Randomized clinical trial to evaluate two methods of caries risk assessment in schoolchildren: the CARDEC-PEL 04 study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Caries risk assessment is an essential element for managing and preventing dental caries in children. Individual caries risk assessment can be conducted to evaluate the presence or absence of single factors, or using multivariate models, a combination of factors. The subject has been extensively studied, but no previous research has compared whether a more elaborate and individualized method of caries risk benefits the patient than more straightforward strategies. Thus, this protocol evaluates the efficacy of two risk assessment methods for caries control in children, a simplified method based on caries experience evaluation and a multivariate method described in the literature. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-treatment trial protocol. Two groups will be tested for two forms of caries risk assessment: an individualized and detailed multivariate method based on the guidelines of the Caries Care International 4D and another simplified process, based only on caries experience in primary and/or permanent dentition, considering the presence of decayed, missing and filled teeth using the DMFT/dmft index. Participants will be children aged 8 to 11 years, followed up at 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome will be a composite outcome representing the number of tooth surfaces requiring operative intervention (account variable). In addition, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Student's t-test will be performed. A multivariate analysis using negative binomial regression will compare groups in the intention-to-treat population, considering a two-tailed significance level of 5%. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized clinical trial aiming to compare dental caries-related treatment and follow-up based on a detailed, multivariate and individualized assessment of caries risk in school-age children to a simpler risk assessment strategy based on caries experience. This study will define whether there are essential benefits to the patient that justify the choice of one method over the other. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT03969628. Registered on May 31th, 2019.

Agreement between schoolchildren and their parents on rating the child's oral health-related quality of life.

The perceptions of parents/caregivers regarding their children's oral health can influence the standard of care and decision-making regarding oral health. The children's perspective on their own oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may differ from the parents/caregivers' views. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the agreement between the perceptions of parents/caregivers and schoolchildren regarding OHRQoL. It was conducted with a sample of children between 8 and 11 years old and their parents/caregivers from Pelotas. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ), and parents/caregivers answered the short form of the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Socioeconomic data were also collected. Children's dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusions were examined. The Spearman's correlation test was performed. A total of 119 parents/caregivers-children pairs were included. There was an agreement between the total scores of parents/caregivers and children (0.2770; p = 0.003), in the oral symptoms (0.1907; p = 0.038), and functional limitations (0.2233; p=0.015) domains. The Bland-Altman graph showed an agreement between children's and parents/caregivers' OHRQoL total score, but there was an underestimation of approximately two points in the parents/caregivers' perception compared to the children's score. There was an agreement between the reports of parents/caregivers and children regarding children's OHRQoL.

Impact of dental caries severity and activity on oral health-related quality of life among children aged 8-11 years.

Caries disease can lead to strong impact in terms of pain and suffering, to functional impairment, and to negative effects on quality of life. Studies have demonstrated that the impact on quality of life increases with dental caries severity, and few studies have assessed the relationship between caries activity and children's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of dental caries severity and activity on the OHRQoL of schoolchildren. The study was conducted with a sample of children aged 8 to 11 years from Pelotas, southern Brazil. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10, and socioeconomic data were collected. Children's dental caries (Kappa value of 0.95), PUFA, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusion were examined. The Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Poisson regression tests were performed. A total of 119 children were included. Children with initial (mean ratio (MR) of 1.92; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.05-3.48), moderate (MR: 2.66; 95%CI: 1.44-4.90), and severe carious lesions (MR: 2.65; 95%CI: 1.46-4.79) had a greater impact on OHRQoL compared with those without carious lesions (p =0 .047). Children with active carious lesions exhibited a greater impact on OHRQoL (MR:1.53 and 95%CI: 1.11-2.11) when compared to those without active lesions (p = 0.019). The findings demonstrate an association between dental caries severity and activity and the OHRQoL of school-aged children.

