Assessment of foot impairment in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess foot function in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) and its association with sociodemographic and clinical factors. To evaluate mobility, foot alterations, foot pain, and foot care in these patients. METHODS: Consecutive SSc patients underwent structured interviews and physical examinations. Disability was assessed using Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire. (SHAQ). Foot function was measured using Foot Function Index (FFI), foot pain using a numeric pain scale (NPS), and mobility using Timed-UP-Go test (TUG). RESULTS: 101 patients were included. Forefoot pain was observed in 50.5%, hindfoot pain in 31.7%, foot ulcers in 6.9%, foot plantar callosities in 38.6%, foot arthritis in 2.97%, hallux valgus in 9.9%, claw toes in 5%, and valgus ankle in 3% of patients. The mean FFI was 3.54 (±2.6), NPS was 6.08 (±3.58), and TUG test was 10.52 (±6.5) seconds. Higher FFI scores, increased NPS, and prolonged TUG were associated with Raynaud's phenomenon severity, SHAQ, and HAQ. 36.6% of patients reported never having their feet examined, and only 32.7% had their feet examined within the past year. CONCLUSION: Foot dysfunction and pain are common in SSc. Higher FFI scores, increased pain, and prolonged TUG duration were linked to disability (HAQ and SHAQ). These analyses should be considered exploratory and require confirmation in external cohorts. Routine foot examinations were lacking in clinical practice. Improved attention for evaluating and caring for the feet in SSc patients is needed.

The effect of foot orthoses on balance, foot function, and mobility in rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare balance, foot function and mobility in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with and without foot orthoses. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient rheumatology clinic. SUBJECTS: A total of 94 subjects with rheumatoid arthritis were randomized; of these, 81 were included in the analyses (Intervention group: 40; Control group: 41). INTERVENTION: The Intervention Group received custom-made foot orthoses while the Control Group received none intervention. MAIN MEASURE: The "Foot Function Index," the "Berg Balance Scale," and the "Timed-up-and-go Test" were assessed at baseline an after four weeks. The chosen level of significance was P < 0.05. RESULTS: Average (standard deviation) participant age was 56.7 (±10.6) years old and average disease duration (standard deviation) was 11.4 (± 7.2) years. Groups were similar at baseline, except for comorbidity index and race. After four weeks, significant interaction group versus time was observed for Foot Function Index (change: Intervention group: -1.23 ± 1.58; Control group: -0.12 ± 1.16 - P = 0.0012) and for Berg Balance Scale (change: Intervention group: 2 ± 3; Control group: 0 ± 3 - P = 0.0110), but not for the Timed-up-and-go Test (change: Intervention group: -1.34 ± 1.99; Control group: -0.84 ± 2.29 - P = 0.0799). CONCLUSION: Foot orthoses improved foot function and balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Effects of kinesiotherapy, ultrasound and electrotherapy in management of bilateral knee osteoarthritis: prospective clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Although recent advances in knee osteoarthritis (OA) treatment and evaluation were achieved, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have evaluated the longitudinal effect of therapeutic modalities on the functional exercise capacity of patients with knee OA. The purpose was to investigate the effects of kinesiotherapy and electrotherapy on functional exercise capacity, evaluated using the six-minute walk test (6-MWT) in patients with bilateral knee OA. Secondary measurements included range of motion (ROM), severity of knee pain (VAS), and a measure of perceived health and physical function, evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index. METHODS: A total of 40 women with bilateral knee OA were assigned to three groups: kinesiotherapy (KIN, n = 16), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS, n = 12), or ultrasound (US, n = 10). The groups underwent 12 weeks of intervention twice per week. The participants were subjected to the 6-MWT, ROM, VAS and WOMAC index. These tests were performed before and after the intervention. The study was focused on outpatients and was carried out at Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil. RESULTS: At follow-up, the KIN and US groups had significantly higher 6-MWT distances (19.8 ± 21.7 and 14.1 ± 22.5%, respectively) compared with their respective pre-intervention values. All treatments were effective for reducing pain and improving the WOMAC index. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that the 6-MWT is a tool that can be used to evaluate improvements in the functional exercise capacity of patients submitted to a clinical intervention.

