Short term changes in the proteome of human cerebral organoids induced by 5-MeO-DMT.

Dimethyltryptamines are entheogenic serotonin-like molecules present in traditional Amerindian medicine recently associated with cognitive gains, antidepressant effects, and changes in brain areas related to attention. Legal restrictions and the lack of adequate experimental models have limited the understanding of how such substances impact human brain metabolism. Here we used shotgun mass spectrometry to explore proteomic differences induced by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) on human cerebral organoids. Out of the 6,728 identified proteins, 934 were found differentially expressed in 5-MeO-DMT-treated cerebral organoids. In silico analysis reinforced previously reported anti-inflammatory actions of 5-MeO-DMT and revealed modulatory effects on proteins associated with long-term potentiation, the formation of dendritic spines, including those involved in cellular protrusion formation, microtubule dynamics, and cytoskeletal reorganization. Our data offer the first insight about molecular alterations caused by 5-MeO-DMT in human cerebral organoids.

Harmine stimulates proliferation of human neural progenitors.

Harmine is the ß-carboline alkaloid with the highest concentration in the psychotropic plant decoction Ayahuasca. In rodents, classical antidepressants reverse the symptoms of depression by stimulating neuronal proliferation. It has been shown that Ayahuasca presents antidepressant effects in patients with depressive disorder. In the present study, we investigated the effects of harmine in cell cultures containing human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs, 97% nestin-positive) derived from pluripotent stem cells. After 4 days of treatment, the pool of proliferating hNPCs increased by 71.5%. Harmine has been reported as a potent inhibitor of the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK1A), which regulates cell proliferation and brain development. We tested the effect of analogs of harmine, an inhibitor of DYRK1A (INDY), and an irreversible selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) but not DYRK1A (pargyline). INDY but not pargyline induced proliferation of hNPCs similarly to harmine, suggesting that inhibition of DYRK1A is a possible mechanism to explain harmine effects upon the proliferation of hNPCs. Our findings show that harmine enhances proliferation of hNPCs and suggest that inhibition of DYRK1A may explain its effects upon proliferation in vitro and antidepressant effects in vivo.

Evaluation of gamma interferon immune response elicited by the newly constructed PstS-1(285-374):CFP10 fusion protein to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

The PstS1 antigen is highly immunogenic, principally when combined with CFP10 during both latent and active TB infection. In the present study, a selected pstS1 gene fragment was cloned, fused with CFP10, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The product [PstS-1(285-374):CFP10] was compared to the recombinant fused RD1 (region of deletion 1) protein (ESAT-6:CFP10) in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in 108 recent contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases, considering a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) to be the baseline. The release of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in 22-h whole-blood and 5-day lymphocyte stimulation assays primed with each antigen was determined. All contacts were clinically followed for up to 1 year, and 87% of the tuberculin skin test-positive (TST(positive)) patients accepted preventative treatment. Concerning the IFN-γ response to PstS-1(285-374):CFP10 in the 22-h and 5-day assays, a slight increase in contact-TST(positive) detection was observed (23/54 and 26/54) compared to the level seen with the RD1 protein (18/54 and 24/54) whereas in the TST(negative) group, similarly lower numbers (≤5/48) of responders were achieved for both antigens, except for RD1 in the 5-day assay (8/48). By combining the IFN-γ responders to both antigens in the 5-day assays, slightly higher increases in positivity were found in the TST(positive) (32/54) and TST(negative) (10/48) groups. Two of 12 untreated TST(positive) contacts progressed to active TB and were concordantly positive in all assays, except for one contact who lacked positivity in the RD1 5-day assay. We demonstrated for the first time that PstS-1(285-374):CFP10 slightly increased contact positivity and detection of active disease progression, suggesting its potential application as a TB infection marker.

CK2 phosphorylation of Schistosoma mansoni HMGB1 protein regulates its cellular traffic and secretion but not its DNA transactions.