Changes in young children's oral health-related behaviours and caregiver knowledge: A cluster randomized controlled trial in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to improve young children's oral health-related behaviours and caregiver knowledge. METHODS: This paper reports on findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial, 12 months after of baseline, conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Two Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) and 170 caregiver-child dyads were assigned to an intervention group, and two PHCs and 174 dyads were assigned to a control group. Children's oral hygiene behaviours, sugar consumption and use of dental services were the outcomes analysed as well as changes in caregiver knowledge. The impact of the intervention was assessed using multilevel mixed-effects model regressions and the change rate ratios (IRR) were expressed. RESULTS: There were positive and significant changes in favour of the intervention group in children's oral hygiene behaviours, use of dental services, and caregivers' knowledge of oral health. For example, children in the intervention group were more likely to have brushed with fluoride toothpaste at least two times a day (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06-1.92), to have brushed their teeth before bedtime (IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02-1.84), and to have used dental services for preventive care (IRR 2.54, 95% CI 2.02-3.19) than children in the control group. CONCLUSION: This intervention had positive effects on children's oral health-related behaviours and caregivers' oral health knowledge.

Educational interventions in health services and oral health: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of educational interventions performed in health services in the improvement of clinical behaviors and outcomes in oral health. METHODS We have carried out a systematic review of the literature searching the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases. We have included studies that have investigated interventions performed by health professionals working in health services and who have used educational actions as main approach to improve behavioral and clinical outcomes in oral health. RESULTS The search amounted to 832 articles and 14 of them met all the inclusion criteria. Five studies have only exclusively evaluated the effectiveness of interventions on caries reduction, three have exceptionally evaluated oral health behaviors, and the other articles have evaluated the effectiveness of interventions for both clinical outcomes (dental caries and periodontal conditions) and behaviors in oral health. Most of the studies (n = 9) were based on randomized controlled trials; the other ones have evaluated before and after the intervention. Five studies have reported a significant reduction of dental caries, and five of the six studies evaluating behavioral outcomes have found some positive change. CONCLUSIONS Most studies evaluating behavioral and periodontal outcomes have shown significant improvements in favor of interventions. All studies evaluating caries have shown a reduction in new lesions or cases of the disease in the groups receiving the interventions, although only five of the eleven articles have found a statistically significant difference. Educational interventions carried out by health professionals in the context of their practice have the potential to promote oral health in the population.

[Inequalities in Brazilian families' income commitment to out-of-pocket spending on dental care]. / Desigualdades no comprometimento da renda domiciliar dos brasileiros com gastos privados em assistência odontológica.

The study aimed to investigate inequalities in the commitment of family income to private expenditures on dental care in Brazil. Data were analyzed from 55,970 Brazilian households that participated in the nationwide Family Budgets Survey in 2008-2009. The commitment of family income to private spending on dental care was calculated by dividing the mean annual per capita household spending on dental care by the mean annual per capita income, classified in four categories: > 0%, ≥ 5%, ≥ 10%, and ≥ 20%. Analysis of income commitment only included households with positive spending. Only 2,961 households (7%) reported positive spending on dental care. Mean annual per capita spending was BRL 42.19 (USD 12.78) overall and BRL 602.47 (USD 182.57) among those with positive spending. Households with the highest absolute expenditures on dental care were those from urban areas and the wealthiest quintile. Meanwhile, households with the highest proportional income commitment were from rural areas and the poorest quintile. Among those that reported positive spending, 55% of the households in the poorest quintile committed ≥ 20% of their income to dental care. The proportion was only 6% in the wealthiest quintile of the population. The poorest households in the wealthiest regions of Brazil (Central, South, and Southeast) showed the highest income commitments. There were striking socioeconomic inequalities in spending and income commitment to dental care. The evaluation of these inequalities is relevant for the evaluation and orientation of public health policies.

