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BACKGROUND: Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (phCCC) is a dismal malignancy. There is no consensus regarding the best treatment for patients with unresectable phCCC. The present review aimed to gather the current pieces of evidence for liver transplantation and liver resection as a treatment for phCCC and to build better guidance for clinical practice. DATA SOURCES: The search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and LILACS. The related references were searched manually. Inclusion criteria were: reports in English or Portuguese literature that a) patients with confirmed diagnosis of phCCC; b) patients treated with a curative intent; c) patients with the outcomes of liver resection and liver transplantation. Case reports, reviews, letters, editorials, conference abstracts and papers with full-text unavailability were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: Most of the current literature is based on observational retrospective studies with low grades of evidence. Liver resection has better long-term outcomes than systemic chemotherapy or palliation therapy and liver transplantation is a good alternative for selected patients with unresectable phCCC. All candidates for resection or transplantation should be medically fit and free of intrahepatic or extrahepatic diseases. As a general rule, patients presenting with a tumor having a longitudinal size > 3 cm or extending below the cystic duct, lymph node disease, confirmed extrahepatic dissemination; intraoperatively diagnosed metastatic disease; a history of other malignancies within the last five years, and did not complete chemoradiation regimen and were medically unfit should not be considered for transplantation. Some of these criteria should be individually assessed. Liver transplantation or resection should only be considered in highly experienced hepatobiliary centers, and any decision-making must be based on a multidisciplinary evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: phCCC is a complex condition with high morbidity. Surgical therapies, including hepatectomy and liver transplantation, are the best option for better long-term disease-free survival.
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Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Colangiocarcinoma , Tumor de Klatskin , Transplante de Fígado , Humanos , Tumor de Klatskin/cirurgia , Tumor de Klatskin/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Hepatectomia/efeitos adversos , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/cirurgia , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologiaRESUMO
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a relatively uncommon but highly aggressive primary liver cancer that originates within the liver. The aim of this study is to review the molecular profile of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its implications for prognostication and decision-making. This comprehensive characterization of ICC tumors sheds light on the disease's underlying biology and offers a foundation for more personalized treatment strategies. This is a narrative review of the prognostic and therapeutic role of the molecular profile of ICC. Knowing the molecular profile of tumors helps determine prognosis and support certain target therapies. The molecular panel in ICC helps to select patients for specific therapies, predict treatment responses, and monitor treatment responses. Precision medicine in ICC can promote improvement in prognosis and reduce unnecessary toxicity and might have a significant role in the management of ICC in the following years. The main mutations in ICC are in tumor protein p53 (TP53), Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), and AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A). The rate of mutations varies significantly for each population. Targeting TP53 and KRAS is challenging due to the natural characteristics of these genes. Different stages of clinical studies have shown encouraging results with inhibitors of mutated IDH1 and target therapy for ARID1A downstream effectors. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) fusions are an important target in patients with ICC. Immune checkpoint blockade can be applied to a small percentage of ICC patients. Molecular profiling in ICC represents a groundbreaking approach to understanding and managing this complex liver cancer. As our comprehension of ICC's molecular intricacies continues to expand, so does the potential for offering patients more precise and effective treatments. The integration of molecular profiling into clinical practice signifies the dawn of a new era in ICC care, emphasizing personalized medicine in the ongoing battle against this malignancy.
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Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Colangiocarcinoma , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/genética , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genéticaRESUMO
The impact of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in liver recipients remains largely unknown. Most data derive from small retrospective series of patients transplanted years ago. We aimed to report a single-center case series of five consecutive patients in the early postoperative period of deceased-donor liver transplantation who developed nosocomial COVID-19. Two patients presented important respiratory discomfort and eventually died. One was 69 years old and had severe coronary disease. She rapidly worsened after COVID-19 diagnosis on 9th postoperative day. The other was 67 years old with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, who experienced prolonged postoperative course, complicated with cytomegalovirus infection and kidney failure. He was diagnosed on 36th postoperative day and remained on mechanical ventilation for 20 days, ultimately succumbing of secondary bacterial infection. The third, fourth, and fifth patients were diagnosed on 10th, 11th, and 18th postoperative day, respectively, and presented satisfactory clinical evolution. These last two patients were severely immunosuppressed, since one underwent steroid bolus for acute cellular rejection and another also used anti-thymocyte globulin for treating steroid-resistant rejection. Our novel experience highlights that COVID-19 may negatively impact the postoperative course, especially in elder and obese patients with comorbidities, and draws attention to COVID-19 nosocomial spread in the early postoperative period.
