adjusting for age and sex, as well as the other two SNPs (rs4246413 and rs4968210) that were also associated with specific clinical phenotypes. Compared with healthy controls, serum APRIL levels were significantly higher in IgAN patients (p = 0.0001) and associated with severity of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that the genetic variations and gene expression level of TNFSF13 are associated with the susceptibility and severity of IgAN in a Han Chinese population.
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Glomerulonefrite por IGA/genética , Membro 13 da Superfamília de Ligantes de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol natural compound found in many medicinal plant species, including pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.), and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Pomegranate rind is used to treat bacterial and fungal pathogens in Uyghur and other systems of traditional medicine, but, surprisingly, the effects of GA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GA on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the NCCLS (M38-A and M27-A2) standard method in vitro, and GA was found to have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 43.75 and 83.33 µg/mL. Gallic acid was also active against three Candida strains, with MICs between 12.5 and 100.0 µg/mL. The most sensitive Candida species was Candida albicans (MIC = 12.5 µg/mL), and the most sensitive filamentous species was Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 43.75 µg/mL), which was comparable in potency to the control, fluconazole. The mechanism of action was investigated for inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis using an HPLC-based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Gallic acid reduced the activity of sterol 14α-demethylase P450 (CYP51) and squalene epoxidase in the T. rubrum membrane, respectively. In vivo model demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection administration of GA (80 mg/kg d) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a mice infection model of systemic fungal infection. Overall, our results confirm the antifungal effects of GA and suggest a mechanism of action, suggesting that GA has the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal agent for clinical use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , Animais , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Fluconazol/farmacologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Trichophyton/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Psoralea corylifolia L. (Fructus Psoraleae) is widely used in Asia, but there are concerns about hepatotoxicity caused by constituents such as psoralens and bakukiol. Bakuchiol (BAK) has antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antibacterial antiviral, anticancer, and estrogenic activity but appears to be hepatotoxic in in vitro tests. This study investigated the hepatotoxicity in vivo in rats. Using intragastrically administered bakuchiol at doses of 52.5 and 262.5 mg/kg for 6 weeks. Bodyweight, relative liver weight, biochemical indicators, histopathology, mRNA expression of CYP7A1, HMG-CoA reductase, BSEP, PPARα, SREBP-2, and MRP3 were measured. Many abnormalities were observed in the bakuchiol-treated groups including suppression of weight gain and food intake, change of some parameters in serum biochemistry, and increased weight of liver. The mRNA expression of CYP7A1, HMG-CoA reductase, PPARα, and SREBP-2 decreased in bakuchiol-treated group, the expression of BSEP increased in bakuchiol-treated low dosage, and the expression of BSEP decreased in bakuchiol-treated high dosage. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the first time that bakuchiol can induce cholestatic hepatotoxicity, suggesting potential hepatotoxicity. The mechanism may be related to effects on liver lipid metabolism, but further investigation is necessary. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/fisiopatologia , Fenóis/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Psoralea/toxicidade , Animais , Colestase/induzido quimicamente , Fabaceae/química , Frutas/química , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Spinal anesthesia (SA) is usually associated with hypotension in pregnant women. We sought to assess the influence of various maternal positions on SA-induced hypotension MATERIAL/METHODS: The study population comprised 99 women at full-term gestation scheduled for elective cesarean section. They were randomized into 3 equal groups: the LL group, in which the patient was placed in the full left-lateral position until the start of surgery with the Whitacre needle bevel oriented laterally; the LS group, in which the patient was placed in the full left-lateral position initially and then shifted to the left-tilt supine position with the needle bevel oriented laterally; and the CS group, in which the patient was initially placed in the full left-lateral position and then shifted to the left-tilt supine position with the needle oriented in the cephalad direction. RESULTS: The incidences of hypotension in the LL, LS, and CS groups were 9.7%, 54.8%, and 56.3%, respectively. Ephedrine requirements were lower in the LL group than in the LS group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The maternal position during the induction of anesthesia played an important role in the development of hypotension during cesarean delivery.
