[Emergency treatment of dislocation of large joints]. / Notfallbehandlung von Luxationen großer Gelenke.

Joint dislocations are always accompanied by rupture of the joint capsule. Depending on the forces exerted on the joint as well as individual bone quality, fractures (dislocation fractures) and injuries to ligaments occur. As blood vessels and nerves can also be damaged, reduction is an urgent measure. Only impaired peripheral perfusion, loss of motor function or sensation justify reduction without radiological documentation. As reduction can be a painful procedure, analgosedation is nearly always necessary. Evidence for superiority of individual maneuvers is weak. Reduction is followed by immobilization and documented by another control X­ray. Follow-up treatment depends on concomitant injuries, age and individual demands on joint function. Even with correct follow-up treatment, deficits often persist. This article deals with the diagnostics and treatment of dislocations of the shoulder, elbow, hip, patella and knee.

[Data content of the TraumaRegister DGU® : Results of a random sample control]. / Datengüte des TraumaRegister DGU® : Ergebnisse einer Stichprobenkontrolle.

BACKGROUND: Registries are becoming increasingly more important in clinical research. The TraumaRegister DGU® of the German Society for Trauma Surgery plays an excellent role with respect to the care of severely injured patients. AIM: Within the framework of this investigation the quality of data provided by this registry was to be verified. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Certified hospitals participating in the TraumaNetzwerk DGU® of the German Society for Trauma Surgery are obliged to submit data of treated severely injured patients to the TraumaRegister DGU®. Participating hospitals have to undergo a re-certification process every 3 years. Within the framework of this re-audit, data from 5 out of 8 randomly chosen patient cases included in the registry are controlled and compared to the patient files of the certified hospital. In the present investigation discrepancies concerning data provided were documented and the pattern of deviation was analyzed. RESULTS: The results of 1075 re-certification processes carried out in 631 hospitals including the documentation of 5409 checked patient cases from 2012-2017 were analyzed. The highest number of discrepancies detected concerned the documented time until initial CT (15.8%) and the lowest concerned the discharge site (3.2%). The majority of data sheets with discrepancies showed deviations in only one out of seven checked parameters. Interestingly, large trauma centers with a high throughput of severely injured patients showed the most deviations. CONCLUSION: The present investigation underlines the importance of standardized checks concerning data provided for registries in order to be able to guarantee an improvement in entering data.

[Future perspective of the TraumaRegister DGU® : Further development, additional modules and potential limits]. / Zukunftsperspektiven des TraumaRegister DGU® : Weiterentwicklung, Zusatzmodule und potenzielle Grenzen.

Since its founding in 1993 the TraumaRegister DGU® has become one of the largest registries especially in terms of data diversity. Since the introduction of the TraumaNetzwerk DGU®, the TraumaRegister DGU® has enabled a quasi-nationwide picture of the quality of care of severely injured patients in Germany. The register is subject to constant development, under the guidance of the working groups of the German Society for Trauma Surgery (DGU). The first modular expansion of special injury entities (craniocerebral trauma and complex hand injuries) is currently taking place. The future developments will involve the extension of the register to certain injury patterns. The existing registry will also be supplemented with other recorded qualities (from the supplementary serum database up to the quality of life). This makes the TraumaRegister DGU® a tool for quality assurance and science which is well prepared for the future.

[Increasing Number of Road Traffic Fatalities in Germany - Turnaround or Snap-Shot]. / Warum wieder mehr Menschen im Straßenverkehr sterben ­ Trendwende oder Ausreißer?

Introduction: For the first time since 20 years, the number of road accident fatalities in 2011 increased on German roads compared to earlier periods. Methods and Results: The presented paper submitted by the expert group for accident prevention investigates and discusses possible reasons for the observed increase in road traffic fatalities. Results: Climate changes as well as changes in economic environment, and technological progress in car and passenger safety are identified as possible reasons for the observed increase. Discussion: Mentioning the "Decade of Action for Road Safety" initiated by the UNO and coordinated by the WHO, the overall goal is a worldwide reduction of accident related road fatalities. But prognostic calculations predict an asymptotic approximation to a limit of road fatalities. To achieve a reduction by half until 2020 intense collaboration and disproportional expenditure are necessary. Conclusion: From the authors' point of view the current increase of traffic fatalities in Germany is rated as a snapshot rather than a turnaround.