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COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Transplante de Fígado , SARS-CoV-2 , Transplantados , Adulto , Idoso , COVID-19/terapia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Approximately 10%-19% of liver transplant recipients develop irreversible graft failure requiring retransplantation. We reviewed the histology of failed grafts removed at retransplantation in our center over 27 years. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-six adults and 118 children underwent retransplantation from 1987 to 2014, receiving 321 and 139 liver grafts, respectively. We analyzed graft histology, recipient demographics, indications and time interval to retransplantation. We divided retransplantation in 3 eras: A (1987-1994), B (1995-2001), and C (2002-2014). RESULTS: A total of 3298 adult and 938 pediatric primary liver transplants were conducted in our center, and 8.4% of adults and 12.6% of children experienced retransplantation. Considering the changes throughout the eras, the proportion of chronic rejection declined, while that of unexplained chronic fibrosing hepatitis increased steadily, representing the main reason for retransplantation conducted >10 years after primary transplant in children, and second in adults in the most recent era. This chronic hepatitis of the graft might correspond to a slowly evolving form of rejection, possibly with a humoral component, associated with progressive graft fibrosis and eventually failure. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a shift in histopathology of failed liver grafts, with increasing relevance of chronic idiopathic hepatitis associated with progressive fibrosis and graft failure.
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Rejeição de Enxerto/patologia , Hepatopatias/patologia , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/patologia , Reoperação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Aloenxertos , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Rejeição de Enxerto/etiologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/cirurgia , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Hepatopatias/etiologia , Hepatopatias/cirurgia , Masculino , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/cirurgia , PrognósticoRESUMO
According to the most recent WHO classification of hepatocellular adenomas, a small percentage of inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas presents with mutation in the beta-catenin gene and are at higher risk of malignant transformation. It has been recognized that adenoma-like hepatocellular neoplasms with focal atypia, or in unusual clinical context present with similar cytogenetic and immunohistochemistry characteristics to well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas. We report a case of a well-differentiated hepatocellular neoplasm with Dubin-Johnson-like pigment displaying histological features overlapping with a beta-catenin mutated inflammatory adenoma and a well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma in a non-cirrhotic liver. The patient was a 48-year-old woman, who was asymptomatic, and had a clinical history of intra-uterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol, previous cancers and past oral contraceptive use. The recently proposed term "well-differentiated hepatocellular neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential" should be applied in such cases to highlight the different pathogenesis and risk of malignancy compared to the typical adenomas, and to suggest a careful and customized clinical management.
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Pigmentos Biliares/análise , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Diferenciação Celular , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Mutação , beta Catenina/genética , Biópsia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/química , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Hepatectomia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , FenótipoRESUMO
Introduction: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC) is the liver's second most common neoplasm. Until now, surgery is the only curative option, but only 35% of the cases are considered resectable at the diagnosis, with a post-resection survival of around 30%. Advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative care related to liver transplantation (LT) have facilitated the expansion of indications for hepatic neoplasms. Method: This study is a comprehensive review of the global experience in living donor LT (LDLT) for treating iCC and describes our first case of LDLT for an unresectable iCC. Results: While exploring LT for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma dates to the 1990s, the initial outcomes were discouraging, marked by poor survival and high recurrence rates. Nevertheless, contemporary perspectives underscore a reinvigorated emphasis on extending the frontiers of LT indications within the context of the "oncologic era." The insights gleaned from examining explants, wherein incidental iCC was categorized as hepatocellular carcinoma in the preoperative period, have demonstrated comparable survival rates to small hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings substantiate the potential viability of LT as a curative alternative for iCC. Another investigated scenario pertains to "unresectable tumors with favorable biological behavior," LT presents a theoretical advantage by providing free margins without the concern of a small future liver remnant. The constraint of organ shortage persists, particularly in nations with low donation rates. LDLT emerges as a viable and secure alternative for treating iCC. Conclusion: LDLT is an excellent option for augmenting the graft pool, particularly in carefully selected patients.