O objetivo foi investigar as desigualdades no comprometimento da renda domiciliar com gastos privados em assistência odontológica no Brasil. Foram analisados dados de 55.970 domicílios brasileiros que participaram da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, de abrangência nacional, no período de 2008-2009. O comprometimento dos gastos privados com assistência odontológica na renda familiar foi calculado pela divisão do gasto médio domiciliar per capita anual pela renda familiar per capita anual e estimado segundo quatro categorias: > 0%, ≥ 5%, ≥ 10% e ≥ 20%. A análise do comprometimento na renda foi realizada apenas para os domicílios com gasto positivo. Apenas 2.961 (7%) dos domicílios reportaram gastos positivos com assistência em odontologia. No geral, o gasto médio per capita anual foi de R$ 42,19 e, de R$ 602,47 entre aqueles com gasto positivo. Os domicílios que possuem os maiores gastos absolutos com assistência odontológica são aquelas pertencentes à área urbana e ao quinto mais rico. Em contrapartida, os domicílios com maior comprometimento na renda pertencem à área rural e ao quinto mais pobre. Entre os que informaram gasto positivo, 55% dos domicílios do quinto mais pobre comprometeram ≥ 20% de sua renda com assistência odontológica. O percentual é de apenas 6% no grupo mais rico da população. Os domicílios mais pobres das regiões mais ricas (Centro-oeste, Sul e Sudeste) apresentaram os maiores comprometimentos de renda. As desigualdades socioeconômicas nos gastos e no comprometimento de renda com assistência odontológica são evidentes. A avaliação dessas desigualdades torna-se relevante para avaliação e orientação de políticas públicas em saúde.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar las desigualdades en el desembolso de renta domiciliaria con gastos privados en asistencia odontológica en Brasil. Se analizaron datos de 55.970 domicilios brasileños que participaron en la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, de alcance nacional, durante el período de 2008-2009. El desembolso económico privado en asistencia odontológica, respecto a la renta familiar, se calculó mediante la división del gasto medio domiciliario per cápita anual por la renta familiar per cápita anual y estimado según cuatro categorías: > 0%, ≥ 5%, ≥ 10% y ≥ 20%. El análisis del desembolso económico se realizó sólo para los domicilios con gasto positivo. Sólo 2.961 (7%) de los domicilios informaron de gastos positivos con asistencia en odontología. En general, el gasto medio per cápita anual fue BRL 42,19 y, BRL 602,47 entre quienes contaban con un gasto positivo. Los domicilios que cuentan con los mayores gastos absolutos respecto a la asistencia odontológica son los pertenecientes al área urbana y a la quinta parte más rica. En contrapartida, los domicilios con mayor desembolso de renta pertenecen al área rural y a la quinta parte más pobre. Entre los que informaron de gasto positivo, un 55% de los domicilios de la quinta parte más pobre desembolsaron un ≥ 20% de su renta en asistencia odontológica. El porcentaje es de apenas un 6% en el grupo más rico de la población. Los domicilios más pobres de las regiones más ricas (Centro-oeste, Sur y Sudeste) presentaron los mayores desembolsos de renta. Las desigualdades socioeconómicas en los gastos y en el desembolso de renta con la asistencia odontológica son evidentes. La evaluación de estas desigualdades es relevante para la evaluación y orientación de las políticas públicas en salud.

Impact of dental caries severity and activity on oral health-related quality of life among children aged 8-11 years

Abstract Caries disease can lead to strong impact in terms of pain and suffering, to functional impairment, and to negative effects on quality of life. Studies have demonstrated that the impact on quality of life increases with dental caries severity, and few studies have assessed the relationship between caries activity and children's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the impact of dental caries severity and activity on the OHRQoL of schoolchildren. The study was conducted with a sample of children aged 8 to 11 years from Pelotas, southern Brazil. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10, and socioeconomic data were collected. Children's dental caries (Kappa value of 0.95), PUFA, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusion were examined. The Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Poisson regression tests were performed. A total of 119 children were included. Children with initial (mean ratio (MR) of 1.92; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 1.05-3.48), moderate (MR: 2.66; 95%CI: 1.44-4.90), and severe carious lesions (MR: 2.65; 95%CI: 1.46-4.79) had a greater impact on OHRQoL compared with those without carious lesions (p =0 .047). Children with active carious lesions exhibited a greater impact on OHRQoL (MR:1.53 and 95%CI: 1.11-2.11) when compared to those without active lesions (p = 0.019). The findings demonstrate an association between dental caries severity and activity and the OHRQoL of school-aged children.

