Combined immunosuppression for acquired hemophilia A: CyDRi is a highly effective low-toxicity regimen.

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare severe autoimmune bleeding disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Although critical for disease control, there is no consensus for the best immunosuppressive regimen. Most authors use steroids first line, followed by other agents for steroid failures. Upfront combined regimens offer the advantage of reduced steroid exposure and toxicity as well as increased efficacy. We retrospectively analyzed data from 32 patients with AHA treated on an identical such institutional protocol: cyclophosphamide 1000 mg on days 1 and 22, dexamethasone 40 mg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22, and rituximab 100 mg on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 (the regimen was termed CyDRi). All patients received at least 1 cycle of CyDRi. If necessary, CyDRi was repeated until remission, no sooner than day 43 of the previous cycle. Bleeding control was rapidly achieved. The median time for bleeding control was 15.5 days (range, 0-429 days; interquartile range, 2.5-29.5 days). Thirty-one (96.8%) of 32 patients achieved durable complete remission (CR); 29 (90.6%) of 32 patients were alive at last follow-up, all of them in CR. The median time to reach first CR was 77 days (range, 19-939 days; interquartile range, 31-115 days). Toxicity and side effects were acceptable and milder than those of commonly used, prolonged steroid therapies. In conclusion, the CyDRi regimen produced markedly higher CR rates and overall survival than currently used sequential regimens. Taken together, CyDRi proved to be an attractive option for the immunosuppression of elderly patients with AHA.

Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Profiles in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura-Differences Compared to COVID-19.

Thromboinflammation/immunothrombosis plays a role in several diseases including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and COVID-19. Unlike the extensive research that has been conducted on COVID-19 cytokine storms, the baseline and acute phase cytokine profiles of TTP are poorly characterized. Moreover, we compared the cytokine profiles of TTP and COVID-19 to identify the disease-specific/general characteristics of thromboinflammation/immunothrombosis. Plasma concentrations of 33 soluble mediators (SMs: cytokines, chemokines, soluble receptors, and growth factors) were measured by multiplex bead-based LEGENDplex™ immunoassay from 32 COVID-19 patients (32 non-vaccinated patients in three severity groups), 32 TTP patients (remission/acute phase pairs of 16 patients), and 15 control samples. Mainly, the levels of innate immunity-related SMs changed in both diseases. In TTP, ten SMs decreased in both remission and acute phases compared to the control, one decreased, and two increased only in the acute phase compared to remission, indicating mostly anti-inflammatory changes. In COVID-19, ten pro-inflammatory SMs increased, whereas one decreased with increasing severity compared to the control. In severe COVID-19, sixteen SMs exceeded acute TTP levels, with only one higher in TTP. PCA identified CXCL10, IL-1RA, and VEGF as the main discriminators among their cytokine profiles. The innate immune response is altered in both diseases. The cytokine profile of TTP suggests a distinct pathomechanism from COVID-19 and supports referring to TTP as thromboinflammatory rather than immunothrombotic, emphasizing thrombosis over inflammation as the driving force of the acute phase.

PNPLA3 rs738409 risk genotype decouples TyG index from HOMA2-IR and intrahepatic lipid content.

BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggested a different predictive value for TyG index compared to HOMA-IR in coronary artery calcification (CAC) and other atherosclerotic outcomes, despite that both indices are proposed as surrogate markers of insulin resistance. We hypothesized a key role for liver pathology as an explanation and therefore assessed the relationship among the two indices and the intrahepatic lipid content stratified by PNPLA3 rs738409 genotypes as a known non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) genetic risk. METHODS: Thirty-nine women from a prior GDM-genetic study were recalled with PNPLA3 rs738409 CC and GG genotypes for metabolic phenotyping and to assess hepatic triglyceride content (HTGC). 75 g OGTT was performed, fasting lipid, glucose, insulin levels and calculated insulin resistance indices (TyG and HOMA2-IR) were used. HTGC was measured by MR based methods. Mann-Whitney-U, χ2 and for the correlation analysis Spearman rank order tests were applied. RESULTS: The PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype had a significant effect on the direct correlation between the HOMA2-IR and TyG index: the correlation (R = 0.52, p = 0.0054) found in the CC group was completely abolished in those with the GG (NAFLD) risk genotype. In addition, the HOMA2-IR correlated with HTGC in the entire study population (R = 0.69, p < 0.0001) and also separately in both genotypes (CC R = 0.62, p = 0.0006, GG: R = 0.74, p = 0.0058). In contrast, the correlation between TyG index and HTGC was only significant in rs738409 CC genotype group (R = 0.42, p = 0.0284) but not in GG group. A similar pattern was observed in the correlation between TG and HTGC (CC: R = 0.41, p = 0.0335), when the components of the TyG index were separately assessed. CONCLUSIONS: PNPLA3 rs738409 risk genotype completely decoupled the direct correlation between two surrogate markers of insulin resistance: TyG and HOMA2-IR confirming our hypothesis. The liver lipid content increased in parallel with the HOMA2-IR independent of genotype, in contrast to the TyG index where the risk genotype abolished the correlation. This phenomenon seems to be related to the nature of hepatic fat accumulation and to the different concepts establishing the two insulin resistance markers.

Landscape of BCL2 Resistance Mutations in a Real-World Cohort of Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated with Venetoclax.

The oral, highly selective Bcl2 inhibitor venetoclax has substantially improved the therapeutic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite the remarkable response rates in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) disease, acquired resistance is the leading cause of treatment failure, with somatic BCL2 mutations being the predominant genetic drivers underpinning venetoclax resistance. To assess the correlation between disease progression and the most common BCL2 mutations G101V and D103Y, sensitive (10-4) screening for the most common BCL2 mutations G101V and D103Y was performed in 67 R/R CLL patients during venetoclax single-agent or venetoclax-rituximab combination therapy. With a median follow-up time of 23 months, BCL2 G101V and D103Y were detected in 10.4% (7/67) and 11.9% (8/67) of the cases, respectively, with four patients harboring both resistance mutations. Ten out of eleven patients carrying BCL2 G101V and/or D103Y experienced relapse during the follow-up period, representing 43.5% of the cases (10/23) showing clinical signs of disease progression. All BCL2 G101V or D103Y variants were detected in patients receiving venetoclax as a continuous single-agent treatment while these mutations were not observed during or after fixed-duration venetoclax therapy. Targeted ultra-deep sequencing of BCL2 uncovered three additional variants in four patient samples obtained at relapse, suggesting convergent evolution and implying a cooperating role of BCL2 mutations in driving venetoclax resistance. This cohort is the largest R/R CLL patient population reported to date in which BCL2 resistance mutations were investigated. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and clinical value of sensitive screening for BCL2 resistance mutations in R/R CLL.

[Impact of the type of hematopoietic stem-cell transplant on quality of life and psychopathology]. / A haematopoeticus ossejt-transzplantáció hatása az életminoségre és a pszichés tünetekre.

Background and purpose:

Despite the decrease in transplant-related mortality, patients who receive hematopoietic stem-cell transplants often suffer from short-and long-term morbidities, poorer quality of life, and psychosocial functioning deficits. Several studies have compared the quality of life and affective symptoms of patients after undergoing autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. Some studies have reported similar or greater quality of life impairments in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell recipients, but the findings have been inconsistent. Our purpose was to examine the influence of the type of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation on the quality of life and affective symptoms of patients.

The study sample comprised 121 patients with various hematological diseases who underwent hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation at St. István and St. László Hospitals, Budapest. The study had a cross-sectional design. Quality of life was evaluated using the Hungarian version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Bone Marrow Transplant scale (FACT-BMT). Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using Spielberger’s State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Dep­ression Inventory (BDI), respectively. Basic sociodemographic and clinical variables were also recorded. Comparisons between autologous and allogeneic recipients were analyzed using a t-test when the variables were normally distributed and a Mann–Whitney U test otherwise. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors that contributed to the quality of life and the affective symptoms in each group.