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BACKGROUND: Liver adenomatosis is characterized by multiple adenomas diffusely distributed throughout the liver parenchyma. Studies addressing liver transplantation for those cases are scarce, and the criteria used to indicate transplantation are still debatable. OBJECTIVE: To report a single-center experience of liver transplantation for diffuse adenomatosis. METHODS: Single-center retrospective study involving all adult patients who underwent liver transplantation due to adenomatosis from January/2010 to June/2023. RESULTS: A total of 13 patients were identified, corresponding to 0.89% of liver transplants performed during the study period. The mean age was 33 ± 6.55 years, and most of them were female (n = 9, 69.23%). There were 12 transplants with deceased donors and 1 with a right lobe from a living donor. The most frequent reason to preclude liver resection was multiple and large unresectable adenomas in patients without previous liver disease (n = 8, 61.58%), followed by underlying liver disease (Abernethy Malformation, n = 3, 23.07%) and recurrence after liver resection (n = 2, 15.38%). The indications for liver transplantation were high risk of malignant transformation (n = 7, 53.84%), increasing size and number of nodules (n = 3, 23.07%), confirmed malignant transformation (n = 2, 15.38%), and hemorrhage (n = 2, 15.38%). There was 1 perioperative death due to primary non-function. Another patient died during follow-up because of COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Liver adenomatosis is a rare indication for liver transplantation, with acceptable post-transplant outcomes. Unresectable adenomas with high-risk or confirmed malignant transformation are the main indications for transplant. Reasons for unresectability involve underlying liver disease, multiple and large high-risk nodules, and recurrence after previous resection.
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Neoplasias Hepáticas , Transplante de Fígado , Humanos , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Masculino , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Adenoma/cirurgia , Adenoma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation is a rare condition that can lead to spontaneous bleeding, depending on its extent and location. Treatment involves endovascular and surgical approaches in addition to liver retransplantation in cases of graft failure. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old female underwent deceased donor liver transplantation due to cryptogenic cirrhosis and schistosomiasis with an uneventful postoperative course. However, 18 days after the operation, she presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, hypotension, and lipothymia. A computed tomography scan revealed a hepatic artery anastomotic pseudoaneurysm, and due to hemodynamic instability, emergency laparotomy was indicated. During the operation, the pseudoaneurysm was found to be ruptured, and the recipient's hepatic artery was ligated due to life-threatening bleeding. She later developed ischemic cholangiopathy and biliary complications, eventually undergoing retransplantation 7 months after the emergency operation. The patient remains well 11 months after the retransplantation. CONCLUSION: We report a rare case of life-threatening rupture of hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, which required emergency ligation of the recipient's hepatic artery and subsequent liver retransplantation due to biliary complications.
