Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation-Influence of Modifiable Risk Factors and Ablation Modality on Procedural Efficacy and Safety.

BACKGROUND: Modifiable lifestyle risk factors, in particular obesity and related conditions, are important drivers of atrial fibrillation (AF), impacting the severity of symptoms and influence the efficacy and safety of treatment. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to assess the impact of modifiable lifestyle factors on the effectiveness and safety of AF ablation, and examine the procedural characteristics, efficacy, safety and cost outcomes of cryoballoon vs radiofrequency ablation, in a real-world clinical setting. METHOD: Patients undergoing catheter ablation for AF (June 2017 to December 2020) were included in this retrospective analysis. Efficacy and safety outcomes were obtained from electronic medical records and state-wide databases. The primary outcome was successful isolation of the pulmonary veins and freedom from AF without repeat ablation or ongoing antiarrhythmic therapy at 12 months. RESULTS: The study included 141 patients (mean age 60±11 years, 57% male). The average body mass index (BMI) was 29.2±5.6 kg/m2. Ablation by cryoballoon was undertaken in 59% (radiofrequency 41%). Acutely successful pulmonary vein isolation was achieved in 92%, however, only 52% (n=74) met the primary outcome (successful isolation of the pulmonary veins and freedom from AF without repeat ablation or ongoing antiarrhythmic therapy) at 12 months. Successful management of AF was more likely in patients with lower BMI (p=0.006; particularly with BMI <27 kg/m2; p=0.004) and weight (p=0.003), and in those without obstructive sleep apnoea (p=0.032). The only independent predictor of the primary outcome was BMI (ß=0.25, p=0.004). Over 75% of complications occurred in those with BMI ≥27 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Catheter ablation for AF is more likely to be unsuccessful in patients with uncontrolled risk factors, particularly obesity. Risk factor optimisation may improve procedural success and reduce the risk of procedural complications.

Effects of Electroacupuncture on Pro-/Anti-inflammatory Adipokines in Serum and Adipose Tissue in Lean and Diet-induced Obese Rats.

The effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines and blood glucose (BG) in lean and obese Long Evans rats were investigated. Group 1 and Group 3 had five lean and seven obese rats, respectively, and received EA at the Zhongwan/Guanyuan acupoints on Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, Day 8, Day 10, and Day 12. Group 2 and Group 4, with five lean and seven obese rats, respectively, did not undergo EA. After induction of anesthesia, BG was measured at 10 minutes and 20 minutes. EA was applied for 30 minutes, and BG was measured again. At the end of the study, blood and white adipose tissue were collected. Analyses showed that for all groups, the mean BG at 20 minutes (baseline) and 50 minutes were significantly greater on Day 1 than on any other day. Compared with Group 2, the baseline BG in Week 1 for Group 1 was significantly lower, but Groups 3 and 4 showed no difference. Group 1 had significantly higher serum interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α than Group 2, while Group 3's serum leptin was greater than Group 4's. White adipose tissue interleukin-10 and adiponectin:leptin ratio were higher for Group 1 than Group 2. EA affected no significant differences in any other components measured for lean and obese animals.

Effect of Electroacupuncture on Inflammation in the Obese Zucker Fatty Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome.

Chronic inflammation is known to be associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance and is characterized by altered levels of production of adipokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major and escalating public health and clinical challenge worldwide, and patients with MetS have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Electroacupuncture (EA) was tested as a means of decreasing inflammation in genetically obese Zucker fatty rats, which serve as a model of MetS. Repeated application of EA at the Zhongwan/Guanyuan acupoints decreased serum TNF-α, but produced no significant alterations in serum leptin, adiponectin, or IL-10. EA had no significant effect on the levels of these four adipokines in white adipose tissue. These findings are consistent with the supposition that EA inhibits proliferation and/or infiltration of macrophages into the adipose tissue of obese rats and stimulates the release of IL-10 from the decreased numbers of macrophages present in adipose tissue. Compared with the control animals, no significant change in body weight occurred. The blood glucose (BG) level over a 30-minute interval in Week 2 was relatively the same as that in Week 1, suggesting that EA treatment does not increase the likelihood of developing hyperglycemia.

Differential Effect of Electroacupuncture on Inflammatory Adipokines in Two Rat Models of Obesity.

Chronic inflammation is known to be associated with visceral obesity and insulin resistance which are characterized by altered levels of production of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines. The dysregulation of the production of inflammatory adipokines and their functions in obese individuals leads to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and may promote obesity-linked metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. Electroacupuncture (EA) was tested to see if there was a difference in its effect on pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokine levels in the blood serum and the white adipose tissue of obese Zucker fatty rats and high-fat diet-induced obese Long Evans rats. In the two rat models of obesity, on Day 12 of treatment, repeated applications of EA were seen to have had a significant differential effect for serum tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, the adiponectin:leptin ratio, and blood glucose. For the adipose tissue, there was a differential effect for adiponectin that was on the borderline of significance. To explore these changes further and how they might affect insulin resistance would require a modification to the research design to use larger group sizes for the two models or to give a greater number of EA treatments.