Secondary tricuspid regurgitation: incidence, types, and outcomes in atrial fibrillation vs. sinus rhythm.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Incidence and types of secondary tricuspid regurgitation (TR) are not well defined in atrial fibrillation (AFib) and sinus rhythm (SR). Atrial secondary TR (A-STR) is associated with pre-existing AFib; however, close to 50% of patients with A-STR do not have AFib. The aim of this study was to assess incidence, types, and outcomes of ≥ moderate TR in AFib vs. SR. METHODS: Adults with and without new-onset AFib without structural heart disease or ≥ moderate TR at baseline were followed for the development of ≥ moderate TR. Tricuspid regurgitation types were pacemaker, left-sided valve disease, left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension (PH), isolated ventricular, and A-STR. RESULTS: Among 1359 patients with AFib and 20 438 in SR, 109 and 378 patients developed ≥ moderate TR, respectively. The individual types of TR occurred more frequently in AFib related to the higher pacemaker implantation rates (1.12 vs. 0.19 per 100 person-years, P < .001), larger right atrial size (median 78 vs. 53 mL, P < .001), and higher pulmonary pressures (median 30 vs. 28 mmHg, P < .001). The most common TR types irrespective of rhythm were LV dysfunction-TR and A-STR. Among patients in SR, those with A-STR were older, predominantly women with more diastolic abnormalities and higher pulmonary pressures. All types of secondary TR were associated with all-cause mortality, highest in PH-TR and LV dysfunction-TR. CONCLUSIONS: New-onset AFib vs. SR conferred a higher risk of the individual TR types related to sequelae of AFib and higher pacemaker implantation rates, although the distribution of TR types was similar. Secondary TR was universally associated with increased mortality.

Severe aortic stenosis: secular trends of incidence and outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Severe aortic stenosis (AS) is the guideline-based indication for aortic valve replacement (AVR), which has markedly increased with transcatheter approaches, suggesting possible increasing AS incidence. However, reported secular trends of AS incidence remain contradictory and lack quantitative Doppler echocardiographic ascertainment. METHODS: All adults residents in Olmsted County (MN, USA) diagnosed over 20 years (1997-2016) with incident severe AS (first diagnosis) based on quantitatively defined measures (aortic valve area ≤ 1 cm2, aortic valve area index ≤ 0.6 cm2/m2, mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg, peak velocity ≥ 4 m/s, Doppler velocity index ≤ 0.25) were counted to define trends in incidence, presentation, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: Incident severe AS was diagnosed in 1069 community residents. The incidence rate was 52.5 [49.4-55.8] per 100 000 patient-year, slightly higher in males vs. females and was almost unchanged after age and sex adjustment for the US population 53.8 [50.6-57.0] per 100 000 residents/year. Over 20 years, severe AS incidence remained stable (P = .2) but absolute burden of incident cases markedly increased (P = .0004) due to population growth. Incidence trend differed by sex, stable in men (incidence rate ratio 0.99, P = .7) but declining in women (incidence rate ratio 0.93, P = .02). Over the study, AS clinical characteristics remained remarkably stable and AVR performance grew and was more prompt (from 1.3 [0.1-3.3] years in 1997-2000 to 0.5 [0.2-2.1] years in 2013-16, P = .001) but undertreatment remained prominent (>40%). Early AVR was associated with survival benefit (adjusted hazard ratio 0.55 [0.42-0.71], P < .0001). Despite these improvements, overall mortality (3-month 8% and 3-year 36%), was swift, considerable and unabated (all P ≥ .4) throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Over 20 years, the population incidence of severe AS remained stable with increased absolute case burden related to population growth. Despite stable severe AS presentation, AVR performance grew notably, but while declining, undertreatment remained substantial and disease lethality did not yet decline. These population-based findings have important implications for improving AS management pathways.

The MIDA-Q Mortality Risk Score: A Quantitative Prognostic Tool for the Mitral Valve Prolapse Spectrum.

