Inflammatory Bowel Disease Does Not Impact Mortality but Increases Length of Hospitalization in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. We aimed to investigate the outcomes of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with IBD. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study utilizing data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the years 1998 to 2010. ICD-9-CM codes were used to identify patients with Crohn's disease (CD) (555.X), ulcerative colitis (UC) (556.X), and acute MI (410.X). Outcomes in patients with MI with and without IBD were compared. Univariate analysis was performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the effect of UC and CD on in-hospital MI mortality after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: A total of 2,629,161 MI, 3,607 UC and 3784 CD patients were analyzed. UC (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% CI 0.98-1.29) and CD (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.86-1.15) did not affect in-hospital mortality in patients with MI. There was no difference between in-hospital mortality in patients with MI with or without UC (7.75% vs. 7.05%; p = 0.25) or in patients with MI with or without CD (6.50% vs. 6.59%; p = 0.87). The length of stay (LOS) was higher in IBD patients and total charges were statistically higher in patients with UC as compared to non-IBD patients ($65,182 vs. $53,542; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that IBD does not impact in-hospital mortality from MI. However, patients with MI with IBD have longer LOS. Patients with UC have higher total hospitalization charges than patients with MI without IBD. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the outcomes of MI in IBD patients.

Epidemiology and Outcomes of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patients From 1998 to 2012: A Nationwide Analysis.

Background: Prior studies have shown that outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients have been similar to outcomes in HIV-negative patients since effective implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy by 1998, but they are limited by small sample size or noninclusion of recent data. Methods: We queried National Inpatient Sample, a large inpatient data set in the United States, from 1998 to 2012 for HSCT, using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure code 41.0. HIV-positive patients were identified by the presence of ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes 042, 043, 044, V08, and 079.53. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality rate, and the secondary outcome the in-hospital complication rate of HSCT. Outcomes were assessed by means of univariate, multivariate regression and matched-pair analysis. Results: A total of 39517 patients who underwent HSCT were identified. Among these, 108 patients had HIV infection. There were no differences in in-hospital mortality rates or rates of intubation, sepsis, bacteremia, or graft-vs-host disease between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients after allogeneic or autologous HSCT. In allogeneic HSCT, HIV-positive patients had a significantly higher incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial and cytomegalovirus infection than HIV-negative patients. Conclusion: Although HIV-positive patients may have a higher risk of certain opportunistic infections, they are not at higher risk of serious in-hospital complications of HSCT. Allogeneic and autologous HSCT can be safely performed in HIV-positive patients.

Comparative study of lung and extrapulmonary poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas: A SEER database analysis of 162,983 cases.

BACKGROUND: Extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are poorly studied and are managed similar to lung NECs, which may not account for differences between the 2 groups of tumors as well as the heterogeneity within extrapulmonary NEC. METHODS: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program between 1973 and 2012 were used to estimate the relative percentages of lung NECs and subgroups of extrapulmonary NECs, epidemiological patterns at these sites, and the median and 5-year overall survival rates. RESULTS: Of 162,983 NEC cases, 14,732 were extrapulmonary; of these, 5509 were gastrointestinal (37.44%), 4151 were of unknown primary (28.2%), and 5072 were of other sites (34.4%). Lung NEC had the highest percentage of small cell morphology (95.2%) and gastrointestinal NEC had the least (38.7%), with the rest being other morphologies. Significant differences were noted with regard to median age (range, 48-74 years), percentage of cases of distant stage disease (24%-77%), and incidence according to sex and race. The median survival of patients with lung NEC was 7.6 months, that for patients with gastrointestinal NEC was 7.5 months (range, 25.1 months for NEC at the small intestine to 5.7 months for NEC at the pancreas), and that for patients with unknown NEC was 2.5 months. The 5-year survival rate for patients with local stage disease ranged from 58% to 60% for NECs of the female genital tract and small intestine to 25% for esophageal NECs. The primary tumor site remained statistically significant for survival even after adjusting for known prognostic variables (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the largest study of NECs performed to date and also the first with comprehensive epidemiological data. Significant differences in incidence patterns and large variations in survival depending on anatomical site and morphological subtype were noted. A curative approach is possible for patients with nonmetastatic NECs. Cancer 2018;124:807-15. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Contemporary trends of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation in the United States, 2000 through 2010: implications for healthcare planning.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. The associated morbidity and mortality make AF a major public health burden. Hospitalizations account for the majority of the economic cost burden associated with AF. The main objective of this study is to examine the trends of AF-related hospitalizations in the United States and to compare patient characteristics, outcomes, and comorbid diagnoses. METHODS AND RESULTS: With the use of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2000 through 2010, we identified AF-related hospitalizations using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification code 427.31 as the principal discharge diagnosis. Overall AF hospitalizations increased by 23% from 2000 to 2010, particularly in patients ≥65 years of age. The most frequent coexisting conditions were hypertension (60.0%), diabetes mellitus (21.5%), and chronic pulmonary disease (20.0%). Overall in-hospital mortality was 1%. The mortality rate was highest in the group of patients ≥80 years of age (1.9%) and in the group of patients with concomitant heart failure (8.2%). In-hospital mortality rate decreased significantly from 1.2% in 2000 to 0.9% in 2010 (29.2% decrease; P<0.001). Although there was no significant change in mean length of stay, mean cost of AF hospitalization increased significantly from $6410 in 2001 to $8439 in 2010 (24.0% increase; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization rates for AF have increased exponentially among US adults from 2000 to 2010. The proportion of comorbid chronic diseases has also increased significantly. The last decade has witnessed an overall decline in hospital mortality; however, the hospitalization cost has significantly increased.

