Cobalt-platinum nanomotors for local gas generation.

Bimetallic Co-Pt nanorods exhibit an enhanced capacity for the production of gas from liquid-phase chemicals. Based on the systematic structural and magnetic characterization we discuss potential applications of these hybrid nanostructures for localized fuel generation in microdevices. Experimental proof of the feasibility for controlling the rate of catalytic reaction via external magnetic stimuli is shown. This unique functionality makes these hybrids promising candidates for optimizing the energy conversion rate in microfluidics fuel cells.

Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene.

We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on the intensity scale calibration of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an alternative material to gold, silver, and copper. An improved set of LDPE reference spectra, corrected for different instrument geometries using a quartz-monochromated Al Kα x-ray source, was developed using data provided by participants in this study. Using these new reference spectra, a transmission function was calculated for each dataset that participants provided. When compared to a similar calibration procedure using the NPL reference spectra for gold, the LDPE intensity calibration method achieves an absolute offset of ∼3.0% and a systematic deviation of ±6.5% on average across all participants. For spectra recorded at high pass energies (≥90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼5.8% and ±5.7%, respectively, whereas for spectra collected at lower pass energies (<90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼4.9% and ±8.8%, respectively; low pass energy spectra perform worse than the global average, in terms of systematic deviations, due to diminished count rates and signal-to-noise ratio. Differences in absolute offset are attributed to the surface roughness of the LDPE induced by sample preparation. We further assess the usability of LDPE as a secondary reference material and comment on its performance in the presence of issues such as variable dark noise, x-ray warm up times, inaccuracy at low count rates, and underlying spectrometer problems. In response to participant feedback and the results of the study, we provide an updated LDPE intensity calibration protocol to address the issues highlighted in the interlaboratory study. We also comment on the lack of implementation of a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method across the community of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) users and, therefore, propose a route to achieving this with the assistance of instrument manufacturers, metrology laboratories, and experts leading to an international standard for XPS intensity scale calibration.

Flexible and Thermally Insulating Porous Materials Utilizing Hollow Double-Shell Polymer Fibers.

The global climate change is mainly caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To help reduce CO2 emissions and conserve thermal energy, sustainable materials based on flexible thermal insulation are developed to minimize heat flux, drawing inspiration from natural systems such as polar bear hairs. The unique structure of hollow double-shell fibers makes it possible to achieve low thermal conductivity in the material while retaining exceptional elasticity, allowing it to adapt to insulation systems of any shape. The layered system of porous mats reaches a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.031 W∙m⁻¹âˆ™K⁻¹ and enables to reduce the heat transfer. The results achieved using scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) correlate with the simulated heat flow in the case of individual fibers. This research study brings new insights into the energy efficiency of domestic environments, thereby addressing the growing demand for sustainable and high-performance insulation materials for saving energy loss and reducing pollution footprint.

Interfacial blending in co-axially electrospun polymer core-shell fibers and their interaction with cells via focal adhesion point analysis.

Electrospun polymer scaffolds have gained prominence in biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressings, due to their customizable properties. As the interplay between cells and materials assumes fundamental significance in biomaterials research, understanding the relationship between fiber properties and cell behaviour is imperative. Nevertheless, altering fiber properties introduces complexity by intertwining mechanical and surface chemistry effects, challenging the differentiation of their individual impacts on cell behaviour. Core-shell fibers present an appealing solution, enabling the control of mechanical properties of scaffolds, flexibility in material and drug selection, efficient encapsulation, strong protection of bioactive drugs against harsh environments, and controlled, prolonged drug release. This study addresses a key challenge in core-shell fiber design related to the blending effect between core and shell polymers. Two types of fibers, PMMA and core-shell PC-PMMA, were electrospun, and thorough analyses confirmed the desired core-shell structure in PC-PMMA fibers. Surface chemistry analysis revealed PC diffusion to the PMMA shell of the core-shell fiber during electrospinning, subsequently prompting an investigation of the fiber's surface potential. Conducting cellular studies on osteoblasts by super-resolution confocal microscopy provided insights into the direct influence of interfacial polymer blending and, consequently, altered fiber surface and mechanical properties on cell focal adhesion points, bridging the gap between material attributes and cell responses in core-shell fibers.

Dendrite Formation on the Poly(methyl methacrylate) Surface Reactively Sputtered with a Cesium Ion Beam.

