Endovascular Versus Medical Management in Distal Medium Vessel Occlusion Stroke: The DUSK Study.

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is part of the usual care for proximal vessel occlusion strokes. However, the safety and effectiveness of EVT for distal medium vessel occlusions remain unclear. We sought to compare the clinical outcomes of EVT to medical management (MM) for isolated distal medium vessel occlusions. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from seven comprehensive stroke centers. Patients were included if they had isolated distal medium vessel occlusion strokes due to middle cerebral artery M3/M4, anterior cerebral artery A2/A3, or posterior cerebral artery P1/P2 segments. Patients treated with EVT or MM were compared with multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment weighting. The primary outcome was the shift in the degree of disability as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included 90-day good (mRS score, 0-2) and excellent (mRS score, 0-1) outcomes. Safety measures included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: A total of 321 patients were included in the analysis (EVT, 179; MM, 142; 40.8% treated with intravenous thrombolysis). In the inverse probability of treatment weighting model, there were no significant differences between EVT and MM in terms of the overall degree of disability (mRS ordinal shift; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.25 [95% CI, 0.95-1.64]; P=0.110), rates of good (mRS score, 0-2; aOR, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.97-1.80]; P=0.075) and excellent (aOR, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.94-1.85]; P=0.098) outcomes, or mortality (aOR, 1.20 [95% CI, 0.78-1.85]; P=0.395) at 90 days. The multivariable regression model showed similar findings. Moreover, there was no difference between EVT and MM in rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in the multivariable regression model (aOR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.21-1.58]; P=0.277), but the inverse probability of treatment weighting model showed a lower likelihood of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (aOR, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.24-0.85]; P=0.013) in the EVT group. CONCLUSIONS: This multicenter study failed to demonstrate any significant outcome differences among patients with isolated distal medium vessel occlusions treated with EVT versus MM. These findings reinforce clinical equipoise. Randomized clinical trials are ongoing and will provide more definite evidence.

Endovascular Versus Medical Therapy in Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke: Role of Baseline NIHSS Score and Occlusion Site.

BACKGROUND: Acute ischemic stroke with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion (iPCAO) lacks management evidence from randomized trials. We aimed to evaluate whether the association between endovascular treatment (EVT) and outcomes in iPCAO acute ischemic stroke is modified by initial stroke severity (baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS]) and arterial occlusion site. METHODS: Based on the multicenter, retrospective, case-control study of consecutive iPCAO acute ischemic stroke patients (PLATO study [Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke]), we assessed the heterogeneity of EVT outcomes compared with medical management (MM) for iPCAO, according to baseline NIHSS score (≤6 versus >6) and occlusion site (P1 versus P2), using multivariable regression modeling with interaction terms. The primary outcome was the favorable shift of 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Secondary outcomes included excellent outcome (mRS score 0-1), functional independence (mRS score 0-2), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality. RESULTS: From 1344 patients assessed for eligibility, 1059 were included (median age, 74 years; 43.7% women; 41.3% had intravenous thrombolysis): 364 receiving EVT and 695 receiving MM. Baseline stroke severity did not modify the association of EVT with 3-month mRS distribution (Pinteraction=0.312) but did with functional independence (Pinteraction=0.010), with a similar trend on excellent outcome (Pinteraction=0.069). EVT was associated with more favorable outcomes than MM in patients with baseline NIHSS score >6 (mRS score 0-1, 30.6% versus 17.7%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.01 [95% CI, 1.22-3.31]; mRS score 0 to 2, 46.1% versus 31.9%; aOR, 1.64 [95% CI, 1.08-2.51]) but not in those with NIHSS score ≤6 (mRS score 0-1, 43.8% versus 46.3%; aOR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.49-1.64]; mRS score 0-2, 65.3% versus 74.3%; aOR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.30-1.0]). EVT was associated with more symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage regardless of baseline NIHSS score (Pinteraction=0.467), while the mortality increase was more pronounced in patients with NIHSS score ≤6 (Pinteraction=0.044; NIHSS score ≤6: aOR, 7.95 [95% CI, 3.11-20.28]; NIHSS score >6: aOR, 1.98 [95% CI, 1.08-3.65]). Arterial occlusion site did not modify the association of EVT with outcomes compared with MM. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline clinical stroke severity, rather than the occlusion site, may be an important modifier of the association between EVT and outcomes in iPCAO. Only severely affected patients with iPCAO (NIHSS score >6) had more favorable disability outcomes with EVT than MM, despite increased mortality and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Exploring the differences in radiologic and clinical outcomes of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with single- and bi-planar expandable cages: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a universal surgical technique used to achieve lumbar fusion. Traditionally static cages have been used to restore the disc space after discectomy. However, newer technological advancements have brought up uniplanar expandable cages (UECs) and more recently bi-planar expandable cages (BECs), the latter with the hope of reducing the events of intra- or postoperative subsidence compared to UECs. However, since BECs are relatively new, there has been no comparison to UECs. In this PRISMA-compliant systematic review, we sought to identify all Medline and Embase reports that used UECs and/or BECs for TLIF or posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Primary outcomes included subsidence and fusion rates. Secondary outcomes included VAS back pain score, VAS leg pain score, ODI, and other complications. A meta-analysis of proportions was the main method used to evaluate the extracted data. Bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. A total of 15 studies were pooled in the analysis, 3 of which described BECs. There were no studies directly comparing the UECs to BECs. A statistically significant difference in fusion rates was found between UECs and BECs (p = 0.04). Due to lack of direct comparative literature, definitive conclusions cannot be made about differences between UECs and BECs. The analysis showed a statistically higher fusion rate for BECs versus UECs, but this should be interpreted cautiously. No other statistically significant differences were found. As more direct comparative studies emerge, future meta-analyses may clarify potential differences between these cage types.