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Falso Aneurisma , Aneurisma Roto , Artéria Hepática , Transplante de Fígado , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Falso Aneurisma/cirurgia , Falso Aneurisma/etiologia , Feminino , Artéria Hepática/cirurgia , Artéria Hepática/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Aneurisma Roto/cirurgia , Aneurisma Roto/etiologia , Reoperação , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation is indicated for patients with concomitant end-stage liver disease and end-stage renal disease. The traditional technique involves separate implantations of the liver and the kidney. In the en bloc approach, the liver is recovered en bloc with the right kidney and the donor renal artery is anastomosed to the donor splenic artery. We aimed to compare the outcomes of the traditional and en bloc techniques for simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation in a single center. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study involved all adult patients who underwent simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation from brain-dead donors from January 2017 to December 2022. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients were included: 10 transplanted with the traditional technique and 5 with the en bloc approach. Patients in the en bloc group presented higher body mass index, shorter kidney cold and total ischemia times, shorter overall surgical time and longer kidney warm ischemia time (29.07 kg/m2vs 23.20 kg/m2 [P = .048]; 560 minutes vs 880 minutes [P = .026]; 615 minutes vs 908 minutes [P = 0.025]; 405 minutes vs 485 minutes [P = .046]; 46 minutes vs 33.5 minutes [P = 0.027], respectively). Ureteroneocystostomy was performed in 2 patients of the en bloc group and ureteroureterostomy in the remaining 3 patients. One patient in the en bloc group presented stenosis of renal artery anastomosis and underwent percutaneous angioplasty. This same patient eventually developed late urinary fistula. In the traditional technique group, there were 2 cases of renal vein thrombosis and 1 of ureteral stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the traditional technique, the en bloc approach is feasible and safe, reducing kidney total ischemia time and overall surgical time.
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Transplante de Rim , Transplante de Fígado , Humanos , Transplante de Rim/métodos , Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Resultado do Tratamento , Falência Renal Crônica/cirurgia , Doença Hepática Terminal/cirurgia , Duração da Cirurgia , Isquemia Quente , Artéria Renal/cirurgiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Polycystic liver disease and giant hepatic hemangioma may present with severe symptom burden and indicate orthotopic liver transplantation. The left-to-right piggyback approach is a useful technique for performing total hepatectomy of enlarged livers. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of liver transplantation in patients with benign massive hepatomegaly. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective study involving all adult patients who underwent liver transplantation due to benign massive hepatomegaly from January 2002 to June 2023. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients underwent liver transplantation (21 cases of polycystic live disease and 1 case of giant hepatic hemangioma). During the same time, there were 2075 transplants; therefore, benign massive hepatomegaly accounted for 1.06% of cases. Most patients (59.09%) were transplanted using the left-to-right piggyback technique. Seven patients had previous attempted treatment of hepatic cysts. Another patient previously underwent bilateral nephrectomy and living-donor kidney transplantation. Among these patients, in 5 cases there were massive abdominal adhesions with increased bleeding. Four of these 8 patients died in the very early perioperative period. In comparison to patients without previous cysts manipulation, massive adhesions and perioperative death were significantly higher in those cases (62.5 vs 0%, P = .002 and 50% vs 0%, P = .004, respectively). CONCLUSION: Liver transplantation due to polycystic liver disease and giant hemangioma is a rare event. Total hepatectomy is challenging due to the enlarged native liver. The left-to-right piggyback technique is useful, because it avoids vena cava twisting and avulsion of its branches. Massive adhesions due to previous cysts manipulation may lead to increased bleeding, being a risk factor for mortality.
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Cistos , Hepatomegalia , Hepatopatias , Transplante de Fígado , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Hepatomegalia/cirurgia , Hepatomegalia/etiologia , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cistos/cirurgia , Hepatopatias/cirurgia , Hemangioma/cirurgia , Hepatectomia/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hepatic artery thrombosis is the most common vascular complication of liver transplantation. When occurring late in the postoperative course, it may have no clinical repercussions, and conservative treatment may be implemented. Some patients, however, will develop severe biliary complications due to ischemic cholangiopathy and require retransplantation. The aim of this study is to report the outcomes of retransplantation in this population. METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective study involving all adult patients who underwent liver retransplantation due to late hepatic artery thrombosis from January/2010 to December/2022. RESULTS: During the study period, 1378 liver transplants were performed in our center; 147 were retransplantations, with 13 cases of late hepatic artery thrombosis (0.94%). All had symptomatic ischemic cholangiopathy. Twelve of them had already presented previous cholangitis, bilomas, or liver abscesses and had undergone biliary stenting or percutaneous drainage. The median time between the first liver transplant and late hepatic artery thrombosis diagnosis and between this diagnosis and retransplantation were 73 and 50 days, respectively. Arterial reconstruction using splenic artery, celiac trunk, or arterial conduit from the aorta was performed in 7 cases, whereas biliary reconstruction was mostly done with choledochojejunostomy (n = 8). There were 4 perioperative deaths, 2 due to primary non-function and 2 due to refractory shock after exceedingly complex retransplants. CONCLUSION: Liver retransplantation due to late hepatic artery thrombosis is a rare condition that should be offered to patients who develop severe biliary complications and recurrent infections. It is nonetheless a challenging procedure associated with significant perioperative mortality.