Impact of annual operator and institutional volume on percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes: a 5-year United States experience (2005-2009).

BACKGROUND: The relationship between operator or institutional volume and outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional study based on the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 2005 to 2009. Subjects were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9(th) Revision, Clinical Modification procedure code, 36.06 and 36.07. Annual operator and institutional volumes were calculated using unique identification numbers and then divided into quartiles. Three-level hierarchical multivariate mixed models were created. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; secondary outcome was a composite of in-hospital mortality and peri-procedural complications. A total of 457,498 PCIs were identified representing a total of 2,243,209 PCIs performed in the United States during the study period. In-hospital, all-cause mortality was 1.08%, and the overall complication rate was 7.10%. The primary and secondary outcomes of procedures performed by operators in 4(th) [annual procedural volume; primary and secondary outcomes] [>100; 0.59% and 5.51%], 3(rd) [45-100; 0.87% and 6.40%], and 2(nd) quartile [16-44; 1.15% and 7.75%] were significantly less (P<0.001) when compared with those by operators in the 1(st) quartile [≤15; 1.68% and 10.91%]. Spline analysis also showed significant operator and institutional volume outcome relationship. Similarly operators in the higher quartiles witnessed a significant reduction in length of hospital stay and cost of hospitalization (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall in-hospital mortality after PCI was low. An increase in operator and institutional volume of PCI was found to be associated with a decrease in adverse outcomes, length of hospital stay, and cost of hospitalization.

Influence of hospital volume on outcomes of percutaneous atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale closure: a 10-years US perspective.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary data regarding percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale (ASD/PFO) are lacking. We evaluated the current trends in utilization of ASD/PFO closure in adults and investigated the effect of annual hospital volume on in-hospital outcomes. METHODS: We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between the years 2001 and 2010 using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9-CM) procedure code for percutaneous closure of ASD/PFO with device. Hierarchical mixed effects models were generated to identify the independent multivariate predictors of outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 7,107 percutaneous ASD/PFO closure procedures (weighted n = 34,992) were available for analysis. A 4.7-fold increase in the utilization of this procedure from 3/million in 2001 to 14/million adults in 2010 in US (P < 0.001) was noted. Overall, percutaneous ASD/PFO closure was associated with 0.5% mortality and 12% in-hospital complications. The utilization of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) increased 15 fold (P < 0.001) during the study period. The procedures performed at the high volume hospitals [2nd (14-37 procedures/year) and 3rd (>38 procedures/year) tertile] were associated with significant reduction in complications, length of stay and cost of hospitalization when compared to those performed at lowest volume centers (<13 procedures/year). Majority (70.5%) of the studied hospitals were found to be performing <10 procedures/year hence deviating from the ACC/AHA/SCAI clinical competency guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Low hospital volume is associated with an increased composite (mortality and procedural complications) adverse outcome following ASD/PFO closure. In the interest of patient safety, implementation of the current guidelines for minimum required annual hospital volume to improve clinical outcomes is warranted.