Endovascular Versus Medical Management of Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke: The PLATO Study.

BACKGROUND: The optimal management of patients with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion is uncertain. We compared clinical outcomes for endovascular therapy (EVT) versus medical management (MM) in patients with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion. METHODS: This multinational case-control study conducted at 27 sites in Europe and North America included consecutive patients with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion presenting within 24 hours of time last well from January 2015 to August 2022. Patients treated with EVT or MM were compared with multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment weighting. The coprimary outcomes were the 90-day modified Rankin Scale ordinal shift and ≥2-point decrease in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. RESULTS: Of 1023 patients, 589 (57.6%) were male with median (interquartile range) age of 74 (64-82) years. The median (interquartile range) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 6 (3-10). The occlusion segments were P1 (41.2%), P2 (49.2%), and P3 (7.1%). Overall, intravenous thrombolysis was administered in 43% and EVT in 37%. There was no difference between the EVT and MM groups in the 90-day modified Rankin Scale shift (aOR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.85-1.50]; P=0.41). There were higher odds of a decrease in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale by ≥2 points with EVT (aOR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.35-2.52]; P=0.0001). Compared with MM, EVT was associated with a higher likelihood of excellent outcome (aOR, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.07-2.09]; P=0.018), complete vision recovery, and similar rates of functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2), despite a higher rate of SICH and mortality (symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, 6.2% versus 1.7%; P=0.0001; mortality, 10.1% versus 5.0%; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion, EVT was associated with similar odds of disability by ordinal modified Rankin Scale, higher odds of early National Institutes of Health stroke scale improvement, and complete vision recovery compared with MM. There was a higher likelihood of excellent outcome in the EVT group despite a higher rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality. Continued enrollment into ongoing distal vessel occlusion randomized trials is warranted.

Comparison of Frailty Indices and the Charlson Comorbidity Index in Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND: Comorbidity scales for outcome prediction in traumatic brain injury (TBI) include the 5-component modified Frailty Index (mFI-5), the 11-component modified Frailty Index (mFI-11), and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy in predicting clinical outcomes in TBI of mFI-5, mFI-11, and CCI. METHODS: The National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) was utilized to study patients with isolated TBI for the years of 2017 and 2018. After controlling for age and injury severity, individual multivariable logistic regressions were conducted with each of the 3 scales (mFI-5, mFI-11, and CCI) against predefined outcomes, including any complication, home discharge, facility discharge, and mortality. RESULTS: All 3 scales demonstrated adequate internal consistency throughout their individual components (0.63 for mFI-5, 0.60 for CCI, and 0.56 for mFI-11). Almost all studied complications were significantly more likely in frail patients. mFI-5 and mFI-11 had similar areas under the curve (AUC) for all outcomes, while CCI had lower AUCs (0.62-0.61-0.53 for any complication, 0.72-0.72-0.52 for home discharge, 0.78-0.78-0.53 for facility discharge, and 0.71-0.70-0.52 for mortality, respectively). CONCLUSION: mFI-5 and mFI-11 demonstrated similar accuracy in predicting any complication, home discharge, facility discharge, and mortality in TBI patients across the NTDB. In addition, CCI's performance was poor for the aforementioned metrics. Since mFI-5 is simpler, yet as accurate as the 2 other scales, it may be the most practical both for clinical practice and for future studies with the NTDB.

The diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence algorithms for identifying M2 segment middle cerebral artery occlusions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithms have been developed to facilitate rapid and accurate computed tomography angiography (CTA) assessment in proximal large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke, including internal carotid artery and M1 occlusions. In clinical practice, however, the detection of medium vessel occlusion (MeVO) represents an ongoing diagnostic challenge in which the added value of AI remains unclear. PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic performance of AI platforms for detecting M2 occlusions. METHODS: Studies that report the diagnostic performance of AI-based detection of M2 occlusions were screened, and sensitivity and specificity data were extracted using the semi-automated AutoLit software (Nested Knowledge, MN) platform. STATA (version 16 IC; Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) was used to conduct all analyses. RESULTS: Eight studies with a low risk of bias and significant heterogeneity were included in the quantitative and qualitative synthesis. The pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity of AI platforms for M2 occlusion detection were 64% (95% CI, 53 to 74%) and 97% (95% CI, 84 to 100%), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) in the SROC curve was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.83). CONCLUSION: The current performance of the AI-based algorithm makes it more suitable as an adjunctive confirmatory tool rather than as an independent one for M2 occlusions. With the rapid development of such algorithms, it is anticipated that newer generations will likely perform much better.

Stenting and Angioplasty in Neurothrombectomy: Matched Analysis of Rescue Intracranial Stenting Versus Failed Thrombectomy.

BACKGROUND: Successful reperfusion is one of the strongest predictors of functional outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Despite continuous advancements in MT technology and techniques, reperfusion failure still occurs in ≈15% to 30% of patients with large vessel occlusion strokes undergoing MT. We aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rescue intracranial stenting for large vessel occlusion stroke after failed MT. METHODS: The SAINT (Stenting and Angioplasty in Neurothrombectomy) Study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 14 comprehensive stroke centers through January 2015 to December 2020. Patients were included if they had anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke due to intracranial internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery-M1/M2 segments and failed MT. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: rescue intracranial stenting and failed recanalization (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Ischemia score 0-1). Propensity score matching was used to balance the 2 groups. The primary outcome was the shift in the degree of disability as measured by the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. Secondary outcomes included functional independence (90-day modified Rankin Scale score 0-2). Safety measures included symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: A total of 499 patients were included in the analysis. Compared with the failed reperfusion group, rescue intracranial stenting had a favorable shift in the overall modified Rankin Scale score distribution (acOR, 2.31 [95% CI, 1.61-3.32]; P<0.001), higher rates of functional independence (35.1% versus 7%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.33 [95% CI, 3.14-12.76]; P<0.001), and lower mortality (28% versus 46.5%; aOR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.31-0.96]; P=0.04) at 90 days. Rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage were comparable across both groups (7.1% versus 10.2%; aOR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.42-2.34]; P=0.98). The matched cohort analysis demonstrated similar results. Specifically, rescue intracranial stenting (n=107) had a favorable shift in the overall modified Rankin Scale score distribution (acOR, 3.74 [95% CI, 2.16-6.57]; P<0.001), higher rates of functional independence (34.6% versus 6.5%; aOR, 10.91 [95% CI, 4.11-28.92]; P<0.001), and lower mortality (29.9% versus 43%; aOR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.25-0.94]; P=0.03) at 90 days with similar rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (7.5% versus 11.2%; aOR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.31-2.42]; P=0.79) compared with patients who failed to reperfuse (n=107). There was no heterogeneity of treatment effect across the prespecified subgroups for improvement in functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Acute intracranial stenting appears to be a safe and effective rescue strategy in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke who failed MT. Randomized multicenter trials are warranted.