[Amputation and prosthesis attachment of the lower extremities]. / Amputation und Prothesenversorgung der unteren Extremität.

Approximately 61,000 amputations are performed in Germany per year. In most cases the lower limbs are affected. The reasons for amputations are arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, severe infections, tumors and complex trauma to the extremities. A decision must be made concerning whether a salvage procedure or amputation is appropriate, specially after trauma. In cases where the need for amputation is clear, the site of amputation needs to be planned in advance with the aim of creating a stump which allows sufficient prosthetic attachment. Adjuvant pain therapy is mandatory, especially in order to avoid subsequent phantom pain. The type of prosthetic restoration is influenced by the grade of mobility and personal requirements of patients. Moreover, aftercare and adjusted rehabilitation are recommended.

[Interface between preclinical and clinical trauma care: Analysis of the processes in a trauma network]. / Schnittstelle präklinische/klinische Traumaversorgung: Analyse der Abläufe in einem Traumanetzwerk.

INTRODUCTION: In the initial treatment of severely injured patients a good cooperation of the emergency medical service (EMS) with the hospital team is mandatory. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the quality of cooperation between hospitals working within a trauma network and the rescue service and to develop a tool allowing assessment of the preclinical and clinical interface. METHODS: Specific surveys concerning preclinical management and transfer to the target hospital were developed within a modified Delphi process. Injured trauma patients were included if the EMS involved was participating in the network and they were transferred to one of the participating hospitals. RESULTS: Over an 11-month period a total of 360 patients were included in the study. The notification of transferring injured patients to the target hospital was carried out in a regular manner. Transport accompanied by an emergency physician occurred in 97% of the cases and no emergency physician was available although needed in only 1% of cases. Correct choice of target hospital was documented in 98.2%. The average waiting time for transferring the patient to the hospital team was 0.15 min. In 95.7% of cases a hospital physician was available to directly receive the patient in the emergency room. On a scale ranging from 1 (poor) to 10 (very good) clinical personnel as well as rescue teams rated the cooperation between both with a median of 10 points (IQR 8;10). From the clinicians point of view airway and circulation problems and external bleeding were correctly treated in the preclinical setting (airway 93.9%, circulation 97.3% and external bleeding 95.3%); however, for extremity injuries only in 78.5% of the cases. CONCLUSION: This survey presents an adequate tool to identify weak spots within the primary management and to point out elements for improvement.

[Essential measures for prehospital treatment of severely injured patients: The trauma care bundle]. / Wesentliche Maßnahmen zur prähospitalen Versorgung schwerverletzter Patienten: Das Trauma Care Bundle.

BACKGROUND: In order to ensure adequate treatment and to avoid complications, care bundles are increasingly being implemented. These are comprehensive and evidence-based procedures for the treatment of individual diseases or injuries which should be carried out for every patient. The aim of this study was to define a care bundle for the prehospital treatment of severely injured patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The scientific contents of the bundle were gathered from the interdisciplinary evidence-based S3 guidelines for the treatment of severely injured patients by the German Trauma Society. The ABCDE scheme suggested by the prehospital trauma life support (PHTLS®) and the advanced trauma life support (ATLS®) functioned as a matrix for the individual elements in the bundles. The identified elements were finalized by a consensus process. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A bundle of six elements was suggested and a comprehensive summary of key items during prehospital management of severely injured patients was identified. In a next step the effectiveness of the care bundle should be evaluated in a clinical trial.

[Causes, injuries, therapy and possibilities of prevention of equine-related accidents. Results of a 2-center-study]. / Ursachen, Verletzungen, Therapie und Präventionsmöglichkeiten von Unfällen im Reitsport. Ergebnisse einer 2-Center-Studie.