Quality of life (p=0.83) and affective symptoms (pBDI=0.24; pSSTAI=0.63) were similar between the autologous and allogeneic transplant groups. The BDI scores of allogeneic transplant patients indicated mild depression, but their STAI scores were similar to those of the general population. Allogeneic transplant patients with symptoms of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) experienced more severe clinical conditions (p=0.01), poorer functional status (p<0.01) and received more immunosuppressive treatment (p<0.01) than those without graft versus host disease. Patients suffering from graft versus host disease experienced more severe depression (p=0.01), and constant anxiety (p=0.03) than those without graft versus host disease. Quality of life was affected by depressive and anxiety symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity in both the alloge­neic and autologous groups.

Graft versus host disease-related severe somatic complaints seemed to influence the allogeneic transplant patients’ quality of life by inducing depressive and anxiety symptoms.

Serum fetuin-A level is independent of Helicobacter pylori postinfection status in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Helicobacter pylori is a common pathogen causing gastric inflammation and malignancy. Fetuin-A is a multifunctional protein that is involved in the regulation of calcification, insulin resistance and inflammation. Reports on serum levels of fetuin-A in acute H. pylori infection are contradictory. We intended to see whether H. pylori post-infection status has a long-term effect on serum fetuin-A levels in a well-characterized series of systemic lupus erythematosus cases. In this cross-sectional study 117 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were enrolled. Helicobacter infection status and serum fetuin-A concentration were determined by ELISA and radial immunodiffusion, respectively. H. pylori positive patients had higher serum fetuin-A concentration than negative ones: 517 (456-603) vs. 476 (408-544) mg L-1, median (25-75% percentiles), P = 0.020. No other parameters differed between these groups. During univariate regression analysis fetuin-A levels were associated with Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), White blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum total protein, albumin, and the SLEDAI index at the time of diagnosis but only serum albumin remained a significant determinant in multivariate regression study.

Updated results of the placebo-controlled, phase III JAKARTA trial of fedratinib in patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk myelofibrosis.

Fedratinib, an oral Janus kinase-2 (JAK2) inhibitor, reduces splenomegaly and improves symptom burden in patients with myelofibrosis. Regulatory approval of fedratinib 400-mg daily was based on results of an updated analysis of the pivotal phase III, placebo-controlled JAKARTA trial in patients with JAK-inhibitor-naïve myelofibrosis. At week 24, spleen volume response rate was 47% and symptom response rate was 40% with fedratinib 400 mg, versus 1% and 9% respectively, with placebo. Common adverse events were diarrhoea, nausea, anaemia, and vomiting. No Wernicke encephalopathy occurred in patients receiving fedratinib 400 mg/day. These updated data support use of first-line fedratinib in patients with myelofibrosis.

Health-related quality of life maintained over time in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with daratumumab in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone: results from the phase III CASTOR trial.

In the phase III CASTOR trial, daratumumab, bortezomib and dexamethasone (D-Vd) significantly extended progression-free survival compared with bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd) alone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Here, we present patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from the CASTOR trial. PROs were assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30-item (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the EuroQol 5-dimensional descriptive system questionnaire. Treatment effects through Cycle 8 were measured by a repeated measures mixed-effects model. After Cycle 8, PROs were only collected for patients in the D-Vd group who continued on daratumumab monotherapy. Compliance rates for PRO assessments were high and similar between treatment groups. Mean changes from baseline were generally similar between treatment groups for EORTC QLQ-C30 global health status (GHS), functioning and symptoms, and did not exceed 10 points for either treatment group. Subgroup analyses were consistent with the results observed in the overall population. There was no change in patients' health-related quality of life for the first eight cycles of therapy; thereafter, patients treated with daratumumab over the long-term reported improvements in GHS and pain. These results complement the significant clinical benefits observed with D-Vd in patients with RRMM and support its use in this patient population.

Screening and monitoring of the BTKC481S mutation in a real-world cohort of patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia during ibrutinib therapy.