Accuracy of artificial intelligence for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage and chronic cerebral microbleeds: a systematic review and pooled analysis.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven software has been developed and become commercially available within the past few years for the detection of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and chronic cerebral microbleeds (CMBs). However, there is currently no systematic review that summarizes all of these tools or provides pooled estimates of their performance. METHODS: In this PROSPERO-registered, PRISMA compliant systematic review, we sought to compile and review all MEDLINE and EMBASE published studies that have developed and/or tested AI algorithms for ICH detection on non-contrast CT scans (NCCTs) or MRI scans and CMBs detection on MRI scans. RESULTS: In total, 40 studies described AI algorithms for ICH detection in NCCTs/MRIs and 19 for CMBs detection in MRIs. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 92.06%, 93.54%, and 93.46%, respectively, for ICH detection and 91.6%, 93.9%, and 92.7% for CMBs detection. Some of the challenges encountered in the development of these algorithms include the laborious work of creating large, labeled and balanced datasets, the volumetric nature of the imaging examinations, the fine tuning of the algorithms, and the reduction in false positives. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous AI-driven software tools have been developed over the last decade. On average, they are characterized by high performance and expert-level accuracy for the diagnosis of ICH and CMBs. As a result, implementing these tools in clinical practice may improve workflow and act as a failsafe for the detection of such lesions. REGISTRATION-URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ Unique Identifier: CRD42021246848.

Portable stroke detection devices: a systematic scoping review of prehospital applications.

BACKGROUND: The worldwide burden of stroke remains high, with increasing time-to-treatment correlated with worse outcomes. Yet stroke subtype determination, most importantly between stroke/non-stroke and ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, is not confirmed until hospital CT diagnosis, resulting in suboptimal prehospital triage and delayed treatment. In this study, we survey portable, non-invasive diagnostic technologies that could streamline triage by making this initial determination of stroke type, thereby reducing time-to-treatment. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we performed a scoping review of portable stroke diagnostic devices. The search was executed in PubMed and Scopus, and all studies testing technology for the detection of stroke or intracranial hemorrhage were eligible for inclusion. Extracted data included type of technology, location, feasibility, time to results, and diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: After a screening of 296 studies, 16 papers were selected for inclusion. Studied devices utilized various types of diagnostic technology, including near-infrared spectroscopy (6), ultrasound (4), electroencephalography (4), microwave technology (1), and volumetric impedance spectroscopy (1). Three devices were tested prior to hospital arrival, 6 were tested in the emergency department, and 7 were tested in unspecified hospital settings. Median measurement time was 3 minutes (IQR: 3 minutes to 5.6 minutes). Several technologies showed high diagnostic accuracy in severe stroke and intracranial hematoma detection. CONCLUSION: Numerous emerging portable technologies have been reported to detect and stratify stroke to potentially improve prehospital triage. However, the majority of these current technologies are still in development and utilize a variety of accuracy metrics, making inter-technology comparisons difficult. Standardizing evaluation of diagnostic accuracy may be helpful in further optimizing portable stroke detection technology for clinical use.

Mobile Interventional Stroke Teams Improve Outcomes in the Early Time Window for Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion stroke is a time-sensitive intervention. The use of a Mobile Interventional Stroke Team (MIST) traveling to Thrombectomy Capable Stroke Centers to perform endovascular thrombectomy has been shown to be significantly faster with improved discharge outcomes, as compared with the drip-and-ship (DS) model. The effect of the MIST model stratified by time of presentation has yet to be studied. We hypothesize that patients who present in the early window (last known well of ≤6 hours) will have better clinical outcomes in the MIST model. METHODS: The NYC MIST Trial and a prospectively collected stroke database were assessed for patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy from January 2017 to February 2020. Patients presenting in early and late time windows were analyzed separately. The primary end point was the proportion with a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2) at 90 days. Secondary end points included discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: Among 561 cases, 226 patients fit inclusion criteria and were categorized into MIST and DS cohorts. Exclusion criteria included a baseline modified Rankin Scale score of >2, inpatient status, or fluctuating exams. In the early window, 54% (40/74) had a good 90-day outcome in the MIST model, as compared with 28% (24/86) in the DS model (P<0.01). In the late window, outcomes were similar (35% versus 41%; P=0.77). The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at discharge was 5.0 and 12.0 in the early window (P<0.01) and 5.0 and 11.0 in the late window (P=0.11) in the MIST and DS models, respectively. The early window discharge modified Rankin Scale was significantly better in the MIST model (P<0.01) and similar in the late window (P=0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The MIST model in the early time window results in better 90-day outcomes compared with the DS model. This may be due to the MIST capturing high-risk fast progressors at an earlier time point. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03048292.

