RESUMO
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) may be correlated with HPV infection, and the mechanism underlying the ESCC formation induced by HPV16 infection remains elusive. Here, we overexpressed HPV16 E6 and E7 and coordinated the overexpression of these two genes in EPC2 and ESCC cells. We found that E7 and coordinated expression of E6 and E7 promoted the proliferation of EPC2 cells, and upregulation of shh was responsible for cell proliferation since the use of vismodegib led to the failure of organoid formation. Meanwhile, overexpression of E6 and E7 in ESCC cells promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Importantly, E6 and E7 coordinately increased the capability of tumor growth in nude mice, while vismodegib slowed the growth of tumors in NCG mice. Moreover, a series of genes and proteins changed in cell lines after overexpression of the E6 and E7 genes, the potential biological processes and pathways were systematically analyzed using a bioinformatics assay. Together, these findings suggest that the activation of the hedgehog pathway induced by HPV16 infection may initially transform basal cells in the esophagus and promote following malignant processes in ESCC cells. The application of hedgehog inhibitors may represent a therapeutic avenue for ESCC treatment.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Esofágicas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago , Infecções por Papillomavirus , Animais , Camundongos , Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/genética , Papillomavirus Humano 16/genética , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Camundongos NusRESUMO
In several organ systems, the transitional zone between different types of epithelium is a hotspot for pre-neoplastic metaplasia and malignancy, but the cells of origin for these metaplastic epithelia and subsequent malignancies remain unknown. In the case of Barrett's oesophagus, intestinal metaplasia occurs at the gastro-oesophageal junction, where stratified squamous epithelium transitions into simple columnar cells. On the basis of a number of experimental models, several alternative cell types have been proposed as the source of this metaplasia but in all cases the evidence is inconclusive: no model completely mimics Barrett's oesophagus in terms of the presence of intestinal goblet cells. Here we describe a transitional columnar epithelium with distinct basal progenitor cells (p63+KRT5+KRT7+) at the squamous-columnar junction of the upper gastrointestinal tract in a mouse model. We use multiple models and lineage tracing strategies to show that this squamous-columnar junction basal cell population serves as a source of progenitors for the transitional epithelium. On ectopic expression of CDX2, these transitional basal progenitors differentiate into intestinal-like epithelium (including goblet cells) and thereby reproduce Barrett's metaplasia. A similar transitional columnar epithelium is present at the transitional zones of other mouse tissues (including the anorectal junction) as well as in the gastro-oesophageal junction in the human gut. Acid reflux-induced oesophagitis and the multilayered epithelium (believed to be a precursor of Barrett's oesophagus) are both characterized by the expansion of the transitional basal progenitor cells. Our findings reveal a previously unidentified transitional zone in the epithelium of the upper gastrointestinal tract and provide evidence that the p63+KRT5+KRT7+ basal cells in this zone are the cells of origin for multi-layered epithelium and Barrett's oesophagus.
Assuntos
Esôfago de Barrett/patologia , Linhagem da Célula , Células Epiteliais/patologia , Epitélio/patologia , Junção Esofagogástrica/patologia , Células-Tronco/patologia , Animais , Esôfago de Barrett/genética , Esôfago de Barrett/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição CDX2/genética , Fator de Transcrição CDX2/metabolismo , Rastreamento de Células , Esofagite/metabolismo , Esofagite/patologia , Junção Esofagogástrica/metabolismo , Refluxo Gastroesofágico , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Células Caliciformes/patologia , Humanos , Queratina-5/metabolismo , Queratina-7/metabolismo , Metaplasia/metabolismo , Metaplasia/patologia , Camundongos , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Transativadores/metabolismoRESUMO
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a predominant cancer type in developing countries such as China, where ESCC accounts for approximately 90% of esophageal malignancies. Lacking effective and targeted therapy contributes to the poor 5-year survival rate. Recent studies showed that about 30% of ESCC cases have high levels of SOX2. Herein, we aim to target this transcription factor with aptamer. We established a peptide aptamer library and then performed an unbiased screening to identify several peptide aptamers including P42 that can bind and inhibit SOX2 downstream target genes. We further found that P42 overexpression or incubation with a synthetic peptide 42 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells. Moreover, peptide 42 treatment inhibited the growth and metastasis of ESCC xenografts in mouse and zebrafish. Further analysis revealed that P42 overexpression led to alternations in the levels of proteins that are important for the proliferation and migration of ESCC cells. Taken together, our study identified the peptide 42 as a key inhibitor of SOX2 function, reducing the proliferation and migration of ESCC cells in vitro and in vivo, and thereby offering a potential therapy against ESCC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Aptâmeros de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Aptâmeros de Peptídeos/química , Aptâmeros de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/mortalidade , Humanos , Camundongos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Prognóstico , Ligação Proteica , Técnica de Seleção de Aptâmeros , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
The esophagus is derived from the anterior portion of the developmental intermediate foregut, a structure that also gives rise to other organs including the trachea, lung, and stomach. Genetic studies have shown that multiple signaling pathways (e.g. Bmp) and transcription factors (e.g. SOX2) are required for the separation of the esophagus from the neighboring respiratory system. Notably, some of these signaling pathways and transcription factors continue to play essential roles in the subsequent morphogenesis of the esophageal epithelium which undergoes a simple columnar-to-stratified squamous conversion. Reactivation of the relevant signaling pathways has also been associated with pathogenesis of esophageal diseases that affect the epithelium and its stem cells in adults. In this review we will summarize these findings. We will also discuss new data regarding the cell-of-origin for the striated and smooth muscles surrounding the esophagus and how they are differentiated from the mesenchyme during development.