BACKGROUND: Horse riding is associated with a high rate of injuries. The possibilities of prevention are limited because of deficient knowledge about the causes and mechanisms of equine-related accidents. In the present study 198 equine-related accidents were analyzed and based on these data risk groups were identified and guidelines to improve safety in horse riding were formulated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this 2-center study the accidents of 169 riders over a period of 12 months were analyzed. Data on equine-related patterns of injury and the resulting treatment were collated from the clinical records. Additionally, a questionnaire was completed on the day of trauma by the patients, which covered age, gender, the cause and mechanism of injury and the use of safety equipment at the time of the accident. RESULTS: There were 169 (85.5%) female and 29 (14.5%) male riders with a median age of 27.2 years (range 5-74 years). Of the riders 55 (27.8%) were aged 18 years or younger, 134 (67.7%) riders were treated as outpatients while 64 (32.3%) required hospitalization, 51 (25.8%) required surgical treatment, 66 (33.3%) used a helmet and 14 (7.1%) a body protector at the time of accident. DISCUSSION: Equestrians wear helmets increasingly more when riding but the willingness to wear body protectors is disappointing. Protective headgear has been proven to reduce the risk of injuries but based on these data a positive effect of body protectors could not be shown. In this study safety vest users suffered from injuries of the upper body more often than those who did not wear a body protector. Children and adolescents often overestimate their skills; therefore, teaching and supervision of inexperienced young riders along with the use of protective equipment can prevent major injuries.

[New aspects of polytrauma treatment - current facts and developments: report of the first annual conference of the Committee on Emergency Medicine, Intensive Care and Trauma Management (Sektion NIS)]. / Neuigkeiten aus der Polytraumaversorgung: aktuelle Fakten und Entwicklungen: Bericht vom 1. Jahreskongress der Sektion Notfall-, Intensivmedizin und Schwerverletztenversorgung (Sektion NIS).

Taking care of severely injured patients is a complex and ambitious mission. The committee on emergency medicine, intensive care and trauma management of the German Society of Trauma Surgery (Sektion NIS) has accepted this challenge. On the occasion of the release of the annual report of the TraumaRegistry DGU®, the committee held its first annual congress in order to provide members and an intrigued audience with current trends and results from the latest research in national trauma care ranging from the animal facility to the S3 guidelines. Topics of focus were new realizations based on data from the TraumaRegistry DGU® and means of quality assurance in trauma care. This article gives a report on the meeting and summarizes the major results of the presented studies and the latest deployments in this field of trauma research.

[Assessment of injury severity at the accident scene by the emergency physician: utility of technical crash parameters: results of a pilot study]. / Notärztliche Einschätzung der Verletzungsschwere am Unfallort: Diagnostischer Wert technischer Parameter - Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie.

BACKGROUND: Technical parameters of road traffic crashes are routinely documented by emergency physicians on scene. It is, however, unclear whether this information contributes to the estimation of injury severity of vehicle drivers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, three experienced emergency physicians were asked to predict the injury severity of vehicle drivers [categorized according to Injury Severity Score (ISS) values of <16 and ≥16 as moderate to severe or life-threatening] based on increasingly complex technical crash information, ranging from routine variables to photo documentation of the crash scene. A sample of 100 cases (mean ISS 23.6±26.9) was obtained from the prospective database of an in-depth technical and medical car crash research project conducted in the northeastern part of Germany. Statistical analysis comprised inter-rater agreement beyond chance (kappa values) and indicators of diagnostic test accuracy (i.e. sensitivity, specificity and so on). RESULTS: The inter-rater agreement of injury severity based on technical crash information was moderate to substantial (kappa 0.42-0.66). Amongst the three observers and various amounts of technical data, sensitivity ranged between 18 and 80%, and specificity ranged between 41 and 89% in predicting the presence of major trauma. Presentation of photographs from the crash scene increased diagnostic accuracy. Still, the presented information led to a shift from a 50% prior probability of life-threatening injuries to a maximum of 40% in the negative and 67% in the positive case. CONCLUSION: Neither basic technical parameters that are easy to obtain after a car crash nor additional technical information markedly contribute to the emergency physician's estimation of a vehicle driver's injury severity. The presented results should be supported by a subsequent study including a larger sample.

[Emergency anesthesia, airway management and ventilation in major trauma. Background and key messages of the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for major trauma patients]. / Notfallnarkose, Atemwegsmanagement und Beatmung beim Polytrauma. Hintergrund und Kernaussagen der interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma.