BACKGROUND: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is responsible for a considerable disease burden but is widely heterogeneous. The lack of a comprehensive prognostic instrument covering the entire MVP spectrum, encompassing the quantified consequent degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR), hinders clinical management and therapeutic trials. METHODS: The new Mitral Regurgitation International Database Quantitative (MIDA-Q) registry enrolled 8187 consecutive patients (ages 63±16 years, 47% women, follow-up 5.5±3.3 years) first diagnosed with isolated MVP, without or with DMR quantified prospectively (measuring effective regurgitant orifice [ERO] and regurgitant volume) in routine practice of 5 tertiary care centers from North America, Europe, and the Middle East. The MIDA-Q score ranges from 0 to 15 by accumulating guideline-based risk factors and DMR severity. Long-term survival under medical management was the primary outcome end point. RESULTS: MVP was associated with DMR absent/mild (ERO <20 mm2) in 50%, moderate (ERO 20-40 mm2) in 25%, and severe or higher (ERO ≥40 mm2) in 25%, with mean ERO 24±24 mm2, regurgitant volume 37±35 mL. Median MIDA-Q score was 4 with a wide distribution (10%-90% range, 0-9). MIDA-Q score was higher in patients with EuroScore II ≥1% versus <1% (median, 7 versus 3; P < 0.0001) but with wide overlap (10%-90% range, 4-11 versus 0-7) and mediocre correlation (R2 0.18). Five-year survival under medical management was strongly associated with MIDA-Q score, 97±1% with score 0, 95±1% with score 1 to 2, 82±1% with score 3 to 4, 67±1% with score 5 to 6, 60±1% with score 7 to 8, 44±1% with score 9 to 10, 35±1% with score 11 to 12, and 5±4% with MIDA-Q score ≥13, with hazard ratio 1.31 [1.29-1.33] per 1-point increment. Excess mortality with higher MIDA-Q scores persisted after adjustment for age, sex, and EuroScore II (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.13 [1.11-1.15] per 1-point increment). Subgroup analysis showed persistent association of MIDA-Q score with mortality in all possible subsets, in particular, with EuroScore II<1% (hazard ratio, 1.08 [1.02-1.14]) or ≥1% (hazard ratio, 1.11 [1.08-1.13]) and with no/mild DMR (hazard ratio, 1.14 [1.10-1.19]) or moderate/severe DMR (hazard ratio, 1.13 [1.10-1.16], all per 1-point increment with P<0.0001). Nested-model and bootstrapping analyses demonstrated incremental prognostic power of MIDA-Q score (all P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This large, international cohort of isolated MVP, with prospective DMR quantification in routine practice, demonstrates the wide range of risk factor accumulation and considerable heterogeneity of outcomes after MVP diagnosis. The MIDA-Q score is strongly, independently, and incrementally associated with long-term survival after MVP diagnosis, irrespective of presentation, and is therefore a crucial prognostic instrument for risk stratification, clinical trials, and management of patients diagnosed with all forms of MVP.

Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and mitral annular disjunction: pathophysiology, risk stratification, and management.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most frequent valve condition but remains a conundrum in many aspects, particularly in regard to the existence and frequency of an arrhythmic form (AMVP) and its link to sudden cardiac death. Furthermore, the presence, frequency, and significance of the anatomic functional feature called mitral annular disjunction (MAD) have remained widely disputed. Recent case series and cohorts have shattered the concept that MVP is most generally benign and have emphasized the various phenotypes associated with clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias, including AMVP. The definition, evaluation, follow-up, and management of AMVP represent the focus of the present review, strengthened by recent coherent studies defining an arrhythmic MVP phenotypic that would affect a small subset of patients with MVP at concentrated high risk. The role of MAD in this context is of particular importance, and this review highlights the characteristics of AMVP phenotypes and MAD, their clinical, multimodality imaging, and rhythmic evaluation. These seminal facts lead to proposing a risk stratification clinical pathway with consideration of medical, rhythmologic, and surgical management and have been objects of recent expert consensus statements and of proposals for new research directions.