Assuntos
Esôfago/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/genética , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a promising biomarker of early diagnosis and prediction for acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the current program for NGAL detection is not extensively applied in clinics due to the high expense of antibodies. Nucleic acid aptamers are single-strand DNAs or RNAs which could bind to targets with high specificity and affinity, and they have been widely used in the diagnosis and therapy for multiple diseases. It is valuable for us to develop a new method for NGAL detection using aptamers instead of antibodies to achieve increased efficiency and decreased cost. METHODS: Nucleic acid aptamers against NGAL were obtained after SELEX process using magnetic beads, and an enzyme-linked aptamer analysis (ELAA), which can be widely used in clinical diagnosis at low cost, were successfully established. The feasibility of ELAA was further validated with urine samples harvested from 43 AKI patients and 30 healthy people. RESULTS: Three candidate aptamers, including NA36, NA42 and NA53, were obtained after 8 rounds of SELEX process with magnetic beads and verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the Kd value of each aptamer was 43.59, 66.55 and 32.52 nM, respectively. Moreover, the linear relationship was consistent at the range of 125-4000 ng/mL, and the detection limit of ELAA assay was 30.45 ng/mL. We also found that NGAL could be exclusively detected with NA53, and no cross-reaction between NA53 and human albumin or globulin occurred, the coefficient of variation (CV) between inner-plate and inter-plate was less than 15%, and the recovery rate was between 80 and 110%. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity of ELAA assay in this study are 100% and 90%, respectively. Consistently, these results could also diagnose whether the occurrence of AKI in lots of patients, which has been demonstrated with the ELAA method we established after using NA53. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, NA53, the best candidate aptamer targeting NGAL protein, can be applied in clinical testing.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores/análise , DNA de Cadeia Simples/química , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Urológico , Lipocalina-2/análise , Técnica de Seleção de Aptâmeros/métodos , Injúria Renal Aguda/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/síntese química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Células Cultivadas , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/métodos , DNA de Cadeia Simples/síntese química , DNA de Cadeia Simples/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Precoce , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Lipocalina-2/sangue , Magnetismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The esophagus is a pivotal organ originating from anterior foregut that links the mouth and stomach. Moreover, its development involves precise regulation of multiple signal molecules and signal transduction pathways. After abnormal regulation of these molecules in the basal cells of the esophagus occurs, multiple diseases, including esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula, Barrett esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux, and eosinophilic esophagitis, will take place as a result. Furthermore, expression changes of signal molecules or signal pathways in basal cells and the microenvironment around basal cells both can initiate the switch of malignant transformation. In this review, we highlight the molecular events underlying the transition of normal development to multiple esophageal diseases. Additionally, the animal models of esophageal development and related diseases, challenges, and strategies are extensively discussed.
