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The diverse applications of nanomaterials, and their rapidly increasing demand, have spurred the development of novel multifunctional materials. As such, this study aimed to synthesize and characterize a magneto-luminescent nanocomposite, composed of magnetite and fluorescent quantum dots (NaGdF4:Nd3+@Fe3O4). Nanomaterial synthesis was accomplished through solvothermal and co-precipitation methods. Stable nanoparticles (NPs) with a zeta potential of -19.57 ± 0.42 mV, and a size of 4.55 ± 1.44 nm were obtained. The crystalline structure of the NPs, verified via x-ray diffraction, affirmed the hexagonal pattern of the NaGdF4:Nd3+NPs and the inverse spinel pattern of Fe3O4NPs. In the diffraction pattern of the NaGdF4:Nd3+@Fe3O4NPs, only the phase pertaining to the Fe3O4NPs was identified, indicating their influence on the nanocomposite. Magnetic measurements revealed the superparamagnetic behavior of the material. Photoluminescence spectra of NaGdF4:Nd3+and NaGdF4:Nd3+@Fe3O4NPs verified the luminescent emission around 1060 nm; a feature of the radiative transitions of Nd3+ions. Based on the assessed characteristics, the nanocomposite's multifunctionality was confirmed, positioning the material for potential use in various fields, such as biomedicine.
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Understanding how environmental variables influence biofilm formation becomes relevant for managing Vibrio biofilm-related infections in shrimp production. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of temperature, time, and initial inoculum in the biofilm development of these two Vibrio species using a multifactorial experimental design. Planktonic growth inhibition and inhibition/eradication of Vibrio biofilms, more exactly V. parahaemolyticus (VP87 and VP275) and V. cholerae (VC112) isolated from shrimp farms were evaluated by Eucalyptus and Guava aqueous leaf extracts and compared to tetracycline and ceftriaxone. Preliminary results showed that the best growth conditions of biofilm development for V. parahaemolyticus were 24 h and 24°C (p <0.001), while V. cholerae biofilms were 72 h and 30°C (p <0.001). Multivariate linear regression ANOVA was applied using colony-forming unit (CFU) counting assays as a reference, and R-squared values were applied as goodness-of-fit measurements for biofilm analysis. Then, both plant extracts were analyzed with HPLC using double online detection by diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the evaluation of their chemical composition, where the main identified compounds for Eucalyptus extract were cypellogin A, cypellogin B, and cypellocarpin C, while guavinoside A, B, and C compounds were the main compounds for Guava extract. For planktonic growth inhibition, Eucalyptus extract showed its maximum effect at 200 µg/mL with an inhibition of 75% (p < 0.0001) against all Vibrio strains, while Guava extract exhibited its maximum inhibition at 1600 µg/mL with an inhibition of 70% (p < 0.0001). Both biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were performed by the two conditions (24 h at 24°C and 72 h at 30°C) on Vibrio strains according to desirability analysis. Regarding 24 h at 24°C, differences were observed in the CFU counting between antibiotics and plant extracts, where both plant extracts demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values (Eucalyptus extract: 1600, 3200, and 6400 µg/mL; while Guava extract: 12800, 25600, and 52000 µg/mL). Concerning 72 h at 30°C, results showed a less notorious biomass inhibition by Guava leaf extract and tetracycline. However, Eucalyptus extract significantly reduced the total number of viable cells within Vibrio biofilms from 2x to 32x MIC values (400-6400 µg/mL) when compared to the same MIC values of ceftriaxone (5-80 µg/mL), which was not able to reduce viable cells. Eucalyptus extract demonstrated similar results at both growth conditions, showing an average inhibition of approximately 80% at 400 µg/mL concentration for all Vibrio isolates (p < 0.0001). Moreover, eradication biofilm assays demonstrated significant eradication against all Vibrio strains at both growth conditions, but biofilm eradication values were substantially lower. Both extract plants demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values at both growth sets, where Eucalyptus extract at 800 µg/mL reduced 70% of biomass and 90% of viable cells for all Vibrio strains (p < 0.0001). Overall results suggested a viable alternative against vibriosis in the shrimp industry in Ecuador.