Factors influencing post-surgical survival in degenerative mitral regurgitation.

AIMS: Indications for surgery in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) are increasingly liberal in all clinical guidelines but the role of secondary outcome determinants (left atrial volume index ≥60 mL/m2, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≥50 mmHg and moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation) and their impact on post-operative outcome remain disputed. Whether these secondary outcome markers are just reflective of the DMR severity or intrinsically affect survival after DMR surgery is uncertain and may have critical importance in the management of patients with DMR. To address these gaps of knowledge the present study gathered a large cohort of patients with quantified DMR, accounted for the number of secondary outcome markers and examined their independent impact on survival after surgical correction of the DMR. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Mitral Regurgitation International DAtabase-Quantitative registry includes patients with isolated DMR from centres across North America, Europe, and the Middle East. Patient enrolment extended from January 2003 to January 2020. All patients undergoing mitral valve surgery within 1 year of registry enrolment were selected. A total of 2276 patients [65 (55-73) years, 32% male] across five centres met study eligibility criteria. Over a median follow-up of 5.6 (3.6 to 8.7) years, 278 patients (12.2%) died. In a comprehensive multivariable Cox regression model adjusted for age, EuroSCORE II, symptoms, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LV ESD) and DMR severity, the number of secondary outcome determinants was independently associated with post-operative all-cause mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.56 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.20, P = 0.011], 1.78 (95% CI: 1.23-2.58, P = 0.002) and 2.58 (95% CI: 1.73-3.83, P < 0.0001) for patients with one, two, and three or four secondary outcome determinants, respectively. A model incorporating the number of secondary outcome determinants demonstrated a higher C-index and was significantly more concordant with post-operative mortality than models incorporating traditional Class I indications alone [the presence of symptoms (P = 0.0003), or LVEF ≤60% (P = 0.006), or LV ESD ≥40 mm (P = 0.014)], while there was no significant difference in concordance observed compared with a model that incorporated the number of Class I indications for surgery combined (P = 0.71). CONCLUSION: In this large cohort of patients treated surgically for DMR, the presence and number of secondary outcome determinants was independently associated with post-surgical survival and demonstrated better outcome discrimination than traditional Class I indications for surgery. Randomised controlled trials are needed to determine if patients with severe DMR who demonstrate a cardiac phenotype with an increasing number of secondary outcome determinants would benefit from earlier surgery.

Bicuspid aortic valve: long-term morbidity and mortality.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart anomaly. Lifetime morbidity and whether long-term survival varies according to BAV patient-sub-groups are unknown. This study aimed to assess lifetime morbidity and long-term survival in BAV patients in the community. METHODS: The authors retrospectively identified all Olmsted County (Minnesota) residents with an echocardiographic diagnosis of BAV from 1 January 1980 to 31 December 2009, including patients with typical valvulo-aortopathy (BAV without accelerated valvulo-aortopathy or associated disorders), and those with complex valvulo-aortopathy (BAV with accelerated valvulo-aortopathy or associated disorders). RESULTS: 652 consecutive diagnosed BAV patients [median (IQR) age 37 (22-53) years; 525 (81%) adult and 127 (19%) paediatric] were followed for a median (IQR) of 19.1 (12.9-25.8) years. The total cumulative lifetime morbidity burden (from birth to age 90) was 86% (95% CI 82.5-89.7); cumulative lifetime progression to ≥ moderate aortic stenosis or regurgitation, aortic valve surgery, aortic aneurysm ≥45 mm or z-score ≥3, aorta surgery, infective endocarditis and aortic dissection was 80.3%, 68.5%, 75.4%, 27%, 6% and 1.6%, respectively. Survival of patients with typical valvulo-aortopathy [562 (86%), age 40 (28-55) years, 86% adults] was similar to age-sex-matched Minnesota population (P = .12). Conversely, survival of patients with complex valvulo-aortopathy [90 (14%), age 14 (3-26) years, 57% paediatric] was lower than expected, with a relative excess mortality risk of 2.25 (95% CI 1.21-4.19) (P = .01). CONCLUSION: The BAV condition exhibits a high lifetime morbidity burden where valvulo-aortopathy is close to unavoidable by age 90. The lifetime incidence of infective endocarditis is higher than that of aortic dissection. The most common BAV clinical presentation is the typical valvulo-aortopathy with preserved expected long-term survival, while the complex valvulo-aortopathy presentation incurs higher mortality.