The Structural Index Score and its relation to foot function, disability and physical performance tests in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Structural Index Score (SIS) - a clinical foot deformity assessment index developed for RA, and to compare its results with foot function, disability and physical performance tests. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 104 patients with foot pain were evaluated according to SIS score, subscales (Forefoot SIS and Rearfoot SIS) and items. Results were compared with the Foot Function Index (FFI), the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (using lower limbs items: LL-HAQ), and physical performance tests: Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and the 5-Time Sit down-to-Stand up Test (SST5). RESULTS: There was a weak correlation of SIS score with FFI and LL-HAQ. Rearfoot SIS was correlated with FFI, LL-HAQ and worse performance in BBS, TUG and SST5. Regarding Rearfoot SIS items, the ankle ROM was correlated to all studied outcomes, the calcaneus varus/valgus was correlated with FFI (total, pain and disability subscales) and the planus/cavus deformity with FFI-pain, HAQ-DI and LL-HAQ. Forefoot SIS did not correlate with any outcome measures. In relation to Forefoot SIS items, hallux valgus was associated with foot function (FFI-total, pain and disability subscales), the MTPs joints subluxation was correlated with FFI-disability subscale, and the 5th MTP exostosis was associated with FFI-pain. CONCLUSION: SIS score was correlated to impaired foot function (FFI) and disability (LL-HAQ). Rearfoot SIS was correlated to worse performance on FFI, LL-HAQ, BBS, TUG and SST5. SIS score index can be a useful tool to evaluate the rheumatoid foot deformities, but a better graduation of foot deformities should add sensitivity to this method.

Intestinal ischemia as a single manifestation of thromboangiitis obliterans--a case report.

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is an inflammatory, nonocclusive, and nonatherosclerotic vascular disease. It commonly affects arteries, veins, and surrounding neural elements and is directly related to smoking. Although distal vessels of lower and upper extremities are the most commonly involved, other vessels such as intestinal arteries can be rarely affected. The authors describe a 41-year-old white male smoker who presented with abdominal pain for 3 months and developed an acute bowel ischemia. He underwent urgent surgery, and segmental enterectomy was performed. Histopathologic findings were suggestive of TAO, showing typical involvement of small-sized veins and arteries with intact internal elastic lamina, preserved media, a local nonspecific inflammatory reaction, with new and older arterial and venous thromboses associated. Although mesenteric arteries are seldom injured by TAO, this diagnosis must be considered when the usual causes of intestinal ischemia are ruled out. In this case, even without any other clinical symptoms of TAO, this rare diagnosis could be made.

Pés reumatóides: avaliação pela podobarometria dinâmica computadorizada e restauração funcional com órteses plantares / Rheumatoid feet: evaluation with computerized dynamic pedobarography and functional restauration with foot orthosis

Os pés são comumente acometidos na artrite reumatóide (AR), contribuindo em muito na dor e incapacidade observadas nessa doença. Este artigo descreve uma paciente com pés reumatóides, tratada com órteses para os pés. Foram discutidas as alterações mais freqüentes observadas nessa patologia, o tratamento com palmilhas e o uso da podobarometria dinâmica computadorizada (F-Scan) como método auxiliar diagnóstico e de acompanhamento.

Peso cardíaco em chagásicos crônicos com ninhos de Trypanosoma cruzi na veia central da supra-renal / Cardiac Weight in Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease with Trypanosoma Cruzi Nests in the Central Vein of the Adrenal Glands

PURPOSE--Comparative analysis of cardiac weight (CW) in patients with chronic Chagas disease, with or without parasitism by Trypanosoma cruzi in the central vein of the adrenal gland (CVAG). METHODS--The CW has been studied in 96 necropsied individuals with chronic Chagas disease. Among them, 48 of them had Trypanosoma cruzi nests on the wall of the CVAG and the other 48 patients did not have nests in the CVAG. Later, this sample was paired for sex, age and anatomo-clinical form, resulting in 60 patients. Among these patients, 30 of them had Trypanosoma cruzi nests on the walls of the CVAG and the other 30 did not have. RESULTS--The CW of Chagas patients which had nests of T. cruzi in the CVAG, was 484.8 +/- 146.0g, while in the ones that did not have the nests on the walls of the CVAG, the CW weight was 415.8 +/- 125.3g. This difference was statistically significant. In the first group it had a prevail of congestive heart failure. Subsequently to the pairing for sex, age and anatomo-clinical form, the CW was respectively 464.3 +/- 146.2g and 436.0 +/- 108.9g. This difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION--These data suggest that the parasitism in the central vein of the adrenal gland, combined with other possible events intrinsic to the chronic Chagas disease patients' hearts, carries a supporting role in the increasing of the cardiac weight and in the congestive cardiac insufficiency.