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Antibacterianos , Biofilmes , Eucalyptus , Extratos Vegetais , Psidium , Vibrio cholerae , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Psidium/química , Eucalyptus/química , Eucalyptus/microbiologia , Vibrio cholerae/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/efeitos dos fármacos , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Equador , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Penaeidae/microbiologiaRESUMO
About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million tires become waste annually. Global dependence upon tires produced from natural rubber and petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent and complex environmental problem with only partial and often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, and chemical compounds, each of which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic routes in the natural and built environments. Production and use of tires generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, and other compounds that can be toxic alone or as chemical cocktails. Used tires require storage space, are energy intensive to recycle, and generally have few post-wear uses that are not also potential sources of pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). Tire particles emitted during use are a major component of microplastics in urban runoff and a source of unique and highly potent toxic substances. Thus, tires represent a ubiquitous and complex pollutant that requires a comprehensive examination to develop effective management and remediation. We approach the issue of tire pollution holistically by examining the life cycle of tires across production, emissions, recycling, and disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research and data about the environmental and human health risks associated with the production, use, and disposal of tires and discuss gaps in our knowledge about fate and transport, as well as the toxicology of tire particles and chemical leachates. We examine potential management and remediation approaches for addressing exposure risks across the life cycle of tires. We consider tires as pollutants across three levels: tires in their whole state, as particulates, and as a mixture of chemical cocktails. Finally, we discuss information gaps in our understanding of tires as a pollutant and outline key questions to improve our knowledge and ability to manage and remediate tire pollution.
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Leishmaniasis, a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted by infected sandflies, impacts nearly 1 million people yearly and is endemic in many countries across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean; despite this, it remains a neglected disease with limited effective treatments, particularly in impoverished communities with limited access to healthcare. This study aims to repurpose approved drugs for an affordable leishmaniasis treatment. After the screening of potential drug candidates by reviewing databases and utilizing molecular docking analysis, delamanid was chosen to be incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs). Both in cellulo and in vivo tests confirmed the successful payload release within macrophages and through the epidermis following topical application on murine skin. The evaluation of macrophages infected with L. infantum amastigotes showed that the encapsulated delamanid exhibited greater leishmanicidal activity compared with the free drug. The process of encapsulating delamanid in SLNPs, as demonstrated in this study, places a strong emphasis on employing minimal technology, ensuring energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reproducibility. It enables consistent, low-cost production of nanomedicines, even on a small scale, offering a promising step toward more accessible and effective leishmaniasis treatments.
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Fundamento: los niños y los adolescentes constituyen una población sensible a los impactos psicológicos de la pandemia de COVID-19. Reconocerlo implica la necesidad de evaluación, seguimiento e intervención, especialmente cuando se trata de infantes que padecieron la enfermedad y requieren una atención pediátrica integral. Objetivo implementar un servicio de atención psicológica a niños y adolescentes convalecientes a la COVID-19. Métodos: se aplicó un diseño de investigación acción participativa desde un enfoque cualitativo constructivo-interpretativo. Está integrado por tres ejes de acciones: evaluación psicológica, intervención psicoterapéutica y apoyo social. Su diseño e implementación siguió etapas y se realizó de forma colaborativa. Los participantes implicados establecieron relaciones simétricas y siguieron un proceso cíclico de planificación-actuación-observación-reflexión; procedimiento base para atender y perfeccionar la práctica. Resultados: los resultados se obtuvieron con respecto a la evaluación y las acciones de intervención psicológica. Sobre la evaluación se destacan alteraciones clínico psicológicas con afectación de las funciones psíquicas y necesidades de preservación de la salud en los ámbitos personal y familiar. Respecto a la intervención psicológica, la totalidad de los beneficiarios recibió acciones de orientación psicológica y los diagnosticados con afección psiquiátrica recibieron acciones psicoterapéuticas. Todas las familias recibieron apoyo social. Conclusiones: se constató reducción o remisión de la intensidad de síntomas psicológicos, elaboración del duelo ante la pérdida, adecuación de afrontamientos o modificación de comportamientos, fortalecimiento de la capacidad de las redes sociales de apoyo, ampliación del conocimiento de la familia, y creación de canales de información entre la familia y la escuela.
Background: children and adolescents constitute a sensitive population to the psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recognizing it implies the need for evaluation, monitoring and intervention, especially when it comes to infants who have suffered from the disease and require comprehensive pediatric care. Objective: to implement a psychological care service for children and adolescents convalescent from COVID-19. Methods: a participatory action research design was applied from a constructive-interpretive qualitative approach. It is made up of three lines of action: psychological evaluation, psychotherapeutic intervention and social support. Its design and implementation followed stages and was carried out collaboratively. The participants involved established symmetrical relationships and followed a cyclical process of planning-acting-observing-reflecting; basic procedure to attend and improve the practice. Results: the results were obtained regarding the evaluation and the actions of psychological intervention. Regarding the evaluation, clinical-psychological alterations with affectation of the psychic functions and needs for the preservation of health in the personal and family spheres stand out. Regarding the psychological intervention, all the beneficiaries received psychological counseling actions and those diagnosed with a psychiatric condition received psychotherapeutic actions. All families received social support. Conclusions: The psychological symptoms intensity reduction or remission was verified, elaboration of grief in the loss, adaptation of coping or behavior modification, strengthening of the social support networks' capacity, expansion of family knowledge, and creation of information channels between the family and the school.