The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib has revolutionised the therapeutic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Acquired mutations emerging at position C481 in the BTK tyrosine kinase domain are the predominant genetic alterations associated with secondary ibrutinib resistance. To assess the correlation between disease progression, and the emergence and temporal dynamics of the most common resistance mutation BTKC481S , sensitive (10-4 ) time-resolved screening was performed in 83 relapsed/refractory CLL patients during single-agent ibrutinib treatment. With a median follow-up time of 40 months, BTKC481S was detected in 48·2% (40/83) of the patients, with 80·0% (32/40) of them showing disease progression during the examined period. In these 32 cases, representing 72·7% (32/44) of all patients experiencing relapse, emergence of the BTKC481S mutation preceded the symptoms of clinical relapse with a median of nine months. Subsequent Bcl-2 inhibition therapy applied in 28/32 patients harbouring BTKC481S and progressing on ibrutinib conferred clinical and molecular remission across the patients. Our study demonstrates the clinical value of sensitive BTKC481S monitoring with the largest longitudinally analysed real-world patient cohort reported to date and validates the feasibility of an early prediction of relapse in the majority of ibrutinib-treated relapsed/refractory CLL patients experiencing disease progression.

Five-year PFS from the AETHERA trial of brentuximab vedotin for Hodgkin lymphoma at high risk of progression or relapse.

The phase 3 AETHERA trial established brentuximab vedotin (BV) as a consolidative treatment option for adult patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) at high risk of relapse or progression after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (auto-HSCT). Results showed that BV significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) vs placebo plus best supportive care alone. At 5-year follow-up, BV continued to provide patients with sustained PFS benefit; 5-year PFS was 59% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51-66) with BV vs 41% (95% CI, 33-49) with placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.521; 95% CI, 0.379-0.717). Similarly, patients with ≥2 risk factors in the BV arm experienced significantly higher PFS at 5 years than patients in the placebo arm (HR, 0.424; 95% CI, 0.302-0.596). Upfront consolidation with BV significantly delayed time to second subsequent therapy, an indicator of ongoing disease control, vs placebo. Peripheral neuropathy, the most common adverse event in patients receiving BV, continued to improve and/or resolve in 90% of patients. In summary, consolidation with BV in adult patients with cHL at high risk of relapse or progression after auto-HSCT confers a sustained PFS benefit and is safe and well tolerated. Physicians should consider each patient's HL risk factor profile when making treatment decisions. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01100502.

Identification of the best-suited donor for generating virus-specific T cells.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Administration of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) is a viable antiviral treatment strategy after allogeneic HSCT, even if conventional therapies fail. Third-party donors are often chosen for the generation of the VST product. The eligibility of the donor has to be tested in a rigorous donor screening procedure, since the isolation technology only targets pre-existing VSTs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a period of 3 years, we performed 32 VST treatments for 28 patients. Targeting four different viruses, 284 healthy individuals underwent 417 donor screening procedures. VSTs were counted by flow cytometry detecting interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) producing T cells. Generation of the VSTs was performed from leukapheresis products in a fully automated and closed system using magnetic cell separation. RESULTS: The mean circulating VST frequencies ranged from 0·006% to 0·328%. The average yield of viable VSTs in the product was 1·83·106 cells, while the average VST dose calculated for the patient's body weight was 4·63·104 /kg. The mean purity - percentage of VSTs within the T cells - of all T-cell products was 62·9%. Correlation was identified between the frequency of the VSTs in the peripheral blood of the donor and the VST numbers of the end product; the strongest correlation was seen for CMV. CONCLUSION: This paper focuses on the T-cell donors, highlighting some key points on the donor selection process. Based on the findings in connection with the CMV therapies, peripheral VST seems to be the best predictor of the VST content of the final product administered to the patient.

c-MYC expression and maturity phenotypes are associated with outcome benefit from addition of ixazomib to lenalidomide-dexamethasone in myeloma.