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Artéria Hepática , Transplante de Fígado , Reoperação , Trombose , Humanos , Artéria Hepática/cirurgia , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Trombose/etiologia , Trombose/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Adulto , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/cirurgia , Resultado do Tratamento , IdosoRESUMO
Summary: People with cirrhosis of the liver are at risk for complications that can worsen their quality of life and increase morbidity and mortality. Contrary to previous beliefs, cirrhosis does not protect against the development of thromboembolic events, and cirrhotic patients may have higher rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Background and aims: The study of chronic venous disease and its impact on patients with cirrhosis is unknown in the literature and may be an important fact since this condition also had impact on quality of life and morbidity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of DVT (Deep Venous thrombosis) in outpatients with cirrhosis and the degree of chronic venous insufficiency, evaluating possible correlations between clinical and laboratory aspects of cirrhotic patients with these pathologies. Methods: Patients with cirrhosis were evaluated in the outpatient clinic of the Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Service of HC-FMUSP from November 2018 to November 2022, with clinical evaluation, venous disease questionnaires, data collection of imaging and laboratory tests, and venous color Doppler ultrasound. The information was analyzed by the University of São Paulo (USP) Statistics Department. Results: There was a prevalence of 7.6% of DVT in studied patients, VCSS score 6.73 and severe CEAP classification (C4-6) 32.1%. There was no association of DVT with qualitative variables by the Fisher test such as Child Turcotte Pugh Scale (CTP) (p = 0.890), dichotomized INR values (p = 0.804), etiology of cirrhosis (p = 0.650) and chronic kidney disease (p > 0.999), nor with quantitative variables by t-student's such as age (p = 0.974), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.997), MELD score (p = 0.555), Albumin (p = 0.150) and Platelets (p = 0.403). We found that as the severity of ascites increases, there is an increase in the proportion of patients classified in the category indicating more severe clinical manifestations of chronic venous disease (C4 to C6). The mean age (54 years) was higher in patients with DVT than in those without. The mean BMI of patients without DVT (25.7 kg/m2) is lower than that of patients with DVT (27.0 kg/m2). The prevalence of DVT is higher in patients with thrombophilia (20.0%) than in those without (7.0%). This suggests an association between the two variables. The descriptive measures of the MELD score, the cirrhosis scale used for liver transplant waiting lists, did not indicate an association of this scale with the occurrence of DVT. Conclusion: The incidence of VTE (Venous Thromboembolic Events) and CVD (Chronic Venous Disease) within the sample surpassed that of the general population; nevertheless, more studies are required to validate these results. Concerning venous thromboembolism, no correlation was observed between the variables within the sample and the augmented risk of VTE. Regarding chronic venous disease, studies have shown that edema and orthostatism are correlated with increased severity of CVD on the VCSS scales. Statistical dispersion methods suggest that patients with higher BMI and more severe liver disease (according to the Child-Pugh score) are more likely to experience worsening of CVD. About chronic venous disease, studies have shown that edema and orthostatism are correlated with increased severity of CVD on the VCSS scales.