Exoscopic resection of a parasagittal atypical meningioma.

This video demonstrates use of the Synaptive 3D exoscope to enhance complex meningioma resection. The patient was a 58-year-old female who presented with new-onset seizures. Workup revealed a parasagittal meningioma over the bilateral cortices. She was started on 750 mg of Keppra twice daily and tapered dexamethasone and discharged. MR venography demonstrated segmental occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus. She then underwent a diagnostic angiogram and tumor Onyx embolization of the bilateral middle meningeal artery feeders. She then underwent a craniotomy for meningioma resection using 3D exoscope guidance. She awoke with a stable examination in the intensive care unit and worked with physical therapy on postoperative day 1. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2023.10.FOCVID23164.

Scoping Review with Topic Modeling on the Diagnostic Criteria for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy.

STUDY DESIGN: This study is a scoping review. OBJECTIVE: There is a broad variability in the definition of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and no standardized set of diagnostic criteria to date. METHODS: We interrogated the Myelopathy.org database, a hand-indexed database of primary clinical studies conducted exclusively on DCM in humans between 2005-2021. The DCM inclusion criteria used in these studies were inputted into 3 topic modeling algorithms: Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and BERtopic. The emerging topics were subjected to manual labeling and interpretation. RESULTS: Of 1676 reports, 120 papers (7.16%) had well-defined inclusion criteria and were subjected to topic modeling. Four topics emerged from the HDP model: disturbance from extremity weakness and motor signs; fine-motor and sensory disturbance of upper extremity; a combination of imaging and clinical findings is required for the diagnosis; and "reinforcing" (or modifying) factors that can aid in the diagnosis in borderline cases. The LDA model showed the following topics: disturbance to the patient is required for the diagnosis; reinforcing factors can aid in the diagnosis in borderline cases; clinical findings from the extremities; and a combination of imaging and clinical findings is required for the diagnosis. BERTopic identified the following topics: imaging abnormality, typical clinical features, range of objective criteria, and presence of clinical findings. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides quantifiable data that only a minority of past studies in DCM provided meaningful inclusion criteria. The items and patterns found here are very useful for the development of diagnostic criteria for DCM.

Endovascular Thrombectomy Versus Intravenous Thrombolysis of Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Posterior cerebral artery occlusion (PCAo) can cause long-term disability, yet randomized controlled trials to guide optimal reperfusion strategy are lacking. We compared the outcomes of PCAo patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) with or without intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) to patients treated with IVT alone. METHODS: From the multicenter retrospective Posterior cerebraL ArTery Occlusion (PLATO) registry, we included patients with isolated PCAo treated with reperfusion therapy within 24 hours of onset between January 2015 and August 2022. The primary outcome was the distribution of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months. Other outcomes comprised 3-month excellent (mRS 0-1) and independent outcome (mRS 0-2), early neurological improvement (ENI), mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). The treatments were compared using inverse probability weighted regression adjustment. RESULTS: Among 724 patients, 400 received EVT+/-IVT and 324 IVT alone (median age 74 years, 57.7% men). The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission was 7, and the occluded segment was P1 (43.9%), P2 (48.3%), P3-P4 (6.1%), bilateral (1.0%), or fetal posterior cerebral artery (0.7%). Compared to IVT alone, EVT+/-IVT was not associated with improved functional outcome (adjusted common odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.43). EVT increased the odds for ENI (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.49, 95% CI 1.05-2.12), sICH (aOR 2.87, 95% CI 1.23-6.72), and mortality (aOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.07-2.95). CONCLUSION: Despite higher odds for early improvement, EVT+/-IVT did not affect functional outcome compared to IVT alone after PCAo. This may be driven by the increased risk of sICH and mortality after EVT.