OBJECTIVES: In the TOURMALINE-MM1 phase 3 trial in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, ixazomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (IRd) showed different magnitudes of progression-free survival (PFS) benefit vs placebo-Rd according to number and type of prior therapies, with greater benefit seen in patients with >1 prior line of therapy or 1 prior line of therapy without stem cell transplantation (SCT). METHODS: RNA sequencing data were used to investigate the basis of these differences. RESULTS: The PFS benefit of IRd vs placebo-Rd was greater in patients with tumors expressing high c-MYC levels (median not reached vs 11.3 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.42; 95% CI, 0.26, 0.66; P < .001) compared with in those expressing low c-MYC levels (median 20.6 vs 16.6 months; HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.42, 1.2). Expression of c-MYC in tumors varied based on the number and type of prior therapy received, with the lowest levels observed in tumors of patients who had received 1 prior line of therapy including SCT. These tumors also had higher expression levels of CD19 and CD81. CONCLUSIONS: PFS analyses suggest that lenalidomide and ixazomib target tumors with different levels of c-MYC, CD19, and CD81 expression, thus providing a potential rationale for the differential benefits observed in the TOURMALINE-MM1 study. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as: NCT01564537.

Impact of primary disease on outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for transformed secondary acute leukaemia.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) can progress to secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (sAML). We compared the outcome of 4214 sAML patients who received allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) from an unrelated (62%) or human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling donor (38%) according the underlying disease: MDS (n = 3541), CMML (n = 251) or MPN (n = 422). After a median follow up of 46·5 months, the estimated 3-year progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the entire group was 36% (34-37%) and 41% (40-43%), respectively. The cumulative incidence of relapse and non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 37% (35-39%) and 27% (26-29%), respectively. In a multivariable analysis for OS, besides age (P < 0·001), unrelated donor (P = 0·011), cytomegalovirus ± constellation (P = 0·007), Karnofsky index ≤ 80 (P < 0·001), remission status (P < 0·001), peripheral blood as stem cell source (P = 0·009), sAML from MPN (P = 0·003) remained a significant factor in comparison to sAML from MDS, while worse outcome of sAML from CMML did not reach statistical significance (P = 0·06). This large registry study demonstrates a major impact of the underlying disease on outcome of sAML after allo-HSCT.

Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Daratumumab, a human IgGκ monoclonal antibody that targets CD38, induces direct and indirect antimyeloma activity and has shown substantial efficacy as monotherapy in heavily pretreated patients with multiple myeloma, as well as in combination with bortezomib in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. METHODS: In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 498 patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma to receive bortezomib (1.3 mg per square meter of body-surface area) and dexamethasone (20 mg) alone (control group) or in combination with daratumumab (16 mg per kilogram of body weight) (daratumumab group). The primary end point was progression-free survival. RESULTS: A prespecified interim analysis showed that the rate of progression-free survival was significantly higher in the daratumumab group than in the control group; the 12-month rate of progression-free survival was 60.7% in the daratumumab group versus 26.9% in the control group. After a median follow-up period of 7.4 months, the median progression-free survival was not reached in the daratumumab group and was 7.2 months in the control group (hazard ratio for progression or death with daratumumab vs. control, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.53; P<0.001). The rate of overall response was higher in the daratumumab group than in the control group (82.9% vs. 63.2%, P<0.001), as were the rates of very good partial response or better (59.2% vs. 29.1%, P<0.001) and complete response or better (19.2% vs. 9.0%, P=0.001). Three of the most common grade 3 or 4 adverse events reported in the daratumumab group and the control group were thrombocytopenia (45.3% and 32.9%, respectively), anemia (14.4% and 16.0%, respectively), and neutropenia (12.8% and 4.2%, respectively). Infusion-related reactions that were associated with daratumumab treatment were reported in 45.3% of the patients in the daratumumab group; these reactions were mostly grade 1 or 2 (grade 3 in 8.6% of the patients), and in 98.2% of these patients, they occurred during the first infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, daratumumab in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone resulted in significantly longer progression-free survival than bortezomib and dexamethasone alone and was associated with infusion-related reactions and higher rates of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia than bortezomib and dexamethasone alone. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02136134.).

