Vanishing bile duct syndrome as a presentation of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Vanishing bile duct syndrome is an uncommon condition characterised by the progressive loss and disappearance of bile ducts. It is an acquired form of cholestatic liver disease presenting with hepatic ductopenia (loss of >50% bile ducts in the portal areas). We present a case of vanishing bile duct syndrome as a presentation of Hodgkin's lymphoma who was treated with standard-of-care chemotherapy-doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (along with brief administration of rituximab), which led to complete response and normalisation of liver function.

Exceptional synergistic response of PARP inhibitor and immune checkpoint inhibitor in esophageal adenocarcinoma with a germline BRCA2 mutation: a case report.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown efficacy in various tumors. A significant therapeutic challenge with either ICIs or PARP inhibitors as monotherapy is treatment failure from intrinsic primary resistance or the development of secondarily acquired resistance after a period of responsiveness. The combination of PARP inhibitors and ICIs could mitigate this by potentiating treatment response. We describe an 83-year-old male patient who initially presented with abdominal pain, and weight loss along with alternating constipation and diarrhea. Imaging and biopsy revealed metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma. Genomic testing revealed germline BRCA2 mutation. The patient initially underwent a few cycles of chemoimmunotherapy. However, due to intolerance to chemotherapy, the patient's case was discussed at a multidisciplinary molecular tumor board. He was switched to PARP inhibitor olaparib and ICI nivolumab. This combination led to a durable complete response. A combination of poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) plus ICI may work in synergy through various mechanisms including enhanced neoantigen expression, release of immune-activating cytokines, and increased programmed death-ligand 1 expression. This may culminate in accentuated efficacy outcomes with a manageable safety profile. This exceptional response with ICI and PARPi in our case is consistent with the synergistic value of this combination, and prospective studies are warranted to definitively characterize clinical utility.

An overview of up-and-coming immune checkpoint inhibitors for pancreatic cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway as well as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have demonstrated substantial potential in several malignancies. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) still carries a high mortality despite tremendous advances in the anti-cancer arsenal. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we discuss completed and ongoing studies on various ICIs in PC. ICIs have not yielded significant benefits as monotherapy. However, the combination with currently utilized therapies as well as with several other newer forms of therapy has delineated encouraging results. Larger trials are currently underway to definitively characterize the utility of ICIs in the treatment algorithm of PC. ICIs are approved for cancers with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high tumors (MSI-H) as a tumor-agnostic treatment strategy usually referred to as hot tumors. EXPERT OPINION: Studies evaluating different drugs to transform the tumor microenvironment (TME) from 'cold' to 'hot' have not shown promise in PC. There still needs to be more prospective trials evaluating the efficacy of the combination of ICIs with different therapeutic modalities in PC that can augment the immunogenic potential of those 'cold' tumors. Exploratory biomarker analysis may help us identify those subsets of PC patients who may particularly benefit from ICIs.

A bleeding heart: case report and review of pericardial angiosarcoma.

Primary cardiac tumors are rare. The cardiac sarcomas are the most common malignant cardiac tumors. These tumors have a dismal prognosis with an overall median survival of 25 months. Clinical features include dyspnea, arrhythmias, pericardial effusions, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. The diagnosis is often challenging. Therefore, the cardiac imaging workup plays a central role in addition to a high clinical suspicion in the setting of atypical presentations that do not respond to standard therapies. The echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiac MRI are crucial in clinching the diagnosis. Multimodal treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes, as opposed to using either of these modalities alone. We describe the case of a 30-year-old gentleman with COVID-19 infection who developed recurrent hemorrhagic pericardial effusions refractory to standard treatment and was eventually diagnosed as a case of pericardial angiosarcoma after his biopsy revealed the diagnosis and staging was performed using PET-CT-FDG scan. Our case re-emphasizes the importance of considering a malignant etiology early in the course of the disease presentation, especially in recurrent hemorrhagic effusions despite an inflammatory cytologic diagnosis of fluid. It also highlights the place for cardiac CT and MRI to ascertain the location and spread and to plan the further course of treatment. If diagnosed early, the estimated survival time can be prolonged by instituting a multimodal approach.

A Challenging Case of Kaposi Sarcoma Inflammatory Cytokine Syndrome.