In-hospital complications associated with catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in the United States between 2000 and 2010: analysis of 93 801 procedures.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation ablation has made tremendous progress with respect to innovation, efficacy, and safety. However, limited data exist regarding the burden and trends in adverse outcomes arising from this procedure. The aim of our study was to examine the frequency of adverse events attributable to atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and the influence of operator and hospital volume on outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: With the use of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified AF patients treated with catheter ablation. We investigated common complications including cardiac perforation and tamponade, pneumothorax, stroke, transient ischemic attack, vascular access complications (hemorrhage/hematoma, vascular complications requiring surgical repair, and accidental arterial puncture), and in-hospital death described with AF ablation, and we defined these complications by using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes. An estimated 93,801 AF ablations were performed from 2000 to 2010. The overall frequency of complications was 6.29% with combined cardiac complications (2.54%) being the most frequent. Cardiac complications were followed by vascular complications (1.53%), respiratory complications (1.3%), and neurological complications (1.02%). The in-hospital mortality was 0.46%. Annual operator (<25 procedures) and hospital volume (<50 procedures) were significantly associated with adverse outcomes. There was a small (nonsignificant) rise in overall complication rates. CONCLUSIONS: The overall complication rate was 6.29% in patients undergoing AF ablation. There was a significant association between operator and hospital volume and adverse outcomes. This suggests a need for future research into identifying the safety measures in AF ablations and instituting appropriate interventions to improve overall AF ablation outcomes.

Real world outcomes in patients with neuroendocrine tumor receiving peptide receptor radionucleotide therapy.

Aim: 177Lu-Dotatate (Lu-177), a form of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), was approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of somatostatin-receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in 2018. Clinical trials prior to the FDA approval of Lu-177 showed favorable outcomes but there is limited published real world outcomes data. This study aims to describe and analyze real world outcomes of patients with NET who received Lu-177. Methods: After obtaining institutional review board approval, retrospective evaluation was performed to analyze the efficacy of Lu-177 for somatostatin receptor-positive gastro-entero-pancreatic NETs (GEP-NETs) patients at the University of Kansas Cancer Center between June 2018 and September 2021. This study aims to determine the response rate to the treatment of the entire cohort and subgroups. Results: A total of 65 patients received Lu-177 of which 58 completed treatment. The 58 patients had a median age of 61.5 years, 24 females and 34 males, 86% Caucasian and 12% black. The origins of NETs were primarily small bowel (n = 24) and pancreatic (n = 14). Pathology showed grades 1 (n = 21), 2 (n = 25), and 3 (n = 4) and were primarily well-differentiated tumors (n = 4). Among the cohort, 52 patients had imaging to assess response with 14 (26.9%) patients with partial response (PR), 31 (59.6%) with stable disease (SD), and 7 (13.5%) with progressive disease (PD). In a subset analysis, patients with non-functional disease (n = 29) had higher rates of PR 42.3% (compared to 11.5%, P = 0.0147) and higher disease control rate of 96% (compared to 78%, P = 0.042) than patients with functional disease (n = 29). Patients with non-functional disease had a lower PD of 3.85% (compared to 23%, P = 0.0147) than those with functional disease. Conclusions: This real world outcomes analysis of NETs treated with Lu-177 shows improved PR when compared to the initial clinical trials and is promising for patients. In addition, patients with non-functional tumors were found to have a statistically significant improved response rate which has not been described in the literature before. If these study findings are validated in a larger cohort they may guide patient selection for Lu-177 therapy in the future.