The development of topography plays an important role when low-energy projectiles are used to modify the surface or analyze the properties of various materials. It can be a feature that allows one to create complex structures on the sputtered surface. It can also be a factor that limits depth resolution in ion-based depth profiling methods. In this work, we have studied the evolution of microdendrites on poly(methyl methacrylate) sputtered with a Cs 1 keV ion beam. Detailed analysis of the topography of the sputtered surface shows a sea of pillars with islands of densely packed pillars, which eventually evolve to fully formed dendrites. The development of the dendrites depends on the Cs fluence and temperature. Analysis of the sputtered surface by physicochemical methods shows that the mechanism responsible for the formation of the observed microstructures is reactive ion sputtering. It originates from the chemical reaction between the target material and primary projectile and is combined with mass transport induced by ion sputtering. The importance of chemical reaction for the formation of the described structures is shown directly by comparing the change in the surface morphology under the same dose of a nonreactive 1 keV xenon ion beam.

Hydrogen Bubble Size Distribution on Nanostructured Ni Surfaces: Electrochemically Active Surface Area Versus Wettability.

Emerging manufacturing technologies make it possible to design the morphology of electrocatalysts on the nanoscale in order to improve their efficiency in electrolysis processes. The current work investigates the effects of electrode-attached hydrogen bubbles on the performance of electrodes depending on their surface morphology and wettability. Ni-based electrocatalysts with hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanostructures are manufactured by electrodeposition, and their surface properties are characterized. Despite a considerably larger electrochemically active surface area, electrochemical analysis reveals that the samples with more pronounced hydrophobic properties perform worse at industrially relevant current densities. High-speed imaging shows significantly larger bubble detachment radii with higher hydrophobicity, meaning that the electrode surface area that is blocked by gas is larger than the area gained by nanostructuring. Furthermore, a slight tendency toward bubble size reduction of 7.5% with an increase in the current density is observed in 1 M KOH.

Mimicking natural electrical environment with cellulose acetate scaffolds enhances collagen formation of osteoblasts.

The medical field is continuously seeking new solutions and materials, where cellulose materials due to their high biocompatibility have great potential. Here we investigate the applicability of cellulose acetate (CA) electrospun fibers for bone tissue regeneration. For the first time we show the piezoelectric properties of electrospun CA fibers via high voltage switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy (HVSS-PFM) tests, which are followed by surface potential studies using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and zeta potential measurements. Piezoelectric coefficient for CA fibers of 6.68 ± 1.70 pmV-1 along with high surface (718 mV) and zeta (-12.2 mV) potentials allowed us to mimic natural electrical environment favoring bone cell attachment and growth. Importantly, the synergy between increased surface potential and highly developed structure of the fibrous scaffold led to the formation of a vast 3D network of collagen produced by osteoblasts only after 7 days of in vitro culture. We clearly show the advantages of CA scaffolds as a bone replacement material, when long-lasting structural support is needed.

Catalytic reductions of nitroaromatic compounds over heterogeneous catalysts with rhenium sub-nanostructures.

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are key contaminants of anthropogenic origin and pose a severe threat to human and animal lives. Although the catalytic activities of Re nanostructures (NSs) are significantly higher than those of other heterogeneous catalysts containing NSs, few studies have been reported on the application of Re-based nanocatalysts for NAC hydrogenation. Accordingly, herein, catalytic reductions of nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP) over new Re-based heterogeneous catalysts were proposed. The catalytic materials were designed to enable effective syntheses and stabilisation of particularly small Re structures over them. Accordingly, catalytic hydrogenations of NACs under mild conditions were significantly enhanced by Re sub-nanostructures (Re-sub-NSs). The highest pseudo-first-order rate constants for NB, 4-NP, 2-NA, 4-NA, and 2,4,6-TNP reductions over the catalyst acquired by stabilising Re using bis(3-aminopropyl)amine (BAPA), which led to Re-sub-NSs with Re concentrations of 16.7 wt%, were 0.210, 0.130, 0.100, 0.180, and 0.090 min-1, respectively.

Electrically Switchable Film Structure of Conjugated Polymer Composites.

Domains rich in different blend components phase-separate during deposition, creating a film morphology that determines the performance of active layers in organic electronics. However, morphological control either relies on additional fabrication steps or is limited to a small region where an external interaction is applied. Here, we show that different semiconductor-insulator polymer composites can be rapidly dip-coated with the film structure electrically switched between distinct morphologies during deposition guided by the meniscus formed between the stationary barrier and horizontally drawn solid substrate. Reversible and repeatable changes between the morphologies used in devices, e.g., lateral morphologies and stratified layers of semiconductors and insulators, or between phase-inverted droplet-like structures are manifested only for one polarity of the voltage applied across the meniscus as a rectangular pulse. This phenomenon points to a novel mechanism, related to voltage-induced doping and the doping-dependent solubility of the conjugated polymer, equivalent to an increased semiconductor content that controls the composite morphologies. This is effective only for the positively polarized substrate rather than the barrier, as the former entrains the nearby lower part of the coating solution that forms the final composite film. The mechanism, applied to the pristine semiconductor solution, results in an increased semiconductor deposition and 40-times higher film conductance.