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BACKGROUND Adequate donor and recipient matching in liver transplantation is crucial to improve patient survival. Our objective was to propose and validate a new model for predicting outcomes using donor and recipient scoring criteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data of all patients (n=932) who underwent liver transplantation (n=1106) from January 2006 to December 2018. For score standardization, 30% (n=280) of patients were randomly selected for analysis and divided into 3 categories: ≤4 points, 5 to 8 points, and >8 points. Scoring system validation was performed on a dataset with 70% (n=652) of the patients. RESULTS Survival of the stratified group (30%) was significant (P<0.001). Scores of 4 to 8 points presented lower risk of death (1.74 [CI 0.97-3.13; P=0.062]), while >8 points presented higher risk (2.74 [CI 1.36-5.57; P=0.005]). In the validation score (70%), global survival was significant (P<0.0016); patients with scores of 4 to 8 points had lower risk of death (1.16 [CI 1.16-2.38; P=0.005]); and scores >8 points (2.22 [CI 1.40-3.50; P<0.001]), retransplant, fulminant hepatitis, previous large abdominal/biliary tree surgery, MELD score, and serum creatinine before liver transplantation >1.5 mg/dL (P<0.05) presented higher risk. Individual recipient factors with 4 to 8 points had a lower risk of death (2.29 [CI 1.82-2.87; P<0.0001]) than those with scores >8 points (4.02 [CI 2.22-7.26; P<0.0001]). CONCLUSIONS A novel prognostic-based scoring system using donor and recipient characteristics was proposed and clinically validated. Two-factor scoring indicated the superiority of the predictability outcome and improved prediction of higher mortality.
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Transplante de Fígado , Sobrevivência de Enxerto , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/efeitos adversos , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
Introduction: Patients with liver cirrhosis are at a higher risk of hospitalization. The present review aimed to assess the risk of thromboembolism and its burden on hospitalized cirrhotic patients. Materials and methods: A systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42021256869) was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs, and a manual search of references. It evaluated studies that compare cirrhotic patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) with cirrhotic patients without VTE or studies that compare cirrhotic patients with non-cirrhotic patients. No restrictions were set for the date of publication or language. The last search was conducted in June 2021. Results: After selection, 17 studies were included from an initial search of 5,323 articles. The chronic liver disease etiologies comprise viral, alcohol, autoimmune, NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), cryptogenic, hemochromatosis, cholestasis, and drug-related. The included studies were conflicted regarding the outcomes of VTE, pulmonary embolism, or bleeding. Patients with cirrhosis associated with VTE had prolonged length of hospital stay, and patients with cirrhosis were at higher risk of portal thrombosis. Conclusion: In-hospital cirrhotic patients are a heterogeneous group of patients that may present both thrombosis and bleeding risk. Clinicians should take extra caution to apply both prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation strategies. Systematic review registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CRD42021256869].
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BACKGROUND: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma represents more than half of all cholangiocarcinoma cases, having poor prognosis and presenting a median overall survival after diagnosis of 12-24 months. In patients who have unresectable tumors with a better prognosis, the proposal to perform liver transplantation emerged for expanding the possibility of free margins by performing total hepatectomy. AIM: To provide a Brazilian protocol for liver transplantation in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHOD: The protocol was carried out by two Brazilian institutions which perform a large volume of resections and liver transplantations, based on the study carried out at the Mayo Clinic. The elaboration of the protocol was conducted in four stages. RESULT: A protocol proposal for this disease is presented, which needs to be validated for clinical use. CONCLUSION: The development of a liver transplantation protocol for cholangiocarcinoma aims not only to standardize the treatment, but also enable a better assessment of the surgical results in the future.
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Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Colangiocarcinoma , Tumor de Klatskin , Transplante de Fígado , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/cirurgia , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos/cirurgia , Colangiocarcinoma/cirurgia , Hepatectomia , Humanos , Tumor de Klatskin/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has spread worldwide and has become a public health emergency and a pandemic of international concern. The solid organ donation system was no different. This study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the liver transplant (LT) system in Brazilian territory. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all liver donor records allocated in São Paulo State, Brazil, 1 year before and 1 year during the COVID-19 pandemic. We defined the pre-COVID-19 (PRE) period as between April 2019 and April 2020 and the post-COVID-19 (POST) period as between April 2020 and April 2021. Moreover, we compared LT performed in our institution during these periods. To evaluate outcomes, we compared 30-day survival after LT. RESULTS: In the PRE period, 1452 livers were offered for donation in São Paulo State and other Brazilian territories. Of these, 592 were used in LT. In the POST period, 1314 livers were offered for donation, but only 477 were used in LT. Organ refusal was higher in the POST period (P < .05). Our center performed 127 and 156 LTs in these periods, respectively, and an increase above 20% was significant (P = .039). There was no difference in 30-day survival between the periods (87.2% vs 87.9%, P > .5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic harmed potential and allocated donors and LTs performed. However, it is possible to maintain the LT volume of a transplant center without compromising survival outcomes through preventive strategies against COVID-19 propagation.