Patients with multiple trauma presenting with apnea or a gasping breathing pattern (respiratory rate < 6/min) require prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) and ventilation. Additional indications are hypoxia (S(p)O(2) < 90% despite oxygen insufflation and after exclusion of tension pneumothorax), severe traumatic brain injury [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 9], trauma-associated hemodynamic instability [systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg] and severe chest trauma with respiratory insufficiency (respiratory rate > 29/min). The induction of anesthesia after preoxygenation is conducted as rapid sequence induction (analgesic, hypnotic drug, neuromuscular blocking agent). With the availability of ketamine as a viable alternative, the use of etomidate is not encouraged due to its side effects on adrenal function. An electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure measurement and pulse oximetry are needed to monitor the emergency anesthesia and the secured airway. Capnography is absolutely mandatory to confirm correct placement of the endotracheal tube and to monitor tube dislocations as well as ventilation in the prehospital and hospital setting. Because airway management is often complicated in trauma patients, alternative devices need to be available preclinical and a fiber-optic endoscope should be available within the hospital. Use of these alternative measures for airway management and ventilation should be considered at the latest after a maximum of three unsuccessful endotracheal intubation attempts. Emergency medical service (EMS) physicians should to be trained in emergency anesthesia, ETI and alternative methods of airway management on a regular basis. Within hospitals ETI, emergency anesthesia and ventilation are to be conducted by trained and experienced anesthesiologists. When a difficult airway or induction of anesthesia is expected, endotracheal intubation should be supervised or conducted by an anesthesiologist. Normoventilation should be the goal of mechanical ventilation. After arrival in the resuscitation room the ventilation will be controlled and guided with the help of arterial blood gas analyses. After temporary removal of a cervical collar, the cervical spine needs to be immobilized by means of manual in-line stabilization when securing the airway.

[Accidents, illness and injuries involved in road haulage : consequences for medical care and prevention]. / Unfälle, Erkrankungen und Verletzungen im Güterkraftverkehr : Konsequenzen für die medizinische Versorgung und Prävention.

This article reviews basic characteristics of road traffic crashes of heavy vehicles and the current health status of truck drivers. It summarises previous findings from research with a focus on orthopaedic diseases and injuries. These findings comprise a risky health behaviour and high prevalence of associated diseases which can be attributed to both the occupational framework and personal risk-taking behavioural patterns. These are of major importance given the increasing number of drivers and the consequences for acute care and prevention. On the other hand there is a substantial lack of medical care for the drivers on the road. Therefore this article presents the"DocStop Initiative" for medical care on the road, an initiative that runs an international network of care providers (http://www.docstop-online.eu).

Impact of Time of Surgery on the Outcome after Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures in Severely Injured Patients with Severe Chest Trauma-A Matched-Pairs Analysis of the German Trauma Registry.

Purpose: In severely injured patients with multiple rib fractures, the beneficial effect of surgical stabilization is still unknown. The existing literature shows divergent results, and the indication and especially the right timing of an operation are the subject of a broad discussion. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the time point of surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) on the outcome in a multicenter database with special regard to the duration of ventilation, intensive care, and overall hospital stay. Methods: Data from the TraumaRegister DGU collected between 2010 and 2019 were used to evaluate patients above 16 years of age with severe rib fractures [Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) ≥ 3] who received an SSRF in a matched-pairs analysis. In this matched-pairs analysis, we compared the effects of an early SSRF within 48 h after initial trauma vs. late SSRF 3-10 days after trauma. Results: After the selection process, we were able to find 142 matched pairs for further evaluation. Early SSRF was associated with a significantly shorter length of stay in the intensive care unit (16.2 days vs. 12.7 days, p = 0.020), and the overall hospital stay (28.5 days vs. 23.4 days, p = 0.005) was significantly longer in the group with late SSRF. Concerning the days on mechanical ventilation, we were able to demonstrate a trend for an approximately 1.5 day shorter ventilation time for patients after early SSRF, although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.226). Conclusions: We were able to determine the significant beneficial effects of early SSRF resulting in a shorter intensive care unit stay and a shorter length of stay in hospital and additionally a trend to a shorter time on mechanical ventilation.