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Amidas/administração & dosagem , Anestesia Epidural/métodos , Raquianestesia/métodos , Cesárea/métodos , Hipotensão/etiologia , Decúbito Dorsal/fisiologia , Útero/irrigação sanguínea , Adulto , Anestesia Epidural/efeitos adversos , Raquianestesia/efeitos adversos , Anestésicos Locais/efeitos adversos , Pressão Sanguínea , Feminino , Hemodinâmica , Humanos , Bloqueio Nervoso , Gravidez , RopivacainaRESUMO
Ellagic acid (EA) has been shown to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. In Uighur traditional medicine, Euphorbia humifusa Willd is used to treat fungal diseases, and recent studies suggest that it is the EA content which is responsible for its therapeutic effect. However, the effects of EA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of EA on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (M38-A and M27-A2) standard method in vitro. EA had a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 18.75 and 58.33 µg/ml. EA was also active against two Candida strains, with MICs between 25.0 and 75.0 µg/ml. It was inactive against Candida glabrata. The susceptibility of six species of dermatophytes to EA was comparable with that of the commercial antifungal, fluconazole. The most sensitive filamentous species was Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 18.75 µg/ml). Studies on the mechanism of action using an HPLC-based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay showed that EA inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis and reduced the activity of sterol 14α-demethylase P450 (CYP51) in the Trichophyton rubrum membrane, respectively. An in vivo test demonstrated that topical administration of EA (4.0 and 8.0 mg/cm(2) ) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a guinea-pig infection model of Trichophyton rubrum. The results suggest that EA has the potential to be developed as a natural antifungal agent.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Ácido Elágico/farmacologia , Tinha/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Cutânea , Animais , Arthrodermataceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Fluconazol , Cobaias , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Trichophyton/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Chemical composition of the essential oil from Laggera pterodonta (Compositae) was inverstigated. GC/MS Analyses led to the identification of 68 components, representing more than 96% of the total oil. By focusing on the woody note fraction of the essential oil, one new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, bisabola-2,7(14),11-trien-10-ol (1), together with ten known compounds, bisabolol oxide B (2), ylangenol (3), copaborneol (4), guai-11-en-10-ol (5), spathulenol (6), aromadendran-10-ol (7), caryophyllenol (8), 5α,7α-eudesm-11(13)-en-4α-ol (9), γ-costic acid (10), and eudesma-4(15),11(13)-diene-12,5ß-olide (11), were isolated by using olfactory-guided fractionation. The structures of the eleven compounds were determined by NMR and MS analyses. All the volatile compounds reported here were isolated for the first time from this plant. On the basis of preliminary odor assessment, the odor of the woody-note fractions of the essential oil was assumed to be due to these isolated sesquiterpenoids.
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Asteraceae/química , Odorantes , Óleos Voláteis/química , Sesquiterpenos/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , Sesquiterpenos/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , VolatilizaçãoRESUMO
Peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) potentially carries an archive of peptides relevant to pathological processes in abdominal and surrounding tissues. Magnetic beads and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry is one such approach that offers a unique tool for profiling of peptides, but this approach has not been used in the PDE analysis. In this study, we developed a strategy for screening PDE proteins <15 kDa and applied this technique to identify potential biomarkers for peritonitis. We examined four kinds of magnetic beads, including a carbon series (C3, C8), weak cation exchange (WCX) and immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC-Cu) beads. Samples processed with IMAC-Cu magnetic beads consistently showed more MS signals across all beads within the measured mass range. Moreover, there was no difference in the number and morphology of MS signals between concentrated and unconcentrated samples. The PDE peptidome pattern, based on a panel of 15 peaks, accurately recognized peritonitis PD patients from peritonitis-free patients with sensitivity of 90.5% and specificity of 94.7% respectively. Therefore, IMAC-Cu magnetic beads and unconcentrated samples can be used as a fast and cost-effective approach for sample preparation prior to more in-depth discovery of predictive biomarkers of disease in patients on dialysis.
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Líquido Ascítico/química , Separação Imunomagnética/métodos , Diálise Peritoneal/métodos , Proteoma/análise , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Humanos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
This study is to investigate the effect of Euphorbia humifusa effective fraction (EHEF) on the CYP51 enzyme activity, the lanosterol content and the MEP, SUB gene expression of Trichophyton rubrum. Trichophyton rubrum was treated by EHEF for 7 days at 26 degrees C. The activity of CYP51 enzyme of Trichophyton rubrum in the cell membrane was determined by using ELISA kit, and the lanosterol content was investigated by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the MEP, SUB gene expression of Trichophyton rubrum was detected with the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Results showed that EHEF can decrease the membrane CYP51 enzyme activity, and it also can accumulate the fungal lanosterol in a dose-dependent manner, and it also can decrease the gene expression of MEP and SUB. The antifungal mechanism of EHEF may be related to the inhibition on CYP51 enzyme activity, and to the effects on fungal cell membrane ergosterol biosynthesis. It may also play an antifungal effect by inhibiting the MEP, SUB gene expression of fungal proteases.