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RESUMEN Introducción: Los niños y los adolescentes constituyen una población vulnerable al impacto psicológico que desencadena la COVID-19. Objetivo: Develar consecuencias psicológicas y recursos psicosociales de afrontamiento en niños y adolescentes convalecientes a la COVID-19. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación con enfoque cualitativo constructivo interpretativo, en el período comprendido entre abril de 2020 y septiembre de 2021. Las técnicas empleadas para la obtención de la información fueron: el rombo afectivo, la composición temática, la entrevista semiestructurada, el examen psiquiátrico, la Prueba de Percepción del Funcionamiento Familiar FF-SIL y la historia social psiquiátrica. La muestra estuvo conformada por 25 niños y adolescentes, a partir de criterios de conveniencia y disponibilidad, y con previo consentimiento informado de sus padres. En el procesamiento de los datos obtenidos se empleó la herramienta ATLAS.ti 9, software que permitió el análisis de frecuencias y de coocurrencias de códigos. Resultados: Se señalan, entre otros aspectos, alteraciones clínico-psicológicas con afectación de las funciones afectivas, conativas y de relación, así como necesidades de preservación de la salud en los ámbitos personal y familiar. Conclusiones: Las niñas, los niños y los adolescentes convalecientes a la COVID-19, evidencian síntomas clínico-psicológicos como la ansiedad, el miedo, la tristeza y la irritabilidad, y enfermedades psiquiátricas que clasifican dentro de los trastornos de ansiedad y de adaptación; los recursos psicosociales de afrontamiento, se caracterizaron por la limitada movilización de alternativas resilientes, el predominio de estados emocionales de felicidad ante el alta clínica y la presencia de apoyo social de tipo emocional.
ABSTRACT Introduction: children and adolescents constitute a vulnerable population to the psychological impact triggered by COVID-19. Objective: to reveal the psychological consequences and psychosocial coping resources in children and adolescents convalescing from COVID-19. Methods: a qualitative, constructive and interpretive research was carried out between April 2020 and September 2021. The affective rhombus and thematic composition techniques, the semi-structured interview, the psychiatric examination, the Family Functioning Perception Questionnaire (FF-SIL) and the psychiatric social history were used to obtain the information. The sample consisted of 25 children and adolescents, based on criteria of convenience and availability, and with the prior informed consent of their parents. The ATLAS.ti 9 software was the tool used to process the obtained data, allowing us the analysis of frequencies and code co-occurrences. Results: we pointed out, among other aspects, clinical and psychological alterations with impairment of the affective, conative and relational dimensions, as well as health preserving needs in personal and family spheres. Conclusions: children and adolescents convalescing from COVID-19 show clinical and psychological symptoms such as anxiety, fear, sadness, irritability and psychiatric diseases which classify within anxiety and adaptation disorders; the psychosocial coping resources were characterized by the limited mobilization of resilient alternatives, the predominance of emotional states of happiness after being discharge, and the presence of emotional social support.
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COVID-19/psicologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN El proceso formativo del médico general en la educación médica superior cubana no enfatiza en las premisas conceptuales como garantía de una adecuada comprensión cultural e histórica del sujeto y la subjetividad, que este profesional aporta en acción y relación dentro del tejido social. Se pretende sintetizar las premisas conceptuales implícitas en la categoría subjetividad, devenida objeto de estudio del proceso formativo del médico general; por ello, resultó indispensable la descripción de los principales aportes teóricos que posibilitaron, desde inicios de la década de los 80 del pasado siglo XX, el desarrollo dentro del contexto nacional de una teoría de la subjetividad. Se concluyó que las premisas conceptuales acerca de la categoría subjetividad que requiere el proceso formativo del médico general, aluden a determinadas zonas de sentido donde se vinculan las categorías subjetividad individual y social, sentidos subjetivos, mediaciones por la subjetividad, así como sujeto individual y social.
ABSTRACT The training process of the general practitioner in Cuban higher medical education does not emphasize the conceptual premises as a guarantee of an adequate cultural and historical understanding of the subject and subjectivity, which this professional contributes in action and relationship within the social fabric. The aim is to synthesize the implicit conceptual premises in the subjectivity category, which has become an object of study in the training process of the general practitioner; For this reason, it was essential to describe the main theoretical contributions that made possible, since the beginning of the 80s of the last century, the development within the national context of a theory of subjectivity. It was concluded that the conceptual premises about the subjectivity category required by the training process of the general practitioner, allude to certain areas of meaning where the categories individual and social subjectivity, subjective senses, mediations by subjectivity, as well as individual and social subject are linked.