[Emergency anesthesia, airway management and ventilation in major trauma. Background and key messages of the interdisciplinary S3 guidelines for major trauma patients]. / Notfallnarkose, Atemwegsmanagement und Beatmung beim Polytrauma. Hintergrund und Kernaussagen der interdisziplinären S3-Leitlinie Polytrauma.

Patients with multiple trauma presenting with apnea or a gasping breathing pattern (respiratory rate <6/min) require prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) and ventilation. Additional indications are hypoxia (S(p)O(2)<90% despite oxygen insufflation and after exclusion of tension pneumothorax), severe traumatic brain injury [Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)<9], trauma-associated hemodynamic instability [systolic blood pressure (SBP)<90 mmHg] and severe chest trauma with respiratory insufficiency (respiratory rate >29/min). The induction of anesthesia after preoxygenation is conducted as rapid sequence induction (analgesic, hypnotic drug, neuromuscular blocking agent). With the availability of ketamine as a viable alternative, the use of etomidate is not encouraged due to its side effects on adrenal function. An electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure measurement and pulse oximetry are needed to monitor the emergency anesthesia and the secured airway. Capnography is absolutely mandatory to confirm correct placement of the endotracheal tube and to monitor tube dislocations as well as ventilation and oxygenation in the prehospital and hospital setting. Because airway management is often complicated in trauma patients, alternative devices and a fiber-optic endoscope need to be available within the hospital. Use of these alternative measures for airway management and ventilation should be considered at the latest after a maximum of three unsuccessful intubation attempts. Emergency medical service (EMS) physicians should to be trained in emergency anesthesia, ETI and alternative methods of airway management on a regular basis. Within hospitals ETI, emergency anesthesia and ventilation are to be conducted by trained and experienced anesthesiologists. When a difficult airway or induction of anesthesia is expected, endotracheal intubation should be supervised or conducted by an anesthesiologist. Normoventilation should be the goal of mechanical ventilation. After arrival in the resuscitation room the ventilation will be controlled and guided with the help of arterial blood gas analyses. After temporary removal of a cervical collar, the cervical spine needs to be immobilized by means of manual in-line stabilization when securing the airway.

[Six years of Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) in Germany: the 100th provider course in Hamburg]. / Sechs Jahre Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) in Deutschland: 100. Providerkurs in Hamburg.

With over 1 million certified physicians in more than 50 countries worldwide, the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) concept is one of the most successful international education programs. The concept is simple, priority-orientated (ABCDE scheme) and assesses the situation of the trauma patient on the basis of vital signs to treat the life-threatening injuries immediately. With over 100 ATLS provider courses and 10 instruction courses accomplished in less than 6 years, no other land in the world has successfully established this concept in such a short time as Germany. Meanwhile nearly 1,600 colleagues have been trained and certified. Evaluation of the first 100 ATLS courses in Germany supports this concept. The total evaluation of all courses is 1.36 (1.06-1.8, n=100). The individual parts of the course were marked as followed: presentations 1.6 (1.0-2.81, n=100), practical skills stations 1.46 (1.0-2.4, n=100) and surgical skills stations 1.38 (1.0-2.38, n=100). In 2009 a total of 47 ATLS courses were accomplished which will clearly increase in 2010. Other ATLS formats, such as ATCN (Advanced Trauma Care for Nurses) and refresher courses are planned for the beginning of 2010.

[Road traffic crashes in developing countries]. / Verkehrsunfälle in Entwicklungsländern.

Road traffic crashes pose a major threat to individuals and national health systems. Developing countries account for 48% of motorized vehicles, but for 91% of the 1.3 million fatalities per annum. While ranked ninth among the causes of disabilities adjusted life years lost in 2004, crash injuries are projected to rise to third position by 2030. This article reviews current prognoses of deaths and disabilities, the characteristics of crashes in low and middle income countries and evidence-based road safety interventions. This article is considered a wake-up call for trauma, orthopaedic, and emergency surgeons in high-income countries to join the global community in fighting the neglected yet potentially curable epidemic named road traffic injuries.