Kaposi Sarcoma Inflammatory Cytokine Syndrome (KICS) is a serious, uncommon disease that occurs in patients who are positive for HIV and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). It is characterized by a constellation of clinical findings, including fever, weight loss, and fluid retention, as well as a lack of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) features on histopathology and an elevated serum HHV-8 viral load. Diagnosis is often delayed, and treatment options are limited, culminating in high mortality rates. We hereby present a 32-year-old male patient with HIV who was untreated for a few years and came with fever, night sweats, pancytopenia, and widespread adenopathy. A thorough evaluation of opportunistic infections was unremarkable. Clinically MCD was suspected, but lymph node biopsy only showed Kaposi sarcoma (KS) with no characteristic features of MCD. However, with clinical deterioration, KICS was strongly suspected. Kaposi sarcoma immune reconstitution syndrome (KS-IRIS) was also a possibility as the patient was restarted on antiretroviral therapy. Rituximab was commenced, but the patient suffered a cardiac arrest and could not be revived. Alternative diagnosis must be explored in patients with HIV presenting with constitutional symptoms, cytopenia, and adenopathy after opportunistic infections and malignancies are ruled out. If they have KS with HHV-8 positivity and there is a lack of characteristic features of MCD in lymph node biopsy, prompt suspicion of KICS should be made, and treatment with rituximab and/or chemotherapy should be instituted rapidly. KS-IRIS is also possible if patients have recently received antiretroviral therapy and have a rapid decline in viral load and increase in CD4 counts (immunological recovery). HHV8 viral load levels may help to distinguish between these two inflammatory conditions.

Post-operative Tumor Lysis Syndrome in High-Grade Uterine Sarcoma.

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a well-known oncologic emergency. It is a constellation of metabolic derangements usually observed in hematological malignancies due to rapid cell lysis, typically due to chemotherapy or radiotherapy initiation. Spontaneous TLS is an unusual complication in solid malignancies, and only a few cases have previously been reported for spontaneous TLS in gynecological malignancies. We report a case of TLS in a 50-year-old female patient shortly after resection of high-grade uterine sarcoma. We review previous TLS cases in uterine malignancies and the associated morbidity and mortality.

Utility of RNA Expression to Determine the Tissue of Origin of Malignancies with an Inconclusive Histopathology.

We present 2 cases of cancer of unknown origin in which RNA-based cancer classification testing provided vital insight and directed treatment management. The tissue of origin could not be determined in both of these patients utilizing morphology and immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue samples. Next-generation sequencing and tumor-of-origin testing using an RNA-based molecular cancer classifier were performed to elucidate the possible tissue of origin. A 61-year-old male with a history of localized basal cell carcinoma presented with a 4.4-cm axillary lymph node in addition to upper extremity edema and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. RNA-based tumor origin testing revealed skin basal or squamous cell carcinoma as the likely tissue of origin, with a probability of 97%. He received vismodegib, a hedgehog inhibitor, after progression on cemiplimab and experienced a partial response by RECIST criteria, which is currently ongoing for over a year. A 74-year-old female patient with a remote history of ovarian cancer for which she underwent resection and adjuvant chemotherapy presented 15 years later with abdominal pain. The diagnostic workup revealed a 2-cm pancreatic mass and enlarged peritoneal lymph nodes. RNA sequencing revealed a 99% likelihood of the tissue of origin being serous ovarian carcinoma. Subsequently, she underwent surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy and is currently in remission with letrozole maintenance. Genomic data already plays a crucial role in therapeutic decision-making for individuals with cancer. These cases highlight the complementary role of genomic data in the diagnostic workup of cancer, leading to favorable patient outcomes.

An Excellent Response of Microsatellite Instability-High Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma to Pembrolizumab Treatment: The Role of Circulating Tumor DNA Testing.

The role of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is expanding in oncology practices, and it is increasingly being used for targeted therapies and disease monitoring. It is minimally invasive and provides data from both primary and secondary sites of disease. Herein, we report a unique case of a patient with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and pembrolizumab who achieved a pathologically confirmed complete resolution of the tumor. A 75-year-old female was diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the uncinate process with aortocaval and retrocrural adenopathy. Next-generation sequencing was obtained via ctDNA testing, and the patient was initiated on cytotoxic chemotherapy while awaiting results. ctDNA revealed MSI-H status, and pembrolizumab was added to the cytotoxic chemotherapy regimen. At follow-up after five cycles of treatment, excellent treatment response was noted on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen, demonstrating the resolution of the pancreatic mass and adenopathy. Six months of neoadjuvant treatment was given in total, after which the patient underwent resection with curative intent and achieved a complete pathological response with no evidence of disease. The role of ctDNA testing in directing treatment and influencing follow-up has already demonstrated great value. In our case, ctDNA adequately replaced conventional tissue biopsy, alleviating the burden of invasive testing on the patient. This is of great value, especially for patients with non-resectable tumors as well as in several other clinical scenarios. Our case also contributes to the growing body of literature demonstrating the role of immune-directed therapy for MSI-H PDAC.