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Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Euphorbia/química , Metaloproteases/metabolismo , Subtilisinas/metabolismo , Trichophyton/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/isolamento & purificação , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Lanosterol/metabolismo , Plantas Medicinais/química , Esterol 14-Desmetilase/metabolismo , Trichophyton/efeitos dos fármacos , Trichophyton/genéticaRESUMO
Objective: Psoralea corylifolia L. (FP) has received increasing attention due to its potential hepatotoxicity. Methods: In this study, zebrafish were treated with different concentrations of an aqueous extract of FP (AEFP; 40, 50, or 60 µg/mL), and the hepatotoxic effects of tonicity were determined by the mortality rate, liver morphology, fluorescence area and intensity of the liver, biochemical indices, and pathological tissue staining. The mRNA expression of target genes in the bile acid metabolic signaling pathway and lipid metabolic pathway was detected by qPCR, and the mechanism of toxicity was initially investigated. AEFP (50 µg/mL) was administered in combination with FXR or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist/inhibitor to further define the target of toxicity. Results: Experiments on toxic effects showed that, compared with no treatment, AEFP administration resulted in liver atrophy, a smaller fluorescence area in the liver, and a lower fluorescence intensity (p < 0.05); alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and γ-GT levels were significantly elevated in zebrafish (p < 0.01), and TBA, TBIL, total cholesterol (TC), TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were elevated to different degrees (p < 0.05); and increased lipid droplets in the liver appeared as fatty deposits. Molecular biological validation revealed that AEFP inhibited the expression of the FXR gene, causing an increase in the expression of the downstream genes SHP, CYP7A1, CYP8B1, BSEP, MRP2, NTCP, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), ME-1, SCD-1, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), CPT-1, and CPT-2 and a decrease in the expression of PPARα (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that tonic acid extracts are hepatotoxic to zebrafish through the inhibition of FXR and PPARα expression, thereby causing bile acid and lipid metabolism disorders.
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Classical and quantum space-to-ground communications necessitate highly sensitive receivers capable of extracting information from modulated photons to extend the communication distance from near-earth orbits to deep space explorations. To achieve gigabit data rates while mitigating strong background noise photons and beam drift in a highly attenuated free-space channel, a comprehensive design of a multi-functional detector is indispensable. In this study, we present an innovative compact multi-pixel superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array that integrates near-unity detection efficiency (91.6%), high photon counting rate (1.61 Gcps), large dynamic range for resolving different photon numbers (1-24), and four-quadrant position sensing function all within one device. Furthermore, we have constructed a communication testbed to validate the advantages offered by such an architecture. Through 8-PPM (pulse position modulation) format communication experiments, we have achieved an impressive maximum data rate of 1.5 Gbps, demonstrating sensitivities surpassing previous benchmarks at respective speeds. By incorporating photon number information into error correction codes, the receiver can tolerate maximum background noise levels equivalent to 0.8 photons/slot at a data rate of 120 Mbps-showcasing a great potential for daylight operation scenarios. Additionally, preliminary beam tracking tests were conducted through open-loop scanning techniques, which revealed clear quantitative dependence indicating sensitivity variations based on beam location. Based on the device characterizations and communication results, we anticipate that this device architecture, along with its corresponding signal processing and coding techniques, will be applicable in future space-to-ground communication tasks.
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BACKGROUND: Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) has proved to predict the prospective mortality in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. However, its value of long-term mortality predictability in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients has not been adequately studied. METHODS: A total of 155 chronic stable PD patients from November 2005 to December 2006 were enrolled. At baseline, the MIS, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), as well as clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric parameters were recorded. All patients were followed until October 2009 to evaluate mortality as a primary outcome. RESULTS: The MIS correlated very well with SGA and other nutrition and inflammation markers. Patients with a higher MIS had a worse survival rate compared to those with lower MIS. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, one unit increase of MIS was associated with a 1.27-fold greater death risk (hazard ratio: 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.19 - 1.36; p < 0.001). MIS had a superior mortality predictability compared with SGA. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses denoted MIS, age, dialysis vintage, and comorbidities as independent predictors of total mortality. CONCLUSION: MIS is a promising marker for malnutrition inflammation assessment and an independent predictor of long-term mortality in Chinese PD patients.
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Falência Renal Crônica/mortalidade , Desnutrição/mortalidade , Avaliação Nutricional , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Índice de Massa Corporal , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Inflamação/mortalidade , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Diálise Peritoneal/mortalidade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Aristolochia delavayi Franch. (Aristolochiaceae), a unique edible aromatic plant consumed by the Nakhi (Naxi) people in Yunnan, China, was investigated using GC/MS analysis. In total, 95 components, representing more than 95% of the oil composition, were identified, and the main constituents found were (E)-dec-2-enal (52.0%), (E)-dodec-2-enal (6.8%), dodecanal (3.35%), heptanal (2.88%), and decanal (2.63%). The essential oil showed strong inhibitory activity (96% reduction) of the production of bacterial volatile sulfide compounds (VSC) by Klebsiella pneumoniae, an effect that was comparable with that of the reference compound citral (91% reduction). Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and the isolated major compound against eight bacterial and six fungal strains were evaluated. The essential oil showed significant antibacterial activity against Providencia stuartii and Escherichia coli, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 3.9 to 62.5 µg/ml. The oil also showed strong inhibitory activity against the fungal strains Trichophyton ajelloi, Trichophyton terrestre, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, and Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 31.25 µg/ml, while (E)-dec-2-enal presented a lower antifungal activity than the essential oil.