Effect of poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) stereoregularity on polymer film interactions with peptides, proteins, and bacteria.

The impact of polymer stereoregularity on its interactions with peptides, proteins and bacteria strains was studied for three stereoregular forms of poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA): isotactic (iso), atactic (at) and syndiotactic (syn) PtBMA. Principal component analysis of the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry data recorded for thin polymer films indicated a different orientation of ester groups, which in the case of iso-PtBMA are exposed away from the surface whereas for at-PtBMA and syn-PtBMA these are located deeper within the film. This arrangement of chemical groups modified the interactions of iso-PtBMA with biomolecules when compared to at-PtBMA and syn-PtBMA. For peptides, the affected interactions were explained by the preferential hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction between the exposed polar ester groups of iso-PtBMA and positively charged peptides. In turn, for protein adsorption no impact on the amount of adsorbed proteins was observed. However, the polymer stereoregularity influenced the orientation of immunoglobulin G and induced conformational changes in bovine serum albumin structure. Moreover, the impact of polymer stereoregularity occurred equally for their interactions with Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus), which absorbed preferentially onto iso-PtBMA films as compared to two other stereoregularities.

Surface Potential Driven Water Harvesting from Fog.

Access to clean water is a global challenge, and fog collectors are a promising solution. Polycarbonate (PC) fibers have been used in fog collectors but with limited efficiency. In this study, we show that controlling voltage polarity and humidity during the electrospinning of PC fibers improves their surface properties for water collection capability. We experimentally measured the effect of both the surface morphology and the chemistry of PC fiber on their surface potential and mechanical properties in relation to the water collection efficiency from fog. PC fibers produced at high humidity and with negative voltage polarity show a superior water collection rate combined with the highest tensile strength. We proved that electric potential on surface and morphology are crucial, as often designed by nature, for enhancing the water collection capabilities via the single-step production of fibers without any postprocessing needs.

Fiber-Based Composite Meshes with Controlled Mechanical and Wetting Properties for Water Harvesting.

Water is the basis of life in the world. Unfortunately, resources are shrinking at an alarming rate. The lack of access to water is still the biggest problem in the modern world. The key to solving it is to find new unconventional ways to obtain water from alternative sources. Fog collectors are becoming an increasingly important way of water harvesting as there are places in the world where fog is the only source of water. Our aim is to apply electrospun fiber technology, due to its high surface area, to increase fog collection efficiency. Therefore, composites consisting of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fibers were successfully fabricated using a two-nozzle electrospinning setup. This design enables the realization of optimal meshes for harvesting water from fog. In our studies we focused on combining hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) and hydrophilic polyamide 6 (PA6), surface properties in the produced meshes, without any chemical modifications, on the basis of new hierarchical composites for collecting water. This combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials causes water to condense on the hydrophobic microfibers and to run down on the hydrophilic nanofibers. By adjusting the fraction of PA6 nanofibers, we were able to tune the mechanical properties of PS meshes and importantly increase the efficiency in collecting water. We combined a few characterization methods together with novel image processing protocols for the analysis of fiber fractions in the constructed meshes. The obtained results show a new single-step method to produce meshes with enhanced mechanical properties and water collecting abilities that can be applied in existing fog water collectors. This is a new promising design for fog collectors with nano- and macrofibers which are able to efficiently harvest water, showing great application in comparison to commercially available standard meshes.

Polypyrrole⁻Nickel Hydroxide Hybrid Nanowires as Future Materials for Energy Storage.

Hybrid materials play an essential role in the development of the energy storage technologies since a multi-constituent system merges the properties of the individual components. Apart from new features and enhanced performance, such an approach quite often allows the drawbacks of single components to be diminished or reduced entirely. The goal of this paper was to prepare and characterize polymer-metal hydroxide (polypyrrole-nickel hydroxide, PPy-Ni(OH)2) nanowire arrays demonstrating good electrochemical performance. Nanowires were fabricated by potential pulse electrodeposition of pyrrole and nickel hydroxide into nanoporous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) template. The structural features of as-obtained PPy-Ni(OH)2 hybrid nanowires were characterized using FE-SEM and TEM analysis. Their chemical composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The presence of nickel hydroxide in the synthesized PPy-Ni(OH)2 nanowire array was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both FE-SEM and TEM analyses confirmed that the obtained nanowires were composed of a polymer matrix with nanoparticles dispersed within. EDS and XPS techniques confirmed the presence of PPy-Ni(OH)2 in the nanowire array obtained. Optimal working potential range (i.e., available potential window), charge propagation, and cyclic stability of the electrodes were determined with cyclic voltammetry (CV) at various scan rates. Interestingly, the electrochemical stability window for the aqueous electrolyte at PPy-Ni(OH)2 nanowire array electrode was remarkably wider (ca. 2 times) in comparison with the non-modified PPy electrode. The capacitance values, calculated from cyclic voltammetry performed at 20 mV s-1, were 25 F cm-2 for PPy and 75 F cm-2 for PPy-Ni(OH)2 array electrodes. The cyclic stability of the PPy nanowire array electrode up to 100 cycles showed a capacitance fade of about 13%.