BACKGROUND: The helminth Schistosoma mansoni parasite resides in mesenteric veins where fecundated female worms lay hundred of eggs daily. Some of the egg antigens are trapped in the liver and induce a vigorous granulomatous response. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear factor, can also be secreted and act as a cytokine. Schistosome HMGB1 (SmHMGB1) is secreted by the eggs and stimulate the production of key cytokines involved in the pathology of schistosomiasis. Thus, understanding the mechanism of SmHMGB1 release becomes mandatory. Here, we addressed the question of how the nuclear SmHMGB1 can reach the extracellular space. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We showed in vitro and in vivo that CK2 phosphorylation was involved in the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SmHMGB1. By site-directed mutagenesis we mapped the two serine residues of SmHMGB1 that were phosphorylated by CK2. By DNA bending and supercoiling assays we showed that CK2 phosphorylation of SmHMGB1 had no effect in the DNA binding activities of the protein. We showed by electron microscopy, as well as by cell transfection and fluorescence microscopy that SmHMGB1 was present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of adult schistosomes and mammalian cells. In addition, we showed that treatments of the cells with either a phosphatase or a CK2 inhibitor were able to enhance or block, respectively, the cellular traffic of SmHMGB1. Importantly, we showed by confocal microscopy and biochemically that SmHMGB1 is significantly secreted by S. mansoni eggs of infected animals and that SmHMGB1 that were localized in the periovular schistosomotic granuloma were phosphorylated. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that secretion of SmHMGB1 is regulated by phosphorylation. Moreover, our results suggest that egg-secreted SmHMGB1 may represent a new egg antigen. Therefore, the identification of drugs that specifically target phosphorylation of SmHMGB1 might block its secretion and interfere with the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.

Assessment of the IgA immunoassay diagnostic potential of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MT10.3-MPT64 fusion protein in tuberculous pleural fluid.

Pleural tuberculosis (PL-TB) remains difficult to diagnose. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on a construction containing the fusion of the Rv3019c (MT10.3) and Rv1980c (MPT64) gene sequences, and its performance was evaluated in an area where TB is endemic. A total of 92 pleural fluid (PF) samples at serial dilutions of 1:50 to 1:800 were included in the ELISA IgA MT10.3-MPT64 evaluation: 70 from TB patients and 22 from patients with other pleurisies. Confirmation of the expression and subsequent purification of the protein was made by SDS-PAGE and Western blot assays, resulting in a 36-kDa protein. ELISA IgA MT10.3-MPT64 showed sensitivities of 61.4%, 58.6%, 62.9%, 67.1%, and 70% at each PF dilution, respectively. The cumulative results of all dilutions increased sensitivity to 81.4% without jeopardizing specificity. Similar results were also obtained at the combined dilutions of 1:50, 1:200, and 1:800 or 1:50 plus 1:800 dilutions (80%). The overall sensitivity of the reference test, i.e., histopathological examination, was 74%. But, via the ELISA IgA MT10.3-MPT64 test, sensitivity was high for specimens with a negative culture (23/27; 85.2%) or nonspecific histopathology (17/18; 94.4%). Our findings demonstrated the promising use of this test as an adjunct in PL-TB diagnoses, particularly in cases with lower bacterial loads and false-negative results in the reference tests, since the new test includes such important features as quick and easy application, high sensitivity and, perhaps most importantly, affordability, which is so crucial for its widespread use in developing countries.

Analysis of pluripotent stem cells by using cryosections of embryoid bodies.

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage early mammalian embryos. A crucial stage in the differentiation of ES cells is the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregates. EB formation is based on spontaneous aggregation when ES cells are cultured in non adherent plates. Three-dimensional EB recapitulates many aspects of early mammalian embryogenesis and differentiate into the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization are widely used techniques for the detection of target proteins and mRNA present in cells of a tissue section. Here we present a simple technique to generate high quality cryosections of embryoid bodies. This approach relies on the spatial orientation of EB embedding in OCT followed by the cryosection technique. The resulting sections can be subjected to a wide variety of analytical procedures in order to characterize populations of cells containing certain proteins, RNA or DNA. In this sense, the preparation of EB cryosections (10 µm) are essential tools for histology staining analysis (e.g. Hematoxilin and Eosin, DAPI), immunofluorescence (e.g. Oct4, nestin) or in situ hybridization. This technique can also help to understand aspects of embryogenesis with regards to the maintenance of the tri-dimensional spherical structure of EBs.