Anesthesia modality in endovascular treatment for distal medium vessel occlusion stroke: intention-to-treat propensity score-matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The optimal anesthesia modality during endovascular treatment (EVT) for distal medium vessel occlusion (DMVO) stroke is uncertain. We aimed to evaluate the association of the anesthesia modality with procedural and clinical outcomes following EVT for DMVO stroke. METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database. Patients were included if they had DMVO involving the middle cerebral artery-M3/4, anterior cerebral artery-A2/3, or posterior cerebral artery-P1/P2-3, and underwent EVT. The cohort was divided into two groups, general anesthesia (GA) and non-general anesthesia (non-GA), and compared based on the intention-to-treat principle as primary analysis. We used propensity scores to balance the two groups. The primary outcome was the shift in the degree of disability as measured by the 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Secondary outcomes included successful reperfusion, as well as excellent (mRS 0-1) and good (mRS 0-2) clinical outcomes at 90 days. Safety measures included procedural complications, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: Among 366 DMVO thrombectomies, 61 matched pairs were eligible for analysis. Median age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score as well as other baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were balanced between both groups. The GA group had no difference in the overall degree of disability (common OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.52 to 2.86, P=0.67) compared with the non-GA arm. Likewise, the GA group had comparable rates of successful reperfusion (OR 2.38, 95% CI 0.80 to 7.07, P=0.12), good/excellent clinical outcomes (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.44 to 2.96, P=0.79/(OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.81, P=0.41), procedural complications (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.19 to 5.16, P>0.99), sICH (OR 3.24, 95% CI 0.83 to 12.68, P=0.09), and 90-day mortality (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.48 to 4.27, P=0.52) compared with the non-GA group. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with DMVO, our study showed that GA and non-GA groups had similar procedural and clinical outcomes, as well as safety measures. Further larger controlled studies are warranted.

Endovascular therapy of isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion stroke with and without general anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: The optimal anesthetic strategy for endovascular therapy (EVT) in acute ischemic stroke is still under debate. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients with isolated posterior cerebral artery (PCA) occlusion stroke undergoing EVT by anesthesia modality with conscious sedation (non-GA) versus general anesthesia (GA). METHODS: Patients from the Posterior CerebraL Artery Occlusion (PLATO) study were analyzed with regard to anesthetic strategy. GA was compared with non-GA using multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability of weighting treatment (IPTW) methods. The primary endpoint was the 90-day distribution of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Secondary outcomes included functional independence or return to Rankin at day 90, and successful reperfusion, defined as expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (eTICI) 2b to 3. Safety endpoints were symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality. RESULTS: Among 376 patients with isolated PCA occlusion stroke treated with EVT, 183 (49%) had GA. The treatment groups were comparable, although the GA group contained more patients with severe stroke and lower posterior circulation Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (pc-ASPECTS). On IPTW analysis, there was no difference between groups with regard to ordinal mRS shift analysis (common OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.51, P=0.67) or functional independence (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.39, P=0.49). There were greater odds for successful reperfusion with GA (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.47, P=0.01). Safety outcomes were comparable between groups. CONCLUSION: In patients with isolated PCA occlusion undergoing EVT, patients treated with GA had higher reperfusion rates compared with non-GA. Both GA and non-GA strategies were safe and functional outcomes were similar.

Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Software Significantly Decreases All Workflow Metrics for Large Vessel Occlusion Transfer Patients, within a Large Spoke and Hub System.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) software is increasingly applied in stroke diagnostics. Viz LVO (large vessel occlusion) is an AI-based software that is FDA-approved for LVO detection in CT angiography (CTA) scans. We sought to investigate differences in transfer times (from peripheral [spoke] to central [hub] hospitals) for LVO patients between spoke hospitals that utilize Viz LVO and those that do not. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we used our institutional database to identify all suspected/confirmed LVO-transferred patients from spokes (peripheral hospitals) within and outside of our healthcare system, from January 2020 to December 2021. The "Viz-transfers" group includes all LVO transfers from spokes within our system where Viz LVO is readily available, while the "Non-Viz-transfers" group (control group) is comprised of all LVO transfers from spokes outside our system, without Viz LVO. Primary outcome included all available time metrics from peripheral CTA commencement. RESULTS: In total, 78 patients required a transfer. Despite comparable peripheral hospital door to peripheral hospital CTA times (20.5 [24.3] vs. 32 [45] min, p = 0.28) and transfer (spoke to hub) time (23 [18] vs. 26 [13.5], p = 0.763), all workflow metrics were statistically significantly shorter in the Viz-transfers group. Peripheral CTA to interventional neuroradiology team notification was 12 (16.8) versus 58 (59.5), p < 0.001, and peripheral CTA to peripheral departure was 91.5 (37) versus 122.5 (68.5), p < 0.001. Peripheral arrival to peripheral departure was 116.5 (75.5) versus 169 (126.8), p = 0.002, and peripheral arrival to central arrival was 145 (62.5) versus 207 (97.8), p < 0.001. In addition, peripheral CTA to angiosuite arrival was 121 (41) versus 207 (92.5), p < 0.001, peripheral CTA to arterial puncture was 146 (53) versus 234 (99.8), p < 0.001, and peripheral CTA to recanalization was 198 (25) versus 253.5 (86), p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Within our spoke and hub system, Viz LVO significantly decreased all workflow metrics for patients who were transferred from spokes with versus without Viz.