Surface-Potential-Controlled Cell Proliferation and Collagen Mineralization on Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Fiber Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration.

This study represents the unique analysis of the electrospun scaffolds with the controlled and stable surface potential without any additional biochemical modifications for bone tissue regeneration. We controlled surface potential of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibers with applied positive and negative voltage polarities during electrospinning, to obtain two types of scaffolds PVDF(+) and, PVDF(-). The cells' attachments to PVDF scaffolds were imaged in great details with advanced scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D tomography based on focus ion beam (FIB-SEM). We presented the distinct variations in cells shapes and in filopodia and lamellipodia formation according to the surface potential of PVDF fibers that was verified with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Notable, cells usually reach their maximum spread area through increased proliferation, suggesting the stronger adhesion, which was indeed double for PVDF(-) scaffolds having surface potential of -95 mV. Moreover, by tuning the surface potential of PVDF fibers, we were able to enhance collagen mineralization for possible use in bone regeneration. The scaffolds built of PVDF(-) fibers demonstrated the greater potential for bone regeneration than PVDF(+), showing after 7 days in osteoblasts culture produce well-mineralized osteoid required for bone nodules. The collagen mineralization was confirmed with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Sirius Red staining, additionally the cells proliferation with fluorescence microscopy and Alamar Blue assays. The scaffolds made of PVDF fibers with the similar surface potential to the cell membranes promoting bone growth for next-generation tissue scaffolds, which are on a high demand in bone regenerative medicine.

Engineering a Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):(Polystyrene Sulfonate) Surface Using Self-Assembling Molecules-A Chemical Library Approach.

The surface properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):(polystyrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) affect the performance of many organic electronic devices. The work function determines the efficiency of the charge carrier transfer between PEDOT:PSS electrodes and the active layer of the device. The surface free energy affects phase separation in multicomponent blends that are typically used to fabricate active layers of organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaic devices. Here, we present a method to prepare PEDOT:PSS films with a gradient work function and surface free energy. This modification was achieved by evaporation of trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane in such a way that the degree of surface coverage of the molecules varied in the selected direction. Gradient films were used as electrodes to fabricate two-terminal PEDOT:PSS/poly(3-hexyl thiophene)/Au devices to rapidly screen for the influence of the modification on the performance of the prepared polymer diodes. Gradual changes in the morphology of the solution-cast model poly(3-butyl thiophene)/poly-bromostyrene films followed changes in the surface energy of the substrate.

Between single ion magnets and macromolecules: a polymer/transition metal-based semi-solid solution.

The creation of functional magnetic materials for application in high-density memory storage or in the new field of molecular spintronics is a matter of widespread interest among the material research community. Herein, we describe a new approach that combines the qualities of single ion magnets, displaying slow magnetic relaxations, and the merits of polymers, being easy to process and widely used to produce thin films. Basing the idea on cobalt(ii) ions and pyridine-based single ion magnets, a new macromolecular magnetic material was obtained - a polymeric matrix of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) cross-linked by a cobalt(ii) salt bound within it, effectively forming a network of single ion magnets, with field-induced magnetic relaxations preserved in both bulk and thin film forms. The binding of cobalt is confirmed by a series of methods, like secondary ion mass spectroscopy or high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The magnetic relaxation times, up to 5 × 10-6 s, are controllable simply by dilution, making this new material a semi-solid solution. By this approach, a new path is formed to connect molecular magnetism and polymer science, showing that the easy polymer processing can be used in forming self-organizing functional magnetic thin films.

Roughness and Fiber Fraction Dominated Wetting of Electrospun Fiber-Based Porous Meshes.