Agreement between schoolchildren and their parents on rating the child's oral health-related quality of life

Abstract The perceptions of parents/caregivers regarding their children's oral health can influence the standard of care and decision-making regarding oral health. The children's perspective on their own oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) may differ from the parents/caregivers' views. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the agreement between the perceptions of parents/caregivers and schoolchildren regarding OHRQoL. It was conducted with a sample of children between 8 and 11 years old and their parents/caregivers from Pelotas. Children answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 (CPQ), and parents/caregivers answered the short form of the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ). Socioeconomic data were also collected. Children's dental caries, traumatic dental injuries, and malocclusions were examined. The Spearman's correlation test was performed. A total of 119 parents/caregivers-children pairs were included. There was an agreement between the total scores of parents/caregivers and children (0.2770; p = 0.003), in the oral symptoms (0.1907; p = 0.038), and functional limitations (0.2233; p=0.015) domains. The Bland-Altman graph showed an agreement between children's and parents/caregivers' OHRQoL total score, but there was an underestimation of approximately two points in the parents/caregivers' perception compared to the children's score. There was an agreement between the reports of parents/caregivers and children regarding children's OHRQoL.

Relação da condição de cárie da criança com experiência de cárie da mãe / Relationship between the child's caries status and the mother's caries experience

Objetivo: verificar a relação da condição de cárie da criança com a experiência autopercebida de cárie da mãe através de um estudo observacional transversal. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas com crianças entre 8 e 11 anos e suas mães. A amostra contou com 105 pares mãe-filho. Os responsáveis responderam um questionário relacionado à situação socioeconômica e demográfica, a mãe respondeu sobre sua saúde bucal: experiência de cárie (restauração ou dente cariado e perda dentária por cárie). Nas crianças os desfechos foram avaliados através de exame clínico com a soma de dentes decíduos e permanentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (ceod/CPOD) e para severidade de cárie foi utilizado Significant Caries Index (SiC), ceod/CPOD≥3. Para testar a associação entre as variáveis relacionadas à mãe e o desfecho severidade de cárie foi realizado o teste Qui-quadrado, para média de cárie na criança (ceod/CPOD) foi utilizado o Teste Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Com relação à severidade de cárie não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante. A média do ceod/CPOD foi quase três vezes maior nas crianças cujas mães relataram que haviam tido ou estavam com algum dente cariado ou restaurado em função da cárie em comparação àquelas que não relataram esta experiência. As mães mais jovens apresentaram filhos com maior média de cárie do que as mães mais velhas. Conclusão: Entre as crianças atendidas neste serviço existe uma relação de uma maior média de cárie nas crianças com cujas mães tem ou tiveram experiência de cárie e mais jovens.(AU)

Objective: to verify the relationship between the child's caries condition and the mother's self-perceived caries experience through a cross-sectional observational study. Methods: The study was carried out at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Pelotas with children between 8 and 11 years old and their mothers. The sample had 105 mother-child pairs. The guardians answered a questionnaire related to the socioeconomic and demographic situation, the mother answered about her oral health: caries experience (restoration or decayed tooth and tooth loss due to caries). In children, the outcomes were evaluated through clinical examination with the sum of decayed, missing and filled deciduous and permanent teeth (DMFT/DMFT) and for caries severity we used the Significant Caries Index (SiC), DMFT/DMFT≥3. To test the association between the variables related to the mother and the outcome of caries severity, the Chi-square test was performed, for mean caries in children (dmft/DMFT) the Mann-Whitney Test was used. Results: Regarding caries severity, no statistically significant association was found. The mean dmft/DMFT was almost three times higher in children whose mothers reported that they had had or had a decayed or restored tooth due to caries compared to those who did not report this experience. Younger mothers had children with a higher average of caries than older mothers. Conclusion: Among the children assisted in this service, there is a relation of a higher average of caries in children whose mothers have or had caries experience and younger.(AU)