Infantile dural sinus malformation: curative embolization in two stages with the Scepter mini balloon microcatheter.

Endovascular embolization is the mainstay for treatment of infantile dural sinus malformations.1 2 Distal access and flow control are limiting factors in controlled embolization.3-6 The Scepter mini catheter (Microvention, Aliso Viejo, California, USA) is a low-profile, dual-lumen balloon microcatheter designed to provide navigability in small-caliber, tortuous intracranial vessels. In this technical video, we demonstrate the staged embolization of a dural sinus malformation with multiple arteriovenous fistulae using the Scepter mini catheter (video 1). In the newborn patient, embolizations were performed through the parietal branches of the left and right middle meningeal arteries. The catheter easily navigated into the small feeding arteries. No neurological complications occurred due to the procedures. Post-embolization injections demonstrated significant flow reduction into the malformation. Three-month follow-up angiography illustrated resolution of the previously dilated left transverse sinus. Complete obliteration of the dural sinus malformation was achieved in the newborn patient. neurintsurg;15/1/97/V1F1V1Video 1Curative embolization in two stages with the Scepter mini balloon microcatheter. ΑP, anteroposterior; CCA, common carotid artery.

Evolution of transvenous embolization in vein of Galen malformation: case series and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of vein of Galen malformations (VOGMs) has improved greatly since the inception of endovascular treatment. Transvenous embolization (TVE) is an attractive option to achieve complete obliteration. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on TVE of VOGM and then analyze our practice's unique experience and evolving treatment strategies over 30 years. METHODS: A retrospective review of our clinical database for patients with the diagnosis of VOGM treated between January 2004 and August 2021 was performed. A literature review of 49 relevant articles was also carried out. RESULTS: TVE in VOGM has evolved with initial introduction as a transtorcular (TT) approach, which then lost favor to transarterial embolization (TAE). TAE has been considered the more favorable approach in most high-volume centers. In more recent times, the transvenous embolization (TVE) approach has been revisited as a last treatment to achieve a cure after a series of TAE treatments. We presently favor beginning treatment with staged TAE to reduce flow to the lesion and, importantly, shrink the draining vein. This then allows for the performance of TVE with the Chapot pressure cooker technique (CPCT) with coils and liquid embolic embolization. CONCLUSIONS: TT TVE itself carries a high degree of risk and is most highly associated with long-term morbidities and mortality. Traditional transfemoral/transjugular TVE approaches are safe and effective in simple fistulas with a small venous pouch; however, we believe that the CPCT is the safest technique as a last-stage treatment for its security in avoiding reflux and obtaining occlusion of the small perforators.

Combined transarterial and percutaneous preoperative embolization of transosseous meningioma.

Meningiomas with transosseous extension provide opportunities for extensive preoperative embolization, through conventional trans-arterial approaches, and also through less commonly used percutaneous methods. This video demonstrates embolization of a 7.6 × 9.5 × 9.9 cm transosseous WHO grade II meningioma.1 Trans-arterial embolization was conducted via the left middle meningeal, occipital, and superficial temporal arteries. Only one superficial temporal artery was embolized to preserve vascular supply to the skin flap. To further devascularize the tumor, concomitant percutaneous embolization was performed. Transosseous extension of the tumor facilitated extensive percutaneous embolization of both the intracranial and extracranial components of the mass. Intraoperative bleeding from the scalp and extracranial component of the tumor was minimal. The intracranial tumor was soft and necrotic and was removed with suction and gentle dissection. Residual tumor was left behind within and adjacent to the superior sagittal sinus. The patient recovered without neurological deficit and was referred for radiation of the residual tumor.