Alterações hematológicas na esclerose sistêmica / Hematologic changes in systemic sclerosis

Objetivo: Analisar a importância das alterações hematológicas na esclerose sistêmica (ES) e seu valor prognóstico na evolução da doença. Pacientes e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo (1991-1998) avaliando 132 pacientes com diagnóstico de ES segundo os critérios do Colégio Americano de Reumatologia. Foram observados os valores de hemograma completo, velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS) e eletroforese de proteínas séricas (EFP) na avaliação inicial dos pacientes. Estes valores foram comparados com as formas clínicas difusa (ESd) e limitada (ESI), com as manifestações clínicas específicas e com a evolução para óbito após cinco anos de seguimento. Resultados: Anemia foi observada em 24 por cento dos pacientes; apresentou associação estatística com o desenvolvimento de crise renal esclerodérmica (p=0,030) e tendência estatística à associação com raça não caucasóide (p=0,081). Leucopenia e plaquetopenia não foram observadas em nenhum paciente na avaliação laboratorial inicial. No seguimento prolongado dos pacientes, leucopenia foi evidenciada em 10 casos (7,6 por cento), associada ao uso de ciclofosfamida endovenosa, enquanto plaquetopenia foi evidenciada em uma paciente. O VHS estava aumentado em 77 por cento dos pacientes; o VHS > 20 mm no início do seguimento esteve associado à forma clínica difusa (p=0,006), escore cutâneo total > 20 (p=0,031), envolvimento esofágico (p=0,0016) e hipertensão pulmonar (p=0,017). Com relação à eletroforese de proteínas, houve associação estatística entre valores séricos de albumina abaixo dos limites da normalidade e forma clínica difusa (p=0,026). Houve 30 óbitos (22,7 por cento) durante o período de estudo; houve associação estatística entre óbito e VHS > 20 (p=0,013) e tendência estatística com relação à anemia (p=0,071). Conclusão: A ocorrência de anemia e VHS elevado no início do acompanhamento clínico de pacientes com ES parece estar associada a pior prognóstico de evolução da doença

Densidade mineral óssea na esclerose sistêmica / Bone Mineral density in systemic sclerosis

Objetivo: Analisar os resultados da densitometria óssea em pacientes com esclerose sistêmica (ES), avaliando a importância da forma clínica, raça e uso prévio de corticosteróides, ciclofosfamida e penicilamina na determinação da densidade mineral óssea (DMO), em pacientes na fase fértil e menopausadas. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo avaliando 74 pacientes do sexo feminino maiores de 18 anos, com diagnóstico de ES, que realizaram densitometria óssea pela técnica de dupla absorção de fótons de raios X. Os valores de T-score (coluna lombar, colo femoral, triângulo de Ward e trocanter) foram comparados com idade (fase fértil e pós-menopausa), tempo de doença (precoce e tardia), raça, forma clínica e uso prévio de corticosteróide, ciclofosfamida e/ou penicilamina; nas pacientes menopausadas, os valores densitométricos também foram comparados com idade de menopausa (antes de 45 anos e após 45 anos) e tempo de menopausa (<5 anos, 5 a 10 anos e > 10 anos). Resultados: Dentre as 74 pacientes estudadas, 50 apresentavam a forma clínica limitada (ESI) (média de idade: 50 anos) e 24, a forma clínica difusa (ESd) (média de idade: 40 anos), sendo 64 caucasóides e 10 não caucasóides. Trinta e quatro mulheres estavam na idade fértil, enquanto 40 eram menopausadas; dentre as pacientes menopausadas, 33 apresentavam ESI e sete ESd. Com relação aos valores de massa óssea, foi observada menor DMO associada à menopausa, nos quatro sítios testados, predominando nas pacientes com mais de 10 anos de menopausa na coluna lombar, colo de fêmur e triângulo de Ward. Trinta e quatro pacientes apresentaram valores densitométricos normais, 26 osteopenia e 14 osteoporose densitométrica. Quanto ao T-score de coluna lombar (L2-L4), houve associação estatística entre osteoporose densitométrica e menopausa (p0,0001), predominando em pacientes com mais de 10 anos de menopausa (p=0,029). também houve associação estatística entre osteoporose densitométrica e menopausa em relação ao T-score de colo femoral) (p=0,001) e triângulo de Ward (p=0,001), independente do tempo de menopausa. Não foram encontradas correlações estatísticas entre valores densitométricos e forma clínica, raça e uso prévio de corticosteróide, ciclofosfamida e/ou penicilamina. Conclusão: Na casuística estudada, a ocorrência de baixa DMO e osteoporose densitométrica em pacientes com ES esteve associada à menopausa, independente da forma clínica da doneça, da raça ou do uso prévio de corticosteróide, ciclofosfamida ou ...