Oral Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Ixazomib is an oral proteasome inhibitor that is currently being studied for the treatment of multiple myeloma. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned 722 patients who had relapsed, refractory, or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma to receive ixazomib plus lenalidomide-dexamethasone (ixazomib group) or placebo plus lenalidomide-dexamethasone (placebo group). The primary end point was progression-free survival. RESULTS: Progression-free survival was significantly longer in the ixazomib group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 14.7 months (median progression-free survival, 20.6 months vs. 14.7 months; hazard ratio for disease progression or death in the ixazomib group, 0.74; P=0.01); a benefit with respect to progression-free survival was observed with the ixazomib regimen, as compared with the placebo regimen, in all prespecified patient subgroups, including in patients with high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities. The overall rates of response were 78% in the ixazomib group and 72% in the placebo group, and the corresponding rates of complete response plus very good partial response were 48% and 39%. The median time to response was 1.1 months in the ixazomib group and 1.9 months in the placebo group, and the corresponding median duration of response was 20.5 months and 15.0 months. At a median follow-up of approximately 23 months, the median overall survival has not been reached in either study group, and follow-up is ongoing. The rates of serious adverse events were similar in the two study groups (47% in the ixazomib group and 49% in the placebo group), as were the rates of death during the study period (4% and 6%, respectively); adverse events of at least grade 3 severity occurred in 74% and 69% of the patients, respectively. Thrombocytopenia of grade 3 and grade 4 severity occurred more frequently in the ixazomib group (12% and 7% of the patients, respectively) than in the placebo group (5% and 4% of the patients, respectively). Rash occurred more frequently in the ixazomib group than in the placebo group (36% vs. 23% of the patients), as did gastrointestinal adverse events, which were predominantly low grade. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy was 27% in the ixazomib group and 22% in the placebo group (grade 3 events occurred in 2% of the patients in each study group). Patient-reported quality of life was similar in the two study groups. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of ixazomib to a regimen of lenalidomide and dexamethasone was associated with significantly longer progression-free survival; the additional toxic effects with this all-oral regimen were limited. (Funded by Millennium Pharmaceuticals; TOURMALINE-MM1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01564537.).

Skin-homing CD8+ T cells preferentially express GPI-anchored peptidase inhibitor 16, an inhibitor of cathepsin K.

This study sought to identify novel CD8+ T cell homing markers by studying acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD), typically involving increased T cell homing to the skin and gut. FACS-sorted skin-homing (CD8ß+ /CLA+ ), gut-homing (CD8ß+ /integrinß7+ ), and reference (CD8ß+ /CLA- /integrinß7- ) T cells were compared in patients affected by cutaneous and/or gastrointestinal aGVHD. Microarray analysis, qPCR, and flow cytometry revealed increased expression of peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16) in skin-homing CD8+ T cells. Robust association of PI16 with skin homing was confirmed in all types of aGvHD and in healthy controls, too. PI16 was not observed on CLA+ leukocytes other than T cells. Induction of PI16 expression on skin-homing T cells occurred independently of vitamin D3. Among skin-homing T cells, PI16 expression was most pronounced in memory-like CD45RO+ /CD127+ /CD25+ /CD69- /granzyme B- cells. PI16 was confined to the plasma membrane, was GPI-anchored, and was lost upon restimulation of memory CD8+ T cells. Loss of PI16 occurred by downregulation of PI16 transcription, and not by Phospholipase C (PLC)- or Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-mediated shedding, or by protein recycling. Inhibitor screening and pull-down experiments confirmed that PI16 inhibits cathepsin K, but may not bind to other skin proteases. These data link PI16 to skin-homing CD8+ T cells, and raise the possibility that PI16 may regulate cutaneous cathepsin K.

Ixazomib significantly prolongs progression-free survival in high-risk relapsed/refractory myeloma patients.