Advancements and future trends of immunotherapy in light-chain amyloidosis.

Light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a type of plasma cell neoplasm with abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin light-chain production and their subsequent deposition in tissues causing end-organ damage. In addition to existing treatments including autologous stem cell transplantation, there is a need for other approaches for eradicating abnormal plasma cells and amyloid tissue deposits. Treatment strategies of AL amyloidosis are mostly based on medications that are effective in multiple myeloma due to similar cell of origin. Daratumumab along with proteasome inhibitors and corticosteroids has become standard of care for AL amyloidosis. Another appealing approach is disassembling amyloid deposits with hope to potentially reverse the damage done by the disease. This was met with promising results for CAEL-101 and birtamimab. Although still in early stages, novel treatment options in pipeline, including antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engagers, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy may diversify the treatment armamentarium of AL amyloidosis in the future.

A Case of Full Recovery from Prolonged Cardiac Arrest after Infusion with Paclitaxel and Pembrolizumab.

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers and has the highest risk of mortality in both genders. This devastating cancer is also a significant financial and emotional burden to patients and the healthcare system. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy have become the cornerstone for the treatment of lung cancer. However, treatment may come with severe and sometimes fatal side effects. In this report, we present the case of a 52-year-old Caucasian male who suffered two episodes of prolonged cardiac arrest after the infusion of paclitaxel and pembrolizumab.

A bleeding heart: case report and review of pericardial angiosarcoma

Abstract Primary cardiac tumors are rare. The cardiac sarcomas are the most common malignant cardiac tumors. These tumors have a dismal prognosis with an overall median survival of 25 months. Clinical features include dyspnea, arrhythmias, pericardial effusions, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. The diagnosis is often challenging. Therefore, the cardiac imaging workup plays a central role in addition to a high clinical suspicion in the setting of atypical presentations that do not respond to standard therapies. The echocardiography, computed tomography, and cardiac MRI are crucial in clinching the diagnosis. Multimodal treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes, as opposed to using either of these modalities alone. We describe the case of a 30-year-old gentleman with COVID-19 infection who developed recurrent hemorrhagic pericardial effusions refractory to standard treatment and was eventually diagnosed as a case of pericardial angiosarcoma after his biopsy revealed the diagnosis and staging was performed using PET-CT-FDG scan. Our case re-emphasizes the importance of considering a malignant etiology early in the course of the disease presentation, especially in recurrent hemorrhagic effusions despite an inflammatory cytologic diagnosis of fluid. It also highlights the place for cardiac CT and MRI to ascertain the location and spread and to plan the further course of treatment. If diagnosed early, the estimated survival time can be prolonged by instituting a multimodal approach.

Medicated adhesive dressing is a safe and non-inferior cutaneous seal as compared to compound tincture benzoin dermal seal for percutaneous interventions.

BACKGROUND: Compound tincture benzoin (CTB) is used as a post-procedure skin seal antiseptic agent since ancient times; but this drug is reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis and other unwanted side effects. Our aim of the present study was to compare alternative agent like Medicated Adhesive dressing (MAD) with CTB as a post-procedure skin seal dressing. DESIGN: This prospective randomized controlled experimental study included an equal number of patients in MAD and CTB as a post-operative seal dressing material for percutaneous interventions. Both the groups were graded for various efficacy parameters like comfort, applicability, dressing material, and immediate post-operative complications by operating doctor and attending nurse with a maximum 10 points in each group. RESULTS: 120 patients were studied in each MAD and CTB group. Out of total patients 31.25% were males and the mean age of the patient was 33.56 ± 11.10. Allergic contact dermatitis developed in 9 (7.49%) of CTB group and in 1 (0.83%) of MAD group (P < 0.002), while local site skin infections were noted in 8 (6.67%) of CTB group and in 1 (0.83%) of MAD (P < 0.002). Operating doctor graded MAD and CTB to 7.60 ± 0.49 and 3.62 ± 0.48 (P < 0.003); and attending nurse 7.40 ± 0.49 and 3.41 ± 0.49 (P < 0.003) respectively. CONCLUSION: MAD is a safe, efficient and non-inferior alternative dressing material for post-procedure skin incision seal in comparison to CTB.