Wettability of electrospun fibers is one of the key parameters in the biomedical and filtration industry. Within this comprehensive study of contact angles on three-dimensional (3D) meshes made of electrospun fibers and films, from seven types of polymers, we clearly indicated the importance of roughness analysis. Surface chemistry was analyzed with X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS) and it showed no significant difference between fibers and films, confirming that the hydrophobic properties of the surfaces can be enhanced by just roughness without any chemical treatment. The surface geometry was determining factor in wetting contact angle analysis on electrospun meshes. We noted that it was very important how the geometry of electrospun surfaces was validated. The commonly used fiber diameter was not necessarily a convincing parameter unless it was correlated with the surface roughness or fraction of fibers or pores. Importantly, this study provides the guidelines to verify the surface free energy decrease with the fiber fraction for the meshes, to validate the changes in wetting contact angles. Eventually, the analysis suggested that meshes could maintain the entrapped air between fibers, decreasing surface free energies for polymers, which increased the contact angle for liquids with surface tension above the critical Wenzel level to maintain the Cassie-Baxter regime for hydrophobic surfaces.

Temperature-Controlled Three-Stage Switching of Wetting, Morphology, and Protein Adsorption.

The novel polymeric coatings of oligoperoxide-graft-poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-oligo(ethylene glycol)ethyl ether methacrylate246) [oligoperoxide-graft-P(4VP-co-OEGMA246)] attached to glass were successfully fabricated. The composition, thickness, morphology, and wettability of resulting coatings were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurements, respectively. In addition, adsorption of the bovine serum albumin was examined with fluorescence microscopy. The thermal response of wettability and morphology of the coatings followed by that of protein adsorption revealed two distinct transitions at 10 and 23 °C. For the first time, three stage switching was observed not only for surface wetting but also for morphology and protein adsorption. Moreover, the influence of the pH on thermo-sensitivity of modified surfaces was shown.

Orientation and biorecognition of immunoglobulin adsorbed on spin-cast poly(3-alkylthiophenes): Impact of polymer film crystallinity.

Many of bioelectronic and biosensor applications are based on poly(3-alkylthiophenes), conducting and solution-processable polymers. The most facile approach for the fabrication of such devices relies on biofunctionalization of P3AT surfaces with antibodies through adsorption. The success of this approach depends critically on antibody orientation that affects its biorecognition. As demonstrated here both these features are controlled by the surface structure of spin-cast P3ATs. In particular, a multi-technique and multivariate study that involved Atomic Force Microscopy, Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction, Angle-Resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry combined with Principal Component Analysis is conducted in order to deduce the crystalline texture of three P3AT polymers as well as its effect on orientation of adsorbed rabbit immunoglobulin (IgG) molecules. An edge-on crystalline texture is concluded for regioregular poly(3-butylthiophene) (RP3BT) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RP3HT), while amorphous morphology is inferred for poly(3-butylthiophene) (P3BT). In addition, end-on and head-on orientations similar for all P3ATs were concluded, based on the amount of adsorbed rabbit IgG molecules. Examination of amino acids characteristic for F(ab')2 and Fc fragments, and dominant in the external regions of adsorbed immunoglobulin molecules, points to end-on IgG alignment on RP3BT and RP3HT, but not on P3BT. Moreover, the binding of an anti-rabbit IgG antibody on the absorbed rabbit IgG is higher (up to 71%) when the biorecognition reactions are performed on regioregular rather than regiorandom P3AT surfaces. In particular, the highest biorecognition efficiency and IgG orientational order is observed for the RP3BT surfaces with the more developed crystallinity.

Measuring Compositions in Organic Depth Profiling: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study.

We report the results of a VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) interlaboratory study on the measurement of composition in organic depth profiling. Layered samples with known binary compositions of Irganox 1010 and either Irganox 1098 or Fmoc-pentafluoro-l-phenylalanine in each layer were manufactured in a single batch and distributed to more than 20 participating laboratories. The samples were analyzed using argon cluster ion sputtering and either X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to generate depth profiles. Participants were asked to estimate the volume fractions in two of the layers and were provided with the compositions of all other layers. Participants using XPS provided volume fractions within 0.03 of the nominal values. Participants using ToF-SIMS either made no attempt, or used various methods that gave results ranging in error from 0.02 to over 0.10 in volume fraction, the latter representing a 50% relative error for a nominal volume fraction of 0.2. Error was predominantly caused by inadequacy in the ability to compensate for primary ion intensity variations and the matrix effect in SIMS. Matrix effects in these materials appear to be more pronounced as the number of atoms in both the primary analytical ion and the secondary ion increase. Using the participants' data we show that organic SIMS matrix effects can be measured and are remarkably consistent between instruments. We provide recommendations for identifying and compensating for matrix effects. Finally, we demonstrate, using a simple normalization method, that virtually all ToF-SIMS participants could have obtained estimates of volume fraction that were at least as accurate and consistent as XPS.