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Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Aristolochia/química , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Fungos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Micoses/tratamento farmacológico , Óleos Voláteis/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Comestíveis/químicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of the Eag1 K( +) channel in the prostate cancer (PCa) tissue, its correlation with the development and progression of PCa, and whether it could be a target for the diagnosis and treatment of PCa. METHODS: We used RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of the Eag1 K(+) channel in the normal peritumoral tissue of androgen-dependent PCa (ADPCa) (group A) and androgen-independent PCa (AIPCa) (group B) as well as in the tumorous tissue of ADPCa (group C) and AIPCa (group D). RESULTS: The relative coefficients of the mRNA expression of the Eag1 K(+) channel were 0.265 +/- 0.413, 0.167 +/- 0.511, 2.673 +/- 2.988 and 2.815 +/- 2.901 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively, increased significantly in the latter two groups (P < 0.05). The positive rates of the protein expression of the Eag1 K (+) channel were significantly higher in groups C (88.9%) and D (86.7%) than in A (7.4%) and B (6.7%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The Eag1 K(+) channel might be involved in the pathophysiological processes of PCa, and is expected to be a valuable target for the diagnosis and treatment of PCa.
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Canais de Potássio Éter-A-Go-Go/metabolismo , Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Valencene and nootkatone, two sesquiterpenes, extracted from natural sources, have great market potential with diverse applications. This paper aims to comprehensively review the recent advances in valencene and nootkatone, including source, production, physicochemical and biological properties, safety and pharmacokinetics evaluation, potential uses, and their industrial applications as well as future research directions. Microbial biosynthesis offers a promising alternative approach for sustainable production of valencene and nootkatone. Both compounds exert various beneficial activities, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective and other activities. However, most of the studies are performed in animals and in vitro, making it difficult to give a conclusive description about their health benefits and extend their application. Hence, more attention should be paid to in vivo and long-term clinical studies in the future. Moreover, valencene and nootkatone are considered safe for consumption and show great promise in the applications of food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural industries.
Assuntos
Sesquiterpenos , Animais , Sesquiterpenos/química , Sesquiterpenos PolicíclicosRESUMO
Spearmint belongs to the genus Mentha in the family Labiatae (Lamiaceae), which is cultivated worldwide for its remarkable aroma and commercial value. The aromatic molecules of spearmint essential oil, including carvone, carveol, dihydrocarvone, dihydrocarveol and dihydrocarvyl acetate, have been widely used in the flavors and fragrances industry. Besides their traditional use, these aromatic molecules have attracted great interest in other application fields (e.g., medicine, agriculture, food, and beverages) especially due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, insecticidal, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. This review presents the sources, properties, synthesis and application of spearmint aromatic molecules. Furthermore, this review focuses on the biological properties so far described for these compounds, their therapeutic effect on some diseases, and future directions of research. This review will, therefore, contribute to the rational and economic exploration of spearmint aromatic molecules as natural and safe alternative therapeutics.
Assuntos
Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/farmacologia , Mentha spicata/química , Óleos Voláteis/química , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Vias Biossintéticas , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/química , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/química , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/metabolismo , Monoterpenos Cicloexânicos/toxicidade , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipolipemiantes/química , Hipolipemiantes/farmacologia , Inseticidas , Substâncias Protetoras/química , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologiaRESUMO
Bakuchiol (BAK) is an abundant natural compound. BAK has been reported to have several biological activities such as anticancer, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, and prevention of bone loss. However, it causes hepatotoxicity, the mechanism of which is not known. In this study, we explored the mechanism of BAK hepatotoxicity by treating rats with 52.5 mg/kg and 262.5 mg/kg of BAK, administered continuously for 6 weeks. We examined the liver pathology and biochemical composition of bile to determine toxicity. Mechanisms of BAK hepatotoxicity were analyzed based on relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) protein equivalent signatures and validated in vitro using LO2 cells. iTRAQ analysis revealed 281 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in liver tissue of the BAK-treated group, of which 215 were upregulated, and 66 were downregulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that bile secretion, lipid metabolism, and cytochrome P450 signaling pathways were enriched in DEPs. Among them, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7a1) were closely associated with the development and progression of BAK-induced hepatic metabolic dysfunction and abnormal bile metabolism. This study shows that BAK can induce hepatotoxicity through multiple signaling pathways.