Assuntos
Esôfago/metabolismo , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/metabolismo , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Esôfago/patologia , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: High levels of SOX2 protein are correlated with increased dissemination of breast cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. METHODS: In this study we investigate the role of SOX2 in breast cancer metastasis using multiple in vitro and in vivo assays including cell culture, shRNA-mediated knockdown, wound healing, colony formation, transwell chamber, xenograft and tail vein injection. Moreover, western blot, immunostaining, microarray and real-time PCR were used to determine the change of protein and miRNA levels. Luciferase assays were also used to evaluate activity which TUSC3 is a target of miR-181a-5p and miR-30e-5p, and the clinical survival relevance was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: We identified a novel pathway involving SOX2 regulation of microRNAs to control the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. shRNA-mediated knockdown of SOX2 inhibits breast cancer cell expansion and migration. More importantly, we found that these changes are accompanied by significant reduction in the levels of two microRNAs, miR-181a-5p and miR-30e-5p. Overexpression of these two microRNAs leads to reduced protein levels of Tumor Suppressor Candidate 3 (TUSC3) in breast cancer cells; mutations of the potential binding sites in the 3'-UTR of TUSC3 abrogate the inhibitory effects of the microRNAs. We further found that upregulation of TUSC3 expression leads to reduced proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. In human breast cancer samples the levels of TUSC3 protein are inversely correlated with those of SOX2 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our work reveals a novel SOX2-mediated regulatory axis that plays critical roles in the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Targeting this axis may provide beneficial effect in the treatment of breast cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Interferência de RNA , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , Metástase Neoplásica , Prognóstico , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Aptamers are a group of molecules, which can specifically bind, track, and inhibit target molecules, comprising DNA aptamers, RNA aptamers, and peptide aptamers. So far, there are much progress about developing novel aptamers and their expansile applications. This prospect systematically introduces the composition and technological evolution of aptamers, and then focuses on the application of aptamers in cancer diagnosis, imaging, and therapy. Following this, we discuss the potential to harness aptamers in discovering the biomarker of stem cells, which is favorable for us to study the normal developmental or abnormal pathological process of tissue and to deliver drugs into target cells or tissues in the future.
Assuntos
Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos , Aptâmeros de Peptídeos , Neoplasias , Células-Tronco , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/uso terapêutico , Aptâmeros de Peptídeos/química , Aptâmeros de Peptídeos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Humanos , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/terapia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/química , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Técnica de Seleção de Aptâmeros/métodos , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
SOX2 is a transcription factor belonging to the SOX gene family, whose activity has been associated with the maintenance of the stemness and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), as well as the induction of differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Moreover, accumulating studies have shown that SOX2 is amplified in various cancers, notably in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In addition, SOX2 expression is linked to multiple malignant processes, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance. Taken together, targeting SOX2 might shed light on novel approaches for cancer therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge regarding SOX2 in the development of esophagus and ESCC. We also highlight several therapeutic strategies for targeting SOX2 in different cancer types, which can provide new tools to treat cancers possessing abnormal levels of SOX2 protein.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Esofágicas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Diferenciação Celular , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proliferação de Células , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Liver fibrosis is caused by a variety of chronic liver injuries and has caused significant morbidity and mortality in the world with increasing tendency. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of liver fibrosis is the basis for intervention of this pathological process and drug development. Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a widely expressed nucleolar phosphorylated protein, which is particularly important for cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. The biological role of NPM in liver fibrosis remains unknown. Here we show that NPM promotes liver fibrosis through multiple pathways. Our study found that NPM was up-regulated in cirrhosis tissues and activated in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). NPM inhibition reduced liver fibrosis markers expression in HSCs and inhibited the HSCs proliferation and migration. In mice model, NPM knockdown in HSCs or application of specific NPM inhibitor can remarkably attenuate hepatic fibrosis. Mechanistic analysis showed that NPM promotes hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting HSCs apoptosis through Akt/ROS pathway and by upregulating TGF-ß2 through Akt-induced lncMIAT. LncMIAT up-regulated TGF-ß2 mRNA by competitively sponging miR-16-5p. In response to liver injury, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and HSCs up-regulated NPM to increase TGF-ß2 secretion to activate HSCs in a paracrine or autocrine manner, leading to increased liver fibrosis. Our study demonstrated that NPM regulated hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis through Akt/ROS-induced apoptosis of HSCs and via the Akt/lncMIAT-up-regulated TGF-ß2. Inhibition of NPM or application of NPM inhibitor CIGB300 remarkably attenuated liver fibrosis. NPM serves a potential new drug target for liver fibrosis.
Assuntos
Células Estreladas do Fígado , Nucleofosmina , Animais , Camundongos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta2 , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Cirrose Hepática/induzido quimicamente , Cirrose Hepática/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , ApoptoseRESUMO
Emerging evidence indicates that SOX2 is an oncogene for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, direct targeting of SOX2 is not feasible given that this transcription factor plays important roles in the maintenance of tissues such as the brain. Here, we identified CDP (Homeobox protein cut-like 1 or CASP) as a unique SOX2 binding partner enriched in ESCC with Duolink proximity ligation assay, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFc) and immunoprecipitation. We then screened a peptide aptamer library using BiFc and immunoprecipitation and identified several peptide aptamers, including P58, that blocked the CDP/SOX2 interaction, leading to the inhibition of ESCC progress in vitro and in vivo. Upon administration, synthetic peptide P58, containing the YGRKKRRQRRR cell-penetrating peptide and the fluorophore TAMRA, also blocked the growth and metastasis of ESCC in both mice and zebrafish. Therefore, targeting the SOX2 binding partner CDP with peptide P58 offers an alternative avenue to treat ESCC with increased SOX2 levels.