Educational interventions in health services and oral health: systematic review / Intervenções educativas em serviços de saúde e saúde bucal: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of educational interventions performed in health services in the improvement of clinical behaviors and outcomes in oral health. METHODS We have carried out a systematic review of the literature searching the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases. We have included studies that have investigated interventions performed by health professionals working in health services and who have used educational actions as main approach to improve behavioral and clinical outcomes in oral health. RESULTS The search amounted to 832 articles and 14 of them met all the inclusion criteria. Five studies have only exclusively evaluated the effectiveness of interventions on caries reduction, three have exceptionally evaluated oral health behaviors, and the other articles have evaluated the effectiveness of interventions for both clinical outcomes (dental caries and periodontal conditions) and behaviors in oral health. Most of the studies (n = 9) were based on randomized controlled trials; the other ones have evaluated before and after the intervention. Five studies have reported a significant reduction of dental caries, and five of the six studies evaluating behavioral outcomes have found some positive change. CONCLUSIONS Most studies evaluating behavioral and periodontal outcomes have shown significant improvements in favor of interventions. All studies evaluating caries have shown a reduction in new lesions or cases of the disease in the groups receiving the interventions, although only five of the eleven articles have found a statistically significant difference. Educational interventions carried out by health professionals in the context of their practice have the potential to promote oral health in the population.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a efetividade de intervenções educativas realizadas em serviços de saúde na melhoria de comportamentos e desfechos clínicos em saúde bucal. MÉTODOS Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura com busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e SciELO. Foram incluídos estudos que investigaram intervenções realizadas por profissionais de saúde atuantes em serviços de saúde e que utilizaram como principal abordagem ações de educação com a finalidade de melhorar desfechos comportamentais e clínicos em saúde bucal. RESULTADOS A busca totalizou 832 artigos e 14 preencheram todos os critérios de inclusão. Cinco estudos verificaram exclusivamente a efetividade das intervenções na redução de cárie, três avaliaram excepcionalmente comportamentos em saúde bucal, os demais artigos julgaram a efetividade das intervenções tanto para desfechos clínicos (cárie dentária e condições periodontais) quanto para comportamentos em saúde bucal. A maioria dos estudos (n = 9) foi baseada em ensaios randomizados e controlados, os demais avaliaram o antes e depois da intervenção. Cinco estudos reportaram redução significativa de cárie dentária, e cinco dos seis estudos que avaliaram desfechos comportamentais encontraram alguma mudança positiva. CONCLUSÕES A maioria dos estudos que avaliaram desfechos comportamentais e periodontais mostrou melhorias significativas a favor das intervenções. Todos os estudos que avaliaram cárie mostraram a diminuição de novas lesões ou casos da doença nos grupos que receberam as intervenções, embora apenas cinco dos 11 artigos tenham encontrado uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. As intervenções educativas realizadas por profissionais de saúde no contexto de sua prática apresentam potencial em promover a saúde bucal da população.

Desigualdades no comprometimento da renda domiciliar dos brasileiros com gastos privados em assistência odontológica / Inequalities in Brazilian families' income commitment to out-of-pocket spending on dental care / Desigualdades respecto a la renta domiciliaria en el desembolso de los brasileños con gastos privados de asistencia odontológica

O objetivo foi investigar as desigualdades no comprometimento da renda domiciliar com gastos privados em assistência odontológica no Brasil. Foram analisados dados de 55.970 domicílios brasileiros que participaram da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares, de abrangência nacional, no período de 2008-2009. O comprometimento dos gastos privados com assistência odontológica na renda familiar foi calculado pela divisão do gasto médio domiciliar per capita anual pela renda familiar per capita anual e estimado segundo quatro categorias: > 0%, ≥ 5%, ≥ 10% e ≥ 20%. A análise do comprometimento na renda foi realizada apenas para os domicílios com gasto positivo. Apenas 2.961 (7%) dos domicílios reportaram gastos positivos com assistência em odontologia. No geral, o gasto médio per capita anual foi de R$ 42,19 e, de R$ 602,47 entre aqueles com gasto positivo. Os domicílios que possuem os maiores gastos absolutos com assistência odontológica são aquelas pertencentes à área urbana e ao quinto mais rico. Em contrapartida, os domicílios com maior comprometimento na renda pertencem à área rural e ao quinto mais pobre. Entre os que informaram gasto positivo, 55% dos domicílios do quinto mais pobre comprometeram ≥ 20% de sua renda com assistência odontológica. O percentual é de apenas 6% no grupo mais rico da população. Os domicílios mais pobres das regiões mais ricas (Centro-oeste, Sul e Sudeste) apresentaram os maiores comprometimentos de renda. As desigualdades socioeconômicas nos gastos e no comprometimento de renda com assistência odontológica são evidentes. A avaliação dessas desigualdades torna-se relevante para avaliação e orientação de políticas públicas em saúde.