Genome-wide association study reveals novel genetic loci: a new polygenic risk score for mitral valve prolapse.

AIMS: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common valvular heart disease with a prevalence of >2% in the general adult population. Despite this high incidence, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanism of this disease, and no medical therapy is available for this disease. We aimed to elucidate the genetic basis of MVP in order to better understand this complex disorder. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a meta-analysis of six genome-wide association studies that included 4884 cases and 434 649 controls. We identified 14 loci associated with MVP in our primary analysis and 2 additional loci associated with a subset of the samples that additionally underwent mitral valve surgery. Integration of epigenetic, transcriptional, and proteomic data identified candidate MVP genes including LMCD1, SPTBN1, LTBP2, TGFB2, NMB, and ALPK3. We created a polygenic risk score (PRS) for MVP and showed an improved MVP risk prediction beyond age, sex, and clinical risk factors. CONCLUSION: We identified 14 genetic loci that are associated with MVP. Multiple analyses identified candidate genes including two transforming growth factor-ß signalling molecules and spectrin ß. We present the first PRS for MVP that could eventually aid risk stratification of patients for MVP screening in a clinical setting. These findings advance our understanding of this common valvular heart disease and may reveal novel therapeutic targets for intervention.

Atrial mitral regurgitation: Characteristics and outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve edge-to-edge repair.

BACKGROUND: Mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (MTEER) is an established therapeutic approach for mitral regurgitation (MR). Functional mitral regurgitation originating from atrial myopathy (A-FMR) has been described. OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the clinical, echocardiographic and hemodynamic considerations in A-FMR patients undergoing MTEER. METHODS: From 2014 to 2020, patients undergoing MTEER for degenerative MR (DMR), functional MR (FMR), and mixed MR were assessed. A-FMR was defined by the presence of MR > moderate in severity; left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%; and severe left atrial (LA) enlargement in the absence of LV dysfunction, leaflet pathology, or LV tethering. The diagnosis of A-FMR (vs. ventricular-FMR [V-FMR]) was confirmed by three independent echocardiographers. Baseline characteristics, procedural outcomes as well as clinical and echocardiographic follow-up are reported. Device success was defined as final MR grade ≤ moderate; MR reduction ≥1 grade; and final transmitral gradient <5 mmHg. RESULTS: 306 patients underwent MTEER, including DMR (62%), FMR (19%), and mixed MR (19%). FMR cases included 37 (63.8%) V-FMR and 21 (36.2%) A-FMR. Tricuspid regurgitation (≥ moderate) was higher in A-FMR (80.1%) compared to V-FMR (54%) and DMR (42%). Device success did not significantly differ between A-FMR and V-FMR (57% vs. 73%, p = 0.34) or DMR (57% vs. 64%, p = 1.0). The A-FMR cohort was less likely to achieve ≥3 grades of MR reduction compared to V-FMR (19% vs. 54%, p = 0.01) and DMR (19% vs. 49.7%, p = 0.01). Patients with V-FMR and DMR demonstrated significant reductions in mean left atrial pressure (LAP) and peak LA V-wave, though A-FMR did not (LAP -0.24 ± 4.9, p = 0.83; peak V-wave -1.76 ± 9.1, p = 0.39). In follow-up, echocardiographic and clinical outcomes were similar. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing MTEER, A-FMR represents one-third of FMR cases. A-FMR demonstrates similar procedural success but blunted acute hemodynamic responses compared with DMR and V-FMR following MTEER. Dedicated studies specifically considering A-FMR are needed to discern the optimal therapeutic approaches.