A Multicenter Retrospective Chart Review of Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With KRAS G12C Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: On May 28, 2021, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to sotorasib for second-line or later treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic KRAS G12C mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This was the first FDA-approved targeted therapy for this patient population. Due to a paucity of real world data describing clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced or metastatic KRAS G12C mutated NSCLC in the second-line or later, we sought to compile a large, academic medical center-based historical dataset to clarify clinical outcomes in this patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical outcomes of 396 patients with stage IV (n = 268, 68%) or recurrent, metastatic (n = 128, 32%) KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC were evaluated in this multicenter retrospective chart review conducted through the Academic Thoracic Oncology Medical Investigator's Consortium (ATOMIC). Patients treated at 13 sites in the United States and Canada and diagnosed between 2006 and 2020 (30% 2006-2015, 70% 2016-2020) were included. Primary outcomes included real-world PFS (rwPFS) and overall survival (OS) from time of stage IV or metastatic diagnosis, with particular interest in patients treated with second-line docetaxel-containing regimens, as well as clinical outcomes in the known presence or absence of STK11 or KEAP1 comutations. RESULTS: Among all patients with stage IV or recurrent, metastatic KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC (n = 201 with KRAS G12C confirmed prior to first line systemic therapy), the median first-line rwPFS was 9.3 months (95% CI, 7.3-11.8 months) and median OS was 16.8 months (95% CI, 12.7-22.3 months). In this historical dataset, first line systemic therapy among these 201 patients included platinum doublet alone (44%), PD-(L)1 inhibitor monotherapy (30%), platinum doublet chemotherapy plus PD-(L)1 inhibitor (18%), and other regimens (8%). Among patients with documented second-line systemic therapy (n = 123), the second-line median rwPFS was 8.3 months (95% CI, 6.1-11.9 months), with median rwPFS 4.6 months (95% CI, 1.4-NA) among 10 docetaxel-treated patients (9 received docetaxel and 1 received docetaxel plus ramucirumab). Within the total study population, 49 patients (12%) had a co-occurring STK11 mutation and 3 (1%) had a co-occurring KEAP1 mutation. Among the 49 patients with a co-occurring KRAS G12C and STK11 mutation, median rwPFS on first-line systemic therapy (n = 23) was 6.0 months (95% CI, 4.7-NA), and median OS was 14.0 months (95% CI, 10.8-35.3 months). CONCLUSION: In this large, multicenter retrospective chart review of patients with KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC we observed a relatively short median rwPFS of 4.6 months among 10 patients with KRAS G12C mutant NSCLC treated with docetaxel with or without ramucirumab in the second-line setting, which aligns with the recently reported CodeBreak 200 dataset.

Association of losartan with outcomes in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Previous trials have shown improved efficacy of neoadjuvant treatment when combined with angiotensin II receptor antagonist, losartan in patients with locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). However, role of losartan is unknown in metastatic PDA. In this retrospective observational study, we examined the relationship between losartan use at time of diagnosis and continued through chemotherapy treatment with clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic PDA that received chemotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 114 metastatic PDA patients treated at University of Kansas Cancer Center between January 2000 and November 2019. We compared overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR) between patients using losartan at time of their cancer diagnosis and a control group of patients who were not on losartan. A subgroup analysis was performed based on patients who were on a 100 mg dose of losartan along with chemotherapy versus patients treated with chemotherapy (without losartan). Another subgroup analysis was performed based on chemotherapy regimen: Fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRINOX) versus Gemcitabine and Abraxane. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in OS (p=0.466) or PFS (p=0.919) in patients on losartan (median 274 day, 83 day) and control patients (median 279 day, 111 day). No significant difference was found in ORR (p=0.621) or in DCR (p=0.497). No significant difference was found in OS (p=0.771) or PFS (p=0.0604) in losartan patients (median 347 day, 350 day) and control patients (median 333 day, 101 day) treated with FOLFIRINOX. No significant difference was found in OS (p=0.916) or PFS (p=0.341) in losartan (median 312 day, 69 day) and control patients (median 221 day, 136 day) treated with Gemcitabine plus Abraxane. No significant difference was found in OS (p=0.727) or PFS (p=0.790) in 100 mg losartan patients (median 261 day, 84 day) and control (median 279 day, 111 day). CONCLUSIONS: Patients on losartan at time of diagnosis and continued through chemotherapy treatment had no significant difference in OS, PFS, ORR, DCR than control patients. Subgroup analysis of patients treated with FOLFIRINOX revealed a longer PFS with losartan than control but did not reach statistical significance, likely due to small sample size. Our findings should be validated in a larger cohort to confirm if the benefit of losartan and FOLFIRINOX seen in a neoadjuvant setting for locally advanced cancer also applies to metastatic cancer. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: This research adds to growing data on the efficacy of angiotensin receptor blocking drugs as adjunctive treatment in addition to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer with specific focus on metastatic disease.

Relating Gut Microbiome and Its Modulating Factors to Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review.