RESUMO
The site-specific recombination mediated by Cre recombinase has been utilized extensively in genetic engineering and gene function studies. Efficient delivery of a Cre enzyme with enzymatic activity and the ability to monitor the enzyme expression are required in applications, and lentiviral constructs with a fluorescent protein (FP) to report the Cre expression are suitable for most studies. However, the current lentiviral vector systems have some deficiencies in precise reporting the Cre expression through fluorescence. To solve the problem, we generated a lentiviral system with Cre and RFP or EGFP bridged by an FMDV 2A sequence in an open reading frame expressed by a CMV promoter. We then examined the capabilities of the constructs to package with VSVG into infectious virus and to mediate expression of the Cre enzyme and fluorescent reporter. Furthermore, we monitored the bioactivities of the expressed products. We demonstrated the coordinate expression of the enzyme and the reporter. The expressed Cre was efficient at removing LoxP-flanked fragments in cells and did not show obvious cellular toxicity, and the expressed FPs allowed direct observation under fluorescent microscope. Therefore, the conjugation of CMV-Cre-2A-FP represents a significant improvement to the current lentiviral Cre delivery systems for obtaining a required Cre activity while accurately monitoring its presence. Our study also provides information concerning application of the established vector system.
Assuntos
Vírus da Febre Aftosa/genética , Vetores Genéticos/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Integrases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Células HeLa , Humanos , Integrases/genética , Lentivirus/genéticaRESUMO
Elevated SOX2 protein levels are closely correlated with the increased incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, establishing effective target measures for ESCC treatments continue to be researched. It has been previously proposed that SOX2 represents a potential therapeutic target for ESCC. Here, we found that the enzyme Poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) enriched in ESCCs interact with SOX2. Inhibition of PARP1 with 3-aminobenzamide (3-ABA) or shRNA knockdown reduced the proliferation of ESCCs, accompanied by decreased protein levels of SOX2. RNA sequencing demonstrated that PARP1 inhibition affected multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, 3-ABA synergistically suppressed the growth of ESCC cells when combined with cisplatin, and metformin potentiated the suppressive effect of 3-ABA on ESCC cell growth. Together these findings suggest that targeting SOX2 binding partner PARP1 provides a possible avenue to treat patients with high levels of SOX2.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Esofágicas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerase-1 , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1 , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/genética , Humanos , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerase-1/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/genéticaRESUMO
ABBREVIATIONS: CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit 8; Chip, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; EC, Esophageal cancer; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; ESCC, Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas; LLGL2, lethal (2) giant larvae protein homolog 2; LLGL2ov, LLGL2 overexpression; MET, mesenchymal-epithelial transition; miRNAs, MicroRNAs; PRM-MS, Parallel reaction monitoring-Mass spectrometry; SD, Standard deviation; SOX, sex determining region Y (SRY)-like box; SOX2-Kd, SOX2-knockdwon; TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Esofágicas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago , MicroRNAs , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/genética , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/metabolismoRESUMO
Wnt signaling was initially recognized to be vital for tissue development and homeostasis maintenance. Further studies revealed that this pathway is also important for tumorigenesis and progression. Abnormal expression of signaling components through gene mutation or epigenetic regulation is closely associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis in several tissues. Additionally, Wnt signaling also influences the tumor microenvironment and immune response. Some strategies and drugs have been proposed to target this pathway, such as blocking receptors/ligands, targeting intracellular molecules, beta-catenin/TCF4 complex and its downstream target genes, or tumor microenvironment and immune response. Here we discuss the roles of these components in Wnt signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, the underlying mechanisms that is responsible for the activation of Wnt signaling, and a series of drugs targeting the Wnt pathway provide multiple therapeutic values. Although some of these drugs exhibit exciting anti-cancer effect, clinical trials and systematic evaluation should be strictly performed along with multiple-omics technology.