Impact of mitral intervention on outcomes of patients with mitral valve dysfunction and annulus calcification.

OBJECTIVES: To compare all-cause mortality in patients with mitral annulus calcification (MAC) and severe mitral valve dysfunction (MVD) who received standard mitral intervention versus no intervention. BACKGROUND: Patients with MAC often have high surgical risk due to advanced age, comorbidities, and technical challenges related to calcium. The impact of a mitral intervention on outcomes of patients with MAC and severe MVD is not well known. METHODS: Retrospective review of patients with MAC by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in 2015 at a single institution. Patients with severe mitral stenosis (MS) or regurgitation (MR) were analyzed and stratified into two groups: surgical or transcatheter intervention performed <1 year after the index TTE, and no or later intervention. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Of 5502 patients with MAC, 357 had severe MVD (MS = 27%, MR = 73%). Of those, 108 underwent mitral intervention (surgery = 87; transcatheter = 21). They were younger (73 ± 11 vs. 76 ± 11 years, p < 0.01) and less frequently had cardiovascular diseases compared with no-intervention. Frequency in women was similar (45% vs. 50%, p = 0.44). During median follow-up of 3.2 years, the intervention group had higher estimated survival than those without intervention (80% vs. 72% at 1 year and 55% vs. 35% at 4 year, p < 0.01). Adjusted for age, eGFR, LVEF < 50%, and pulmonary hypertension, mitral intervention was an independent predictor of lower mortality (hazard ratio = 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.43-0.99, p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Patients with MAC and severe MVD who underwent mitral intervention <1 year from index TTE had lower mortality than those without intervention. Mitral intervention was independently associated with lower mortality.

Mitral Valve Cleft-like Indentations in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: Insights From Intraoperative Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: Cleft-like indentations (CLIs) of the mitral valve (MV) are best assessed with three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The present study examined the prevalence, characteristics, and surgical effect of MV CLIs in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). DESIGN: Prospective, observational, case-control study. SETTING: Tertiary medical center. PARTICIPANTS: The study comprised 90 patients with HCM undergoing myectomy and 59 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for non-MV related indications. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Intraoperative 3D TEE was used to evaluate the presence and characteristics of MV CLIs compared, with a random control group of 59 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for non-MV related indications. Ninety patients with HCM (mean age 54.8 ± 13.3 y, 67.8% male) were compared with 59 control patients (mean age 67 ± 12.7 y, 79.7% male). Three-dimensional TEE images were interpreted by consensus of two experienced echocardiographers. At least one MV CLI was present in 84 patients with HCM (93.3%), compared with 23 control patients (39%; p < 0.01). Compared with control patients, patients with HCM were more likely to have deep MV CLIs (85.6% v 25.4%; p < 0.01) and ≥2 CLIs (52.2% v 26.1%; p = 0.02). Six HCM patients (7%) appeared to have true congenital posterior leaflet clefts versus 0% in control patients (p = 0.08). Preoperative mitral regurgitation severity and jet direction were not associated with the presence of deep or multiple MV CLIs (all p > 0.2). None of the MV CLIs in the HCM group required MV surgical intervention or second pump runs for MV regurgitation correction after myectomy. CONCLUSION: Deep and multiple MV CLIs are common in patients with HCM undergoing septal myectomy, including possible true posterior clefts, but they are not associated with the premyectomy severity of mitral regurgitation or jet direction, and do not result in surgical MV intervention.

Electrocardiogram screening for aortic valve stenosis using artificial intelligence.

AIMS: Early detection of aortic stenosis (AS) is becoming increasingly important with a better outcome after aortic valve replacement in asymptomatic severe AS patients and a poor outcome in moderate AS. We aimed to develop artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) using a convolutional neural network to identify patients with moderate to severe AS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1989 and 2019, 258 607 adults [mean age 63 ± 16.3 years; women 122 790 (48%)] with an echocardiography and an ECG performed within 180 days were identified from the Mayo Clinic database. Moderate to severe AS