Background: Gut microbiome is proved to affect the activity of immunotherapy in certain tumors. However, little is known if there is universal impact on both the treatment response and adverse effects (AEs) of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) across multiple solid tumors, and whether such impact can be modulated by common gut microbiome modifiers, such as antibiotics and diet. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed followed by stringent manual review were performed to identify clinical cohort studies that evaluated the relevance of gut microbiome to ICIs (response and/or AEs, 12 studies), or association of antibiotics with ICIs (17 studies), or impact of diet on gut microbiome (16 studies). Only original studies published in English before April 1st, 2020 were used. Qualified studies identified in the reference were also included. Results: At the phylum level, patients who had enriched abundance in Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia almost universally had better response from ICIs, whereas those who were enriched in Proteobacteria universally presented with unfavorable outcome. Mixed correlations were observed for Bacteroidetes in relating to treatment response. Regarding the AEs, Firmicutes correlated to higher incidence whereas Bacteroidetes were clearly associated with less occurrence. Interestingly, across various solid tumors, majority of the studies suggested a negative association of antibiotic use with clinical response from ICIs, especially within 1-2 month prior to the initiation of ICIs. Finally, we observed a significant correlation of plant-based diet in relating to the enrichment of "ICI-favoring" gut microbiome (P = 0.0476). Conclusions: Gut microbiome may serve as a novel modifiable biomarker for both the treatment response and AEs of ICIs across various solid tumors. Further study is needed to understand the underlying mechanism, minimize the negative impact of antibiotics on ICIs, and gain insight regarding the role of diet so that this important lifestyle factor can be harnessed to improve the therapeutic outcomes of cancer immunotherapy partly through its impact on gut microbiome.

Overall survival based on oncologist density in the United States: A retrospective cohort study.

Medically underserved areas (MUA) or health professional shortage areas (HPSA) designations are based on primary care health services availability. These designations are used in recruiting international medical graduates (IMGs) trained in primary care or subspecialty (e.g., oncology) to areas of need. Whether the MUA/HPSA designation correlates with Oncologist Density (OD) and supports IMG oncologists' recruitment to areas of need is unknown. We evaluated the concordance of OD with the designation of MUAs/HPSAs and evaluated the impact of OD and MUA/HPSA status on overall survival. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies or metastatic solid tumors in 2011 from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. SEER was linked to the American Medical Association Masterfile to calculate OD, defined as the number of oncologists per 100,000 population at the county level. We calculated the proportion of counties with MUA or HPSA designation for each OD category. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the OD category using a log-rank test. We identified 68,699 adult patients with hematologic malignancies or metastatic solid cancers in 609 counties. The proportion of MUA/HPSA designation was similar across counties categorized by OD (93.2%, 95.4%, 90.3%, and 91.7% in counties with <2.9, 2.9-6.5, 6.5-8.4 and >8.4 oncologists per 100K population, p = 0.7). Patients' median survival in counties with the lowest OD was significantly lower compared to counties with the highest OD (8 vs. 11 months, p<0.0001). The difference remained statistically significant in multivariate and subgroup analysis. MUA/HPSA status was not associated with survival (HR 1.03, 95%CI 0.97-1.09, p = 0.3). MUA/HPSA designation based on primary care services is not concordant with OD. Patients in counties with lower OD correlated with inferior survival. Federal programs designed to recruit physicians in high-need areas should consider the availability of health care services beyond primary care.

Randomized Phase II Trial of Anthracycline-free and Anthracycline-containing Neoadjuvant Carboplatin Chemotherapy Regimens in Stage I-III Triple-negative Breast Cancer (NeoSTOP).