Certain cytogenetic abnormalities are known to adversely impact outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The phase 3 TOURMALINE-MM1 study demonstrated a significant improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) with ixazomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (IRd) compared with placebo-lenalidomide-dexamethasone (placebo-Rd). This preplanned analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of IRd vs placebo-Rd according to cytogenetic risk, as assessed using fluorescence in situ hybridization. High-risk cytogenetic abnormalities were defined as del(17p), t(4;14), and/or t(14;16); additionally, patients were assessed for 1q21 amplification. Of 722 randomized patients, 552 had cytogenetic results; 137 (25%) had high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and 172 (32%) had 1q21 amplification alone. PFS was improved with IRd vs placebo-Rd in both high-risk and standard-risk cytogenetics subgroups: in high-risk patients, the hazard ratio (HR) was 0.543 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.321-0.918; P = .021), with median PFS of 21.4 vs 9.7 months; in standard-risk patients, HR was 0.640 (95% CI, 0.462-0.888; P = .007), with median PFS of 20.6 vs 15.6 months. This PFS benefit was consistent across subgroups with individual high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities, including patients with del(17p) (HR, 0.596; 95% CI, 0.286-1.243). PFS was also longer with IRd vs placebo-Rd in patients with 1q21 amplification (HR, 0.781; 95% CI, 0.492-1.240), and in the "expanded high-risk" group, defined as those with high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities and/or 1q21 amplification (HR, 0.664; 95% CI, 0.474-0.928). IRd demonstrated substantial benefit compared with placebo-Rd in relapsed and/or refractory MM (RRMM) patients with high-risk and standard-risk cytogenetics, and improves the poor PFS associated with high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01564537.

Coexistence of aortic valve stenosis and cardiac amyloidosis: echocardiographic and clinical significance.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction are common echocardiographic features of both aortic valve stenosis (AS) and cardiac amyloidosis (CA). These two different entities therefore may mask each other. From recent years, there is a growing body of evidence about the relatively high incidence of wild-type transthyretin (wtTTR) amyloidosis in AS, but there are scarce data on the prevalence of AS in CA, particularly in AL-type amyloidosis. The echocardiographic approach to these patients is not obvious, and not evidence based. We aimed to study the prevalence, severity, and type of AS in patients with CA and also to evaluate the potential of echocardiography in the diagnostic process. METHODS: Between January 2009 and January 2019, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical and echocardiographic data, and the echocardiographic work up of 55 consecutive CA patients. RESULTS: 80% of our CA patients had AL amyloidosis. We identified 5 patients (9%) with moderate to severe AS: two with moderate AS and three with low-flow, low-grade AS (LFLG AS). Further analysis of the latter three patients with dobutamine stress echocardiography revealed pseudo-severe LFLG AS in two, and true-severe AS in one patient. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of moderate to severe AS is 9% in our population of CA patients, the majority of whom have AL amyloidosis. Dobutamine echocardiography seems to be appropriate for the further characterization of patients with LFLG AS, even with normal ejection fraction.

Anti-thymocyte globulin improves survival free from relapse and graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with Philadelphia-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An analysis by the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT.

BACKGROUND: Mobilized peripheral blood stem cells are currently the predominant source of grafts for allogeneic transplantation (allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation [allo-PBSCT]), although, in comparison with bone marrow, their use is associated with an increased risk of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Attempts to reduce the incidence of cGVHD include the addition of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) to the pretransplant conditioning regimen. METHODS: The goal of this retrospective study was to analyze the effect of ATG on allo-PBSCT outcomes for adults with Philadelphia-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-neg ALL). The primary endpoint was survival free from relapse, grade 3 to 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and cGVHD (ie, graft-versus-host disease-free/relapse-free survival [GRFS]). Nine-hundred twenty-four patients who underwent unmanipulated allo-PBSCT in their first complete remission between 2007 and 2016 were included. ATG was used in 97 of the 494 transplants from matched sibling donors (20%) and in 307 of the 430 transplants from human leukocyte antigen-matched (8 of 8 loci) unrelated donors (71%). RESULTS: The use of ATG was an independent factor for an improved chance of GRFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; P = .0009). Furthermore, it was associated with a reduced risk of both grade 2 to 4 (HR, 0.66; P = .005) and grade 3 to 4 aGVHD (HR, 0.58; P = .03). Similarly, its addition reduced the incidence of both total (HR, 0.45; P < 10-5 ) and extensive cGVHD (HR, 0.30; P < 10-5 ) as well as nonrelapse mortality (HR, 0.58; P = .01). No significant effect was found with respect to leukemia-free or overall survival. However, an increased risk of relapse was noted for those who received ATG (HR, 1.40; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Ph-neg ALL treated with allo-PBSCT benefit from the use of ATG in terms of improved GRFS. Its use may, therefore, be considered in this setting. Cancer 2018;124:2523-33. © 2018 American Cancer Society.