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Psicologia , Programa , Educação MédicaRESUMO
Introducción: El reciente perfeccionamiento curricular de la carrera de Medicina en la educación superior cubana suscita la búsqueda de alternativas científicas que contribuyan a la sistematización del proceso formativo de la atención médica integral en los servicios de la asistencia sanitaria esencial. Objetivo: Exponer una concepción teórico-metodológica para la formación del modo de actuación atención médica integral desde la disciplina Psicología. Métodos: El proceso investigativo asumió un enfoque metodológico mixto o multimodal, que siguió un diseño mixto explicativo secuencial, en el que se integraron métodos teóricos, empíricos, así como de análisis de la información y procesamiento de los datos. Este se desarrolló en la carrera de Medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara entre septiembre de 2016 y enero de 2019, y abarcó los momentos de la exploración, el diseño y la evaluación del resultado científico propuesto. Resultados: Se pudo definir la connotación científica de la concepción teórico-metodológica propuesta, en respuesta a la estructura formal para la formación del modo de actuación atención médica integral y a la forma lógica de su vinculación con la disciplina Psicología. Conclusiones: Se estableció que una concepción teórico-metodológica para la formación del modo de actuación atención médica integral desde la disciplina Psicología debe integrar en su estructura los fundamentos generales que sustentan la lógica interna de esta, y los componentes teórico-conceptual y metodológico-instrumental que definen su organización e implementación práctica(AU)
Introduction: The recent curricular improvement of the medical major in Cuban higher education brings about the search for scientific alternatives that contribute to systematization of the training process for comprehensive medical care in essential healthcare services. Objective: To present a theoretical-methodological conception for the formation of a mode of action in comprehensive medical care from the psychology discipline. Methods: The research process followed a mixed or multimodal methodological approach, under a mixed sequential explanatory design, in which theoretical and empirical methods were integrated, as well as information analysis and data processing. This was developed, between September 2016 and January 2019, in the medical major of Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, and covered the moments of exploration, design and assessment of the proposed scientific result. Results: It was possible to define the scientific connotation of the proposed theoretical-methodological conception, in response to the formal structure for the formation of a mode of action in comprehensive medical care and the logical way of its link with the psychology discipline. Conclusions: It was established that a theoretical-methodological conception for the formation of a mode of action in comprehensive medical care from the psychology discipline must integrate, into its structure, the general foundations that support its internal logic, as well as the theoretical-conceptual and methodological-instrumental components that define its organization and practical implementation(AU)
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Humanos , Cuidados Médicos , Atenção à Saúde/métodos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de SaúdeRESUMO
RESUMEN El apoyo social constituye una estrategia que revela convergencias entre el ejercicio profesional afín a la Psicología social y la práctica clínica que interrelaciona la atención individual de salud con las condiciones del ambiente familiar y social; sin embargo, estudios recientes efectuados en los ámbitos internacional y nacional, los cuales contribuyen a la sistematización de estrategias de intervención basadas en la práctica clínica del apoyo social, reflejan carencias condicionadas por brechas teórico-metodológicas ante la ausencia del enfoque psicosocial que estas requieren. El objetivo de esta comunicación fue sintetizar el enfoque psicosocial que precisa la práctica clínica del apoyo social. Resultó indispensable la descripción de los nexos entre: las categorías subjetividad social e individual, sentidos subjetivos, mediaciones por la subjetividad, sujeto individual y sujeto social. Se concluyó que la intervención psicosocial en la práctica clínica del apoyo social requiere una mediación subjetiva activo-transformadora permeada de diálogo y reflexión.
ABSTRACT Social support constitutes a strategy that reveals convergences between professional practice related to social psychology and clinical practice that interrelates individual health care with the conditions of the family and social environment; however, recent studies carried out at the international and national contexts that contribute to the systematization of intervention strategies based on social support, reflect deficiencies conditioned by theoretical-methodological gaps in the absence of the psychosocial approach that they require. The objective of this communication was to synthesize the psychosocial approach that the clinical practice of social support requires; therefore, the description of the links between the categories of social and individual subjectivity, psychological meanings, subjective mediations, individually and socially was indispensable. The author concludes that the psychosocial intervention in the clinical practice of social support requires an active-transforming subjective mediation with dialogue and reflection.
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Psicologia Social , Apoio SocialRESUMO
Introducción: Para los adolescentes, enfermar de la COVID-19 constituye un acontecimiento estresante ante las demandas del ingreso hospitalario y la intervención médica. Objetivo: Reflejar la configuración subjetiva del afrontamiento psicológico a la COVID-19 de adolescentes convalecientes del primer rebrote de la enfermedad. Métodos: La investigación siguió un enfoque cualitativo constructivo interpretativo, a través de un estudio de casos múltiples. La muestra se seleccionó de forma intencional; se accedió a 13 adolescentes convalecientes de la COVID-19 en el período abril-octubre de 2020, que fueron incluidos para seguimiento por los servicios de Psicología y Psiquiatría infanto-juvenil, a partir de su permanencia en la provincia de Villa Clara. Se emplearon para la obtención de la información las técnicas composición y el rombo afectivo. El análisis de los contenidos se procesó con la herramienta ATLAS.ti. Resultados: El afrontamiento psicológico a la COVID-19 de adolescentes convalecientes del primer rebrote de la enfermedad, se caracterizó por malestares psicológicos como el miedo y la tristeza, la valoración positiva del trabajo del personal de la salud, la limitada movilización de recursos resilientes y la escasa percepción de apoyo social. Conclusiones: La rehabilitación en contextos de la vida cotidiana se afronta desde la preocupación por el proyecto de formación profesional, la necesidad de seguridad y protección encaminada a erradicar la pandemia, la preservación de la salud personal y familiar, y la compañía de los familiares que viven en el hogar(AU)
Introduction: For adolescent´s getting sick of COVID-19 constitute a stressful situation considering demands of being in hospital and due to the medical attention. Objective: Making known the subjective configuration of psychological facing up to COVID-19 of convalescent adolescent´s for the first regrowth of this illness trough a multi-case study. Methods: The research was carried out following an interpretative constructive qualitative approach trough a multi-case study. The sample was selected intentionally, having access to 13 convalescent adolescent´s suffering from COVID-19 over period of April-October, in 2020 that were included in order to be followed by infant and young psychiatric and psychology service from their stay on in our province of Villa Clara. Writing a composition and affective rhombus technique, were used to get some information. Content analysis was processed using the tool ATLAS.ti. Results: The psychological facing up to COVID-19 of convalescent adolescent´s for the first regrowth of this illness was characterized by psychological discomfort as fears and sadness, favorable assessment on the work of health staff, limited mobilization of tough resources and short of perception of social support. Conclusions: The rehabilitation on daily life context is faced from the concern for the Project of professional training, the protection and security needs putting into the end of pandemic, family and personal health preservation and the company of family that live at home(AU)
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Humanos , Adolescente , Apoio Social , COVID-19/psicologia , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Adaptação Psicológica/fisiologia , Assistência ao ConvalescenteRESUMO
Los inhibidores de transferencia de la cadena de integrasa (INSTI) son medicamentos cuyo mecanismo de acción consiste en bloquear el proceso de integración del ADN proviral al ADN del hospedero mediante la unión al sitio catalítico de la integrasa viral y de esta manera evitar su replicación. Actualmente se cuenta con la aprobación INSTI de primera y segunda generación, presentan similitud en su mecanismo de acción, cambios en su estructura que modifican su barrera genética, pero mantienen su perfil de seguridad y efectividad. Desde su aprobación en el año 2007, se han llevado a cabo múltiples estudios clínicos cuyos resultados han permitido avanzar en el conocimiento de su efectividad en diferentes escenarios clínicos; (pacientes naive, experimentados, esquemas de simplificación y profilaxis, así, como en el conocimiento de su perfil de mutaciones de resistencia). En el presente artículo se hizo una revisión de los miembros de esta familia de antirretrovirales (ARV).
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI) are drugs whose mechanism of action consists of blocking the integration process of the proviral DNA to the host DNA by binding to the catalytic site of the viral integration and thus preventing its replication. Currently it has the approval of INSTI of first generation, two of second generation and in process of approval of a third of second generation. The two generations has similitude in its mechanisms of action, changes in its structures that modify its genetic barrier, but keeping his security and effectiveness profile. Since the approval of INSTI´s in 2007 to date, multiple clinical studies have been carried out, whose results have allowed us to advance in the knowledge of their effectiveness in different clinical scenarios; (naive patients, experienced patients, simplification and prophylaxis schemes, as well as in the knowledge of their profile of resistance mutations). In the present article, we made a review of the members of this family of antiretrovirals (ARV).
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , DNA , Inibidores de Integrase , Características da Família , HIV , Revisão , Antirretrovirais , MutaçãoRESUMO
RESUMEN Aunque la educación superior cubana constituye un espacio privilegiado para la atención a la diversidad cultural, se identifica la carencia de una concepción de la interculturalidad desde el sujeto que vive la experiencia y cuya cultura de origen se instaura como dimensión mediatizadora de la relación con respecto a otros; carencia no abordada en profundidad a través del prisma de la sicología social. En este orden se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de profundizar en el enfoque sicosocial expresivo de las relaciones interculturales contextualizadas en la enseñanza médica superior cubana; la misma, contribuyó a la comprensión de la expresión subjetiva conformada alrededor de la realidad objeto de estudio. Los resultados permitieron construir un cuerpo teórico descriptivo-explicativo de las emergencias subjetivas que adquieren su especificidad en las relaciones interculturales desde un compromiso práctico y axiológico. A modo de conclusiones se estableció que en la búsqueda de un campo académico unificado y coherente con la complejidad de la realidad objeto de estudio, la sicología social deviene tributaria de un enfoque centrado en el estudio de las formas de subjetividad social que median en las relaciones interculturales desde el contexto de la enseñanza médica superior cubana.
ABSTRACT Even though Cuban higher education is a privileged space for the attention of cultural diversity, the lack of an intercultural conception from the person who lives the experience and whose home culture is established as an interfering dimension in his relationship with others is identified; a problem which is not dealt with in depth through the perspective of social psychology. Therefore, a bibliographic review was made in order to go into depth in the expressive psychosocial approach to intercultural relationships put in context in Cuban higher medical education. It contributed to the understanding of the subjective expression which makes the reality of the object of study. The results allowed to make a descriptive-explanatory theoretical body of the subjective emergencies which become specific in intercultural relationships from a practical and axiological commitment. As a conclusion, it was established the search of an academic field which can be unifying and coherent with the complexity of the reality object of study. Social psychology becomes tributary of an approach that is centered in the study of social subjectivity forms that mediate in intercultural relationships from the context of Cuban higher medical education.
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La concepción contemporánea del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior cubana conduce a la apropiación de los contenidos y las formas de pensar, sentir y actuar, construidas en la experiencia socio-histórica con el fin de adaptarse a la realidad y transformarla. Ello acarrea cambios relativamente duraderos y generalizables, determinados a partir de los encuadres teórico-metodológicos provenientes de múltiples corrientes psicológicas que garantizan la orientación de los contenidos, procesos y condiciones, para el logro de los resultados esperados por la influencia educacional en las prácticas curriculares cotidianas. De ahí que en el presente artículo se propone argumentar el contenido de las corrientes psicológicas que determinan la concepción contemporánea del aprendizaje en la enseñanza médica superior cubana.
The contemporary perspective on learning in Cuban medical higher education leads to the apprehension of contents and forms of thinking, feeling and behaving, constructed upon the socio-historical experience with the aim at adapting to the reality and transform it. All this involves relatively long-standing and generalized changes, determined from the theoretical-methodological framings derived from multiple psychological currents which guarantee the orientation of the contents, processes and conditions, for the fulfillment of the expected results under the educational influence in daily curricular practices. Therefore, this articles aims at explaining the content of the psychological currents determining the contemporary conception of learning in the Cuban higher medical education.
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Universidades , Educação Médica , AprendizagemRESUMO
Resumen Los residuos generados en los laboratorios de las instituciones de educación superior (IES) suelen ser considerados peligrosos por sus características fisicoquímicas, al igual de otros materiales que representan una alta carga orgánica si son dispuestos inadecuadamente. El objetivo del presente trabajo, fue tratar agar residual generado en los laboratorios de microbiología del edificio multifuncional de la División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas (DACBiol), mediante compostaje tradicional. Con la finalidad de conocer la viabilidad del proceso de compostaje, se trabajó con dos pilas de composta conformadas de 95.95 kg lodos y 141.5 kg residuos vegetales (un total de 237.45 kg), a una de ellas (pila 1), se le añadió 25 kg de agar caduco. Se monitorearon los parámetros fisicoquímicos y analíticos durante 63 días. Se obtuvo una temperatura máxima de 57.71±5.07 °C, en la pila con agar y en la segunda pila de 50.23±4.30 °C. Los valores de pH inicial fueron de 5.93±0.02 y 7.02±0.01, estabilizándose al final con valores de 8.00±0.07 y 7.95±0.11. La conductividad eléctrica presentó valores finales de 6.87±0.46 dS m-1 y 3.02±0.09 dS m-1. El compostaje es una tecnología opcional para el tratamiento de agar residual ya que los valores de pH y temperatura no se afectaron durante el proceso, solo se presenta un valor elevado de conductividad eléctrica. Además, la DACBiol, por contar con una certificación en calidad ambiental y contar con un programa de manejo de residuos de laboratorios, debe cumplir el objetivo de minimizar la generación de residuos.
Abstract Waste generated in the laboratories of higher education institutions (HEIs) is often considered hazardous due to its physicochemical characteristics, as well as other materials that represent a high organic load if inadequately disposed. The objective of this work, was to treat residual agar generated in the microbiology laboratories of the multifunctional building of the Academic Division of Biological Sciences (DACBiol), through traditional composting. To know the viability of the composting process, was worked with two compost piles made of 95.95 kg sludge and 141.5 kg plant residues (a total of 237.45 kg), to one of them (stack 1), 25 kg of waste agar was added. Physicochemical and analytical parameters were monitored for 63 days. A maximum temperature of 57.71±5.07 °C was obtained, in the agar cell and in the second cell of 50.23±4.30 °C. The initial pH values were 5.93±0.02 and 7.02±0.01, stabilizing at the end with values of 8.00 ± 0.07 and 7.95±0.11. The electrical conductivity presented final values of 6.87±0.46 dS m-1 and 3.02±0.09 dS m-1. Composting is an optional technology for the treatment of residual agar since the values of pH and temperature were not affected during the process, only a increase of electrical conductivity is presented. In addition, DACBiol, for having a certification in environmental quality and have a program of waste management of laboratories, must meet the objective of minimizing the generation of waste.
RESUMO
El programa de la asignatura no propia de la actividad del egresado Psicología I refleja carencia en los niveles de complejidad para contribuir a la formación laboral del Médico General en los servicios básicos del sistema de Salud Pública. Por consiguiente, en el proceso docente educativo ejecutado a través de la misma, incide la inadecuada comprensión de la concepción de las tareas docentes que favorecen la apropiación de conocimientos, habilidades, valores y motivaciones, desde la lógica de atención integral que corresponde al modelo del profesional a egresar en la Educación Superior cubana. Por tal motivo, en el presente artículo de revisión se propone argumentar, con sustento teórico-metodológico en el modelo cubano de formación universitaria desde el trabajo, el enfoque de la formación laboral en atención médica integral desde las tareas docentes de la asignatura Psicología I.
Psychology I program shows a complexity level deficiency to contribute to the success of general doctor's professional formation on public health system´s basic services. Consequently, the inadequate understanding of the educational tasks that allows assimilating knowledge, abilities, values and motivations from an integral attention approach that follows the professional´s formation pattern in Cuban superior education, impacts negatively during this subject´s teaching process. For such a reason this article aims to argue the educational tasks´ approach for integral medical care professional formation through the subject ¨Psychology I¨, following theoretical-methodological considerations based on Cuban pattern of university student formation from working.
Assuntos
Humanos , Psicologia/educação , Educação em Saúde , Desenvolvimento de Pessoal/métodos , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Serviços Básicos de Saúde , Cuidados Médicos/normas , Capacitação Profissional , Medicina de Família e Comunidade/educaçãoRESUMO
Introducción: el reciente perfeccionamiento curricular de la carrera de Medicina en la educación superior cubana demanda estrategias que fortalezcan el vínculo de la enseñanza con la vida, por lo que se ha replanteado la ampliación del escenario de la asistencia sanitaria esencial para la formación de médicos generales familiarizados con los problemas de salud en la atención básica del país y para los compromisos internacionales. Objetivo: proponer un sistema de tareas docentes para la formación laboral en atención médica integral desde la asignatura Psicología I. Métodos: se realizó, desde un enfoque metodológico mixto y empleándose métodos empíricos y de evaluación de información o procesamiento de datos, una investigación proyectiva en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara entre enero y septiembre de 2015; la misma abarcó un primer momento de caracterización de necesidades y un segundo momento de evaluación a través del criterio de expertos del resultado científico pedagógico diseñado. Resultados: permitieron definir la concepción científica del sistema propuesto en respuesta a la estructura formativa del modo de actuación integral del médico general a egresar en la educación superior cubana, así como en lo referido a la organización de las exigencias de aprendizaje en proyectos y basado en problemas y casos. Conclusiones: se estableció que un sistema de tareas docentes para la formación laboral en atención médica integral desde la asignatura Psicología I debe integrar, como elementos estructurales que actualizan los fundamentos teóricos del sistema propuesto, los componentes funcionales de fundamentación, interpretación y aplicación(AU)
Introduction: The recent perfecting of the curricular in the Medicine major in Cuban higher education demands strategies that strengthen the link between teaching and life, a reason why the essential health care scenario has been stated to be broadened for the training of family practitioners familiarized with the health concerns for the country basic health care and for international commitments. Objective: Propose a system of teaching tasks for work training in comprehensive health care from the subject Psychology I. Methods: A projective research was carried out in Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences from January to September 2015, using a mixed methodologic approach as well as empirical and information assessment methods and others for data processing; the research covered a first moment for necessity characterization and a second time for experts' criteria assessment of the designed pedagogical scientific result. Results: These permitted to define the scientific conception about the system proposed in response to the training structure of the comprehensive performance manners of the family practitioner when interring the Cuban higher education, as well as that referred to as the organization of learning demands in projects and that based on problems and cases. Conclusions: A system of teaching tasks for the work training in comprehensive health care from the subject Psychology I was established to be integrated by the fundamental, interpreting and application functional components, as these are the structural elements that update the theoretical fundamentals of the proposed system(AU)
Assuntos
Psicologia/educação , Desenvolvimento de Pessoal , Assistência Integral à Saúde , Pessoal de EducaçãoRESUMO
la artritis afecta hasta un 80% de los adultos mayores, y en Cárdenas, Tabasco, México, no se conocen estudios al respecto, por lo que se desconocen sus características esenciales. Objetivo: identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de la artritis en adultos mayores usuarios de una unidad médica familiar de seguridad social en Cárdenas, Tabasco, México, en el año 2012. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal y descriptivo en un universo de 608 adultos mayores, del que se tomó una muestra probabilística simple de n=205 (p=0,28, Z=1,96, DE=0,05), muestreados sistemáticamente. Se incluyeron personas de edad igual o mayor a 60 años, de cualquier sexo, sin deterioro cognitivo conocido ni amputaciones. Se estudiaron variables epidemiológicas y clínicas. La información se obtuvo de expedientes clínicos y anamnesis, y se analizó con estadística descriptiva usando Epi-Info 3,5,1. Resultados: se estudiaron 205 adultos mayores, 60% femeninos y 40% masculinos, con una edad media 68,5 ± 7,4 años. El 100% presentó artritis. Las articulaciones más frecuentemente afectadas fueron: columna lumbar 64,90%, cadera 47,80%, dedos de los pies 31,20% y cuello 22,90%. Los tipos de artritis más frecuentes fueron: poliarticular 75,10%, no traumática 73,70% y crónica 95,10%. No se identificó una causa en el 95%. El medicamento prescrito más frecuentemente fue naproxeno en un 29,80%. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de artritis en los adultos mayores usuarios de la unidad médica es elevada, en proporción mayor a la referida por otros autores, desconociéndose las causas. Existe duplicidad terapéutica que puede ocasionar efectos adversos y debe corregirse...
The arthritis affects about the 80% of the elderlies and, in Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico, are not studies about this topic; therefore, its essential characteristics are unknown. Objective: to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics of arthritis in elderly users of a social security family medical unit from Cardenas, Tabasco, Mexico in 2012. Materials and methods: cross-sectional and descriptive study in a universe of 608 elderlies from which was taken a simple random sample of n=205 elderlies (p=0.28, Z=1.96, d=0.05) systematically sampled to intervals of k=3. We selected people of age major or equal to 60 years, of any gender, without cognitive impairment known neither amputations. We studied epidemiological and clinical variables. We obtained information from clinical files and anamnesis, and was analyzed with descriptive statistic using Epi-Info 3,5,1. Results: we studied 205 elderlies, 60% females and 40% males, the mean age was 68.5 ± 7.4 years. 100% of them presented arthritis. The most frequent articulations affected were lumbar spine 64.90%, hip 47.80%, toes 31.20% and neck 22.90%. The most frequent arthritis type were chronic 95.10%, polyarticular 75.10% and nontraumatic 73.70%. The cause was not identified in 95%. The most frequent drug prescribed was naproxen in 29.80%. Conclusions: the arthritis prevalence in elderlies from this medical unit is higher than referred by other authors, without known causes. Therapeutic duplicity exists, which can produce adverse effects and must be corrected...
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Artralgia , Artrite , Pessoas com DeficiênciaRESUMO
El reciente perfeccionamiento curricular de la carrera de Medicina, en la educación superior cubana, demanda estrategias ajustadas a la política económica y social actual de la Revolución que fortalezcan el vínculo de la enseñanza con la vida. Por consiguiente, la salud pública ha replanteado la necesidad de ampliar el escenario de la asistencia sanitaria esencial, para formar médicos generales familiarizados con los problemas de salud, que requiere afrontar la atención básica en el país y los compromisos internacionales; replanteamiento que conlleva la necesidad de asegurar los modos de actuación haciendo énfasis en los fundamentos que históricamente han distinguido el cuidado integral a la familia en Cuba. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica al respecto para argumentar, con sustento teórico-metodológico, en el modelo de formación universitaria desde el trabajo, los fundamentos psicológicos inmanentes y particulares para la formación laboral universitaria del médico general en Cuba.
The recent curricular upgrading of medical studies in the Cuban higher education demands some strategies adapted to the current economic and social politics of the Revolution, which may strengthen the linking of teaching and the real life. As a matter of fact, the public health authorities have brought up again the need of extending the scenario of the essential health assistance in order to form general physicians acquainted with the health problems, who must deal with the basic medical care in the country and abroad. This reconsideration implies the need of assuring the performance modes, making emphasis on the principles that have traditionally supported the comprehensive care of the Cuban family. Consequently, a literature review was made to substantiate theoretically and methodologically the immanent and peculiar psychological fundamentals for the university formation of the general physician at work within the Cuban model of university education.