PURPOSE: Addition of carboplatin (Cb) to anthracycline chemotherapy improves pathologic complete response (pCR), and carboplatin plus taxane regimens also yield encouraging pCR rates in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Aim of the NeoSTOP multisite randomized phase II trial was to assess efficacy of anthracycline-free and anthracycline-containing neoadjuvant carboplatin regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients aged ≥18 years with stage I-III TNBC were randomized (1:1) to receive either paclitaxel (P) weekly × 12 plus carboplatin AUC6 every 21 days × 4 followed by doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) every 14 days × 4 (CbP → AC, arm A), or carboplatin AUC6 + docetaxel (D) every 21 days × 6 (CbD, arm B). Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTIL) were assessed. Primary endpoint was pCR in breast and axilla. Other endpoints included residual cancer burden (RCB), toxicity, cost, and event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: One hundred patients were randomized; arm A (n = 48) or arm B (n = 52). pCR was 54% [95% confidence interval (CI), 40%-69%] in arm A and 54% (95% CI, 40%-68%) in arm B. RCB 0+I rate was 67% in both arms. Median sTIL density was numerically higher in those with pCR compared with those with residual disease (20% vs. 5%; P = 0.25). At median follow-up of 38 months, EFS and OS were similar in the two arms. Grade 3/4 adverse events were more common in arm A compared with arm B, with the most notable differences in neutropenia (60% vs. 8%; P < 0.001) and febrile neutropenia (19% vs. 0%; P < 0.001). There was one treatment-related death (arm A) due to acute leukemia. Mean treatment cost was lower for arm B compared with arm A (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The two-drug CbD regimen yielded pCR, RCB 0+I, and survival rates similar to the four-drug regimen of CbP → AC, but with a more favorable toxicity profile and lower treatment-associated cost.

Sex-bias in COVID-19-associated illness severity and mortality in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Whether there is sex-bias within the adverse outcomes associated with COVID-19 in the cancer population is unknown. In this regard, several published studies have examined this question, but the results are inconclusive and inconsistent. To evaluate the sex-difference in the risk of adverse outcomes associated with COVID-19 in the cancer population, we have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Published articles evaluating adverse outcomes associated with COVID-19 in the cancer population from inception to June 2020 were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE, ASCO 2020 Virtual Annual Conference, AACR 2020 COVID-19 and Cancer, ESMO conferences held from January to June 2020, and medRxiv and bioRxiv. Prospective or retrospective analyses in English, providing outcomes data with sex differences in the cancer population were included. The primary outcomes of interest were pooled ORs of severe illness, all-cause death, and the composite of severe illness and death attributable to COVID-19 in males versus females in cancer patients. FINDINGS: Overall, 3968 patients (17 studies) were analyzed in retrospective study settings. Overall, pooled ORs of the composite of severe illness and all-cause death in the setting of COVID-19 in males versus females was 1.60 (95% CI, 1.38-1.85). The risk of severe illness or death were both independently increased in males versus females. INTERPRETATION: Male sex was associated with a higher risk of severe illness and death attributable to COVID-19. This finding has implications in informing the clinical prognosis and decision making in the care of cancer patients. FUNDING: This study received no funding.

Thirty-day readmissions due to Venous thromboembolism in patients discharged with syncope.

A recent study found that approximately 1 in every 6 patients hospitalized for the 1st episode of syncope had an underlying pulmonary embolism (PE). As current guidelines do not strongly emphasize evaluation for PE in the workup of syncope, we hypothesize that there might be a higher rate of 30-day readmission due to untreated venous thromboembolism (VTE). The objective of this study is to measure the 30-day readmission rate due to VTE and identify predictors of 30-day readmission with VTE among syncope patients. We identified patients admitted with syncope with ICD9 diagnoses code 780.2 in the Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD-2013), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). The 30-day readmission rate was calculated using methods described by HCUP. Logistic-regression was used to identify predictors of 30-day readmission with VTE. Discharge weights provided by HCUP were used to generate national estimates. In 2013, NRD included 207,339 eligible patients admitted with syncope. The prevalence rates of PE and DVT were 1.1% and 1.4%, respectively. At least one syncope associated condition was present in 60.9% of the patients. Among the patients who were not diagnosed with VTE during index admission for syncope (N = 188,015), 30-day readmission rate with VTE was 0.5% (0.2% with PE and 0.4% with DVT). In conclusion, low prevalence of VTE in patients with syncope and extremely low 30-day readmission rate with VTE argues against missed diagnoses of VTE in index admission for syncope. These results warrant further studies to determine clinical impact of work up for PE in syncope patients without risk factors.