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COVID-19 , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Humanos , Fígado , Pandemias , Estudos Retrospectivos , Doadores de TecidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Liver transplant (LT) is the standard therapy for end-stage liver disease. Advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppression protocols improved the results of LT by increasing long-term survival. Nevertheless, an adequate match between the donor and recipient is paramount for avoiding futile liver transplants. We aimed to identify the prognostic factors in donor-recipient LT matching. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of adult LT was conducted from January 2006 to December 2018, which included the following transplant modalities: deceased donor LT (DDLT), living donor LT (LDLT), combined liver-kidney transplant (CLKT), and domino LT (DLT). RESULTS: Among 1101 patients who underwent LT, 958 patients underwent DDLT, 92 patients underwent LDLT, 45 patients underwent CLKT, and 6 patients underwent DLT. The overall survival (OS) in 1, 5, and 10 years were 89%, 83%, and 82%, respectively. For DDLT, OS in 1, 5, and 10 years were 91%, 84%, and 82%, respectively. For LDLT, OS in 1, 5, and 10 years were 89%, 72%, and 69%, respectively. For CKLT, OS in 1, 5, and 10 years were 90%, 71%, and 71%, respectively. None of the DLT patients died. For DDLT, the factors that affected OS were the presence of fulminant liver failure (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% CI, 1.18-4.18; P = .001), hemodialysis before LT (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.27-3.5; P = .004), retransplant (OR, 4.74; 95% CI, 2.75-8.17; P = .000), and recipient age >60 years (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.27-2.73; P = .001). For hospitalization before LT (due to an acute-on-chronic liver failure), the OR was 2.10 (95% CI, 1.29-3.42; P = .003). Donor intensive care unit time >7 days (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.04-2.06; P = .02) was also associated with overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS: We identified prognostic factors in donor-recipient LT matching. Furthermore, we demonstrated that an adequate organ allocation with donor-recipient selection might increase graft survival and reduce waiting list mortality.
Assuntos
Doença Hepática Terminal , Transplante de Fígado , Adulto , Doença Hepática Terminal/diagnóstico , Doença Hepática Terminal/cirurgia , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/métodos , Doadores Vivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Terlipressin is widely used for treatment of hepatorenal syndrome and variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. However, it may be associated with side effects, especially those related to vasoconstriction, such as myocardial infarction or intestinal ischemia. This is a case report of a cirrhotic patient with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after duodenal necrosis due to the use of terlipressin, a novel side effect not yet described in literature to the best of our knowledge. CASE REPORT: A 51-year-old male patient, with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and hepatitis C virus infection, was admitted presenting oliguria associated with severe ascites and lower limb edema. His Model for End Stage Liver Disease-Sodium score was 19 and his serum creatine level was 2.12 mg/dL. Albumin infusion was performed for 48 hours, but his serum creatinine level reached 3.46 mg/dL. Terlipressin infusion was started in continuous infusion and serum creatinine levels progressively decreased. However, the patient presented hemorrhagic shock secondary to hematemesis after 7 days. Upper digestive endoscopy showed an extensive ulcerated lesion in the duodenal bulb, reaching 70% of its lumen, with hematic residues and necrotic foci. Terlipressin was suspended and proton pump inhibitors were started. Despite intensive care, the patient developed severe encephalopathy and reentrant seizures. He eventually died 10 days after the bleeding event. CONCLUSIONS: We described a case of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to duodenal necrosis, which was caused by visceral ischemia induced by terlipressin. Given its fatality potential, this novel side effect should be remembered when using this medication in cirrhotic patients.