RESUMO
This study aimed to screen DNA aptamers against the signal molecule C4-HSL of the rhl system for the inhibition of biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using an improved systematic evolution of ligand by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method based on a structure-switching fluorescent activating bead. The aptamers against the C4-HSL with a high affinity and specifity were successfully obtained and evaluated in real-time by this method. Results of biofilm inhibition experiments in vitro showed that the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa was efficiently reduced to about 1/3 by the aptamers compared with that of the groups without the aptamers. Independent secondary structure simulation and computer-aided tertiary structure prediction (3dRNA) showed that the aptamers contained a highly conserved Y-shaped structural unit. Therefore, this study benefits the search for new methods for the detection and treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilm formation.
Assuntos
4-Butirolactona/análogos & derivados , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/fisiologia , 4-Butirolactona/antagonistas & inibidores , 4-Butirolactona/química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/síntese química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Desenho de Fármacos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Percepção de Quorum/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Esophageal cancer (EC) has been a leading cause of cancer death worldwide in part due to late detection and lack of precision treatment. EC includes two major malignancies, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Recent studies reveal that ESCC and EAC have distinct cell of origin and contain cancer stem cells (also known as tumor initiating cells) expressing different cell surface markers. These biomarkers have potentially important values for both early detection and finding effective therapy. In this review we summarize the updated findings for cell of origin and provide an overview of cancer cell biomarkers that have been tested for ESCC and EAC. In addition, we also discuss recent progress in the study of molecular mechanisms leading to these malignancies.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Esofágicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Animais , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas do Esôfago/patologia , HumanosRESUMO
We propose a novel fluorescence assay method by designing a polymerization-driven DNA dominoes collapse (PDDC) strategy, enabling highly sensitive detection of p53 gene (as a model analyte) and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis.
Assuntos
Sondas de DNA/química , DNA de Neoplasias/análise , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sondas de DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , Humanos , Sequências Repetidas Invertidas , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/genética , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Polimerização , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , p-Dimetilaminoazobenzeno/análogos & derivados , p-Dimetilaminoazobenzeno/químicaRESUMO
Drug repurposing with a better understanding of the underlying mechanism has provided new avenues to find treatment for malignancies. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a rapidly increasing cancer with a dismal 5-year survival rate of <15%. Lack of efficient treatment options contributes to the high mortality rate of EAC. To find new therapy against EAC we performed unbiased drug screening of an FDA-approved drug library and identified that the cardiac glycosides including Ouabain, Digoxin and Digitoxin efficiently inhibit the proliferation of EAC cell lines (OE33 and OE19) both in vitro and in vivo. RNA-Sequencing analysis combined with RNAi screening revealed that Ouabain suppresses the proliferation of EAC cells through downregulation of p38 MAP-Kinase 6 (MAP2K6, also known as MKK6). Consistently, shRNA-mediated knockdown of MKK6 reduced the proliferation of EAC cells and tumor growth. Further analysis demonstrated that MKK6 inhibition leads to the reduced levels of the transcription factor SOX9. In line with this finding, deletion of SOX9 with CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in decreased proliferation of EACs in 3D organoid culture and reduced tumor growth. Together these findings establish a druggable axis that can be harnessed for therapeutic gain against EAC.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Esofágicas/tratamento farmacológico , MAP Quinase Quinase 6/antagonistas & inibidores , MAP Quinase Quinase 6/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição SOX9/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/enzimologia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Digitoxina/farmacologia , Digitoxina/uso terapêutico , Digoxina/farmacologia , Digoxina/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , MAP Quinase Quinase 6/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Ouabaína/farmacologia , Ouabaína/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Transcrição SOX9/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Objective To prepare a lentiviral vector expressing LLGL2 and establish KYSE450 and TE-1 cell lines for the stable expression of LLGL2. Methods The full-length LLGL2 sequence was amplified by high-fidelity PCR, and then it was inserted into pCDH-CMV-IRES-GFP-EF1-Puro vectors. The recombinant plasmid was confirmed by double enzyme digestion and sequencing. After co-infection of pCDH-CMV-LLGL2-IRES- GFP-EF1-Puro with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) and PHR into HEK293T cells, the lentivirus was harvested and used for infecting esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines including KYSE450 and TE-1 cells. These two cell lines infected with the lentivirus were screened with puromycin, and the stable cell lines were further confirmed with green fluoresence and Western blotting. Results Dual-enzyme digestion and sequencing confirmed that the pCDH-CMV-LLGL2-IRES-GFP-EF1-Puro vector, a lentiviral expression vector for the overexpression of LLGL2, was successfully constructed through high-fidelity PCR and ligation. Western blotting showed the increased expression level of LLGL2 protein in KYSE450 and TE-1 stable cell lines compared with the controls. Conclusion The experiment successfully established KYSE450 and TE-1 stable cell lines for the overexpression of LLGL2.