Trends of Inpatient Venous Thromboembolism in United States Before and After the Surgeon General's Call to Action.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States (US). The increasing rates of VTE in the US resulted in the surgeon general issuing a call to action to reduce VTE in 2008. The objective of our study was to analyze the national trends of inpatient VTE in the US from 2004 to 2013 (5 years before and after 2008). We used the dataset National Inpatient Sample, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and measured trends of inpatient VTE by annual % change using joinpoint regression software. From 2004 to 2013 the National Inpatient Sample contained data on 78 million hospitalizations (weighted n = 385 million). In these 1.6 million had a diagnosis of VTE (2.0%, weighted n = 7.7 million) including 1.2 million with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (1.53%, weighted n = 5.9 million) and 588,878 with pulmonary embolism (PE) (0.74%, weighted n = 2.8 million). Joinpoint regression analysis showed that rates of DVT and PE are increasing consistently from 2004 to 2013(1.27% to 1.80% for DVT and 0.52% to 0.92% for PE). The increasing rates of DVT and PE were consistent in all subgroups except few exceptions. In conclusion inpatient VTE rates continue to rise even after 5 years from the surgeon general's a call to action except in certain high-risk patients. Further research is needed to curb the VTE in patients especially among those perceived to be at lower risk of VTE.

In-patient outcomes of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Nationwide Study.

The impact of underlying immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is unclear. Hematopoietic cell transplantation co-morbidity index (HCT-CI) is gaining acceptance as a reliable clinical method to score pre-transplant co-morbidities. Higher HCT-CI from a co-morbid IMID implies higher NRM. However, HCT-CI integrates many IMIDs with different pathogenesis and treatment together which may lead to spurious results. We performed a cross-sectional study using Nationwide Inpatient Sample dataset from 1998 to 2011 to compare the outcomes of HSCT in patients with different co-morbid IMIDs with patients without any co-morbid IMIDs. In both our multivariate and stringent matched-pair analysis, ulcerative colitis (UC) was associated with increased mortality while rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis were associated with lower mortality as compared to no IMID group. Furthermore, in allogeneic HSCT subgroup, UC was associated with higher mortality and psoriasis was associated with lower mortality. In conclusion, we found that depending on the type of HSCT, each IMID has a different impact on outcomes of HSCT. Furthermore, UC patients had increased mortality if they had primary sclerosing cholangitis and had a higher risk of opportunistic infections like tuberculosis and cytomegalovirus suggesting the need for increased vigilance in this cohort.

Immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies.

Treatment of cancer patients involves a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Traditionally, patients with metastatic disease are treated with combination chemotherapies or targeted agents. These cytotoxic agents have good response rates and achieve palliation; however, complete responses are rarely seen. The field of cancer immunology has made rapid advances in the past 20 years. Recently, a number of agents and vaccines, which modulate the immune system to allow it to detect and target cancer cells, are being developed. The benefit of these agents is twofold, it enhances the ability the body's own immune system to fight cancer, thus has a lower incidence of side effects compared to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Secondly, a small but substantial number of patients with metastatic disease are cured by immunotherapy or achieve durable responses lasting for a number of years. In this article, we review the FDA-approved immunotherapy agents in the field of genitourinary malignancies. We also summarize new immunotherapy agents being evaluated in clinical studies either as single agents or as a combination.

Practice makes perfect: relationship between hospital procedure volume and permanent pacemaker implantation after paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ablation.

PURPOSE: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) ablation can result in injury to the atrioventricular (AV) node causing complete heart block requiring permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation. Few studies have examined the impact of hospital PSVT ablation volume and PPM implantation rates post ablation. METHODS: We included adult patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, from 1998 to 2011, using ICD-9 diagnoses codes 427.0 and 427.89 for PSVT and ICD-9 procedure code 37.34 for ablation. Patients with concomitant arrhythmias, prior pacemaker/defibrillator implants, or pre-existing sinus node dysfunction were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of PPM implantation. RESULTS: There were 119,938 PSVT ablations from 1998 to 2011 with a mean age of 54.6 ± 17.5 years and 64.1% females. The overall PPM implantation rate was 3.2%. PPM implantation rates in the first (1-14 ablations/year), second (15-32 ablations/year), and third (> 32/ablations/year) tertiles of annual PSVT ablation volume were respectively 4.4, 3.3, and 1.9% (p < 0.001). Increasing age, female gender, bifascicular, or trifascicular block and teaching hospital status were independent predictors of PPM implantation. The adjusted odds ratio for PPM implantation in hospitals performing > 32 PSVT ablations/year compared to hospitals performing ≤ 14 PSVT ablations/year was 0.54 (95% confidence interval 0.3-0.9, p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: PPM implantation rates are significantly lower in hospitals performing > 32 PSVT ablations/year, indicating that hospital experience is an important determinant of outcomes after PSVT ablation.