The study aimed to investigate inequalities in the commitment of family income to private expenditures on dental care in Brazil. Data were analyzed from 55,970 Brazilian households that participated in the nationwide Family Budgets Survey in 2008-2009. The commitment of family income to private spending on dental care was calculated by dividing the mean annual per capita household spending on dental care by the mean annual per capita income, classified in four categories: > 0%, ≥ 5%, ≥ 10%, and ≥ 20%. Analysis of income commitment only included households with positive spending. Only 2,961 households (7%) reported positive spending on dental care. Mean annual per capita spending was BRL 42.19 (USD 12.78) overall and BRL 602.47 (USD 182.57) among those with positive spending. Households with the highest absolute expenditures on dental care were those from urban areas and the wealthiest quintile. Meanwhile, households with the highest proportional income commitment were from rural areas and the poorest quintile. Among those that reported positive spending, 55% of the households in the poorest quintile committed ≥ 20% of their income to dental care. The proportion was only 6% in the wealthiest quintile of the population. The poorest households in the wealthiest regions of Brazil (Central, South, and Southeast) showed the highest income commitments. There were striking socioeconomic inequalities in spending and income commitment to dental care. The evaluation of these inequalities is relevant for the evaluation and orientation of public health policies.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar las desigualdades en el desembolso de renta domiciliaria con gastos privados en asistencia odontológica en Brasil. Se analizaron datos de 55.970 domicilios brasileños que participaron en la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, de alcance nacional, durante el período de 2008-2009. El desembolso económico privado en asistencia odontológica, respecto a la renta familiar, se calculó mediante la división del gasto medio domiciliario per cápita anual por la renta familiar per cápita anual y estimado según cuatro categorías: > 0%, ≥ 5%, ≥ 10% y ≥ 20%. El análisis del desembolso económico se realizó sólo para los domicilios con gasto positivo. Sólo 2.961 (7%) de los domicilios informaron de gastos positivos con asistencia en odontología. En general, el gasto medio per cápita anual fue BRL 42,19 y, BRL 602,47 entre quienes contaban con un gasto positivo. Los domicilios que cuentan con los mayores gastos absolutos respecto a la asistencia odontológica son los pertenecientes al área urbana y a la quinta parte más rica. En contrapartida, los domicilios con mayor desembolso de renta pertenecen al área rural y a la quinta parte más pobre. Entre los que informaron de gasto positivo, un 55% de los domicilios de la quinta parte más pobre desembolsaron un ≥ 20% de su renta en asistencia odontológica. El porcentaje es de apenas un 6% en el grupo más rico de la población. Los domicilios más pobres de las regiones más ricas (Centro-oeste, Sur y Sudeste) presentaron los mayores desembolsos de renta. Las desigualdades socioeconómicas en los gastos y en el desembolso de renta con la asistencia odontológica son evidentes. La evaluación de estas desigualdades es relevante para la evaluación y orientación de las políticas públicas en salud.

Efetividade de mantedores de espaço em odontopediatria: revisão sistemática / Effectiveness of space maintainers in pediatric dentistry: a systematic review

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar por meio de revisão sistemática a efetividade dos dispositivos na manutenção do espaço para dentes permanentes quando da perda precoce do dente decíduo. Materiais e método: realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica de estudos publicados até março de 2014, principalmente nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO. Os critérios para seleção foram: estudos em ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) e ensaios clínicos controlados (ECC), com crianças de seis a doze anos com dentição decídua ou mista, com perda precoce de dentes decíduos na região anterior e/ou posterior. Foram considerados todos os tipos de mantedores de espaço tanto removíveis quanto fixos. Os desfechos considerados foram avaliação clínica, radiográfica e/ou análise de modelos. A análise dos textos e a coleta de dados foram realizadas por dois revisores de forma independente. Resultados: a busca resultou em um total de 438 artigos, após a remoção das duplicatas, e apenas um contemplou todos os critérios de inclusão. O artigo que preencheu os critérios comparou dois diâmetros de fio ortodôntico utilizados para a confecção do aparelho mantedor de espaço, arco lingual, referindo que o mais efetivo foi confeccionado com fio de menor calibre (0,9 mm) quandocomparado ao de maior calibre (1,25 mm). Essa diferença ocorreu devido às falhas que ocorrem com maior frequência no dispositivo de maior calibre. Considerações finais: evidenciou-se, por meio deste estudo, que devido à carência de ensaios clínicos, não é possível definir o mantedor de espaço mais efetivo, o que torna necessário o desenvolvimento de novos estudos com delineamentos adequados para responder essa questãode forma precisa.

Prevalência de fluorose dentária em adolescentes de escolas municipais da área urbana do município de Pelotas/RS, 2010 / Prevalence of dental fluorosis among adolescents of public schools in the urban area of Pelotas/RS, 2010

Objetivo: Conhecer prevalência e severidade da fluorose dentária em adolescentes de 12 anos de idade de escolas municipais de Pelotas/RS em 2010. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo transversal descritivo, utilizando-se recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, por seis examinadoras treinadas. Selecionou-se amostra aleatória sistemática de alunos das 39 escolas municipais da área urbana. O dente parâmetro para classificação da fluorose foi registrado e, de forma exploratória, foram identificadas exposições a produtos com flúor: tipo de água e quantidade de dentifrício. Resultados: Foram examinados adolescentes de 32 (86,5 por cento) das 37 escolas que tiveram alunos sorteados, perfazendo o número de 228 (91,2 por cento do total). Não foram observados casos de fluorose moderada ou severa e apenas 2 casos de fluorose leve. As condições que mais prevaleceram foram fluorose questionável (68,4 por cento) e muito leve (21 por cento); sendo os pré-molares superiores os mais afetados, com 122 observações (59,2 por cento). O tipo de água relatada pelos escolares como mais consumida foi a de abastecimento público (75,5 por cento); e a quantidade de dentifrício mais utilizada foi a estimada em 0,75 g ou mais (86 por cento). Não se observou associação estatística entre presença de fluorose dentária e uso de dentifrício em quantidade acima do recomendado. Conclusão: Verificou-se alta prevalência e baixa severidade de fluorose dentária; situação esperada onde teores de flúor na água de abastecimento público estão dentro dos recomendados, como é o caso de Pelotas. A maior parte dos escolares relatou usar quantidade de dentifrício acima do indicado. Sua contribuição na prevalência de fluorose dentária deve ser investigada por meio de outros delineamentos.

Objective: To know the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in 12 years old adolescents of schools of Pelotas/RS in 2010. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study, using for six trained examiners the recommendations of the World Health Organization. We selected an aleatory systematic sample of students from 39 municipal schools in the urban area. The tooth parameter for classification of fluorosis was recorded, and the basis, we identified products with exposure to fluoride water type and amount of dentifrice. Results: We examined 32 adolescents (86.5 percent) of 37 schools were randomly selected students, bringing the number of 228 (91.2 percent of total). There were no cases of moderate or severe fluorosis and only 2 cases of mild fluorosis. The conditions that more it prevailed were questionable fluorosis (68.4 percent) and very mild (21 percent) being the upper premolars the most affected, with 122 observations (59.2 percent). The type of water reported by the scholars as the more consumed was a public supply (75.5 percent); and the amount of used toothpaste was 0,75g or more (86 percent). There was no significant statistical association between the presence of dental fluorosis and dentifrice in use above the recommended amount. Conclusion: We observed high prevalence and low severity of dental fluorosis; expected situation where levels of fluoride in public water supplies are the recommended, as is the case of Pelotas. Most of the students reported using amount of dentifrice indicated above. His contribution in the prevalence of dental fluorosis should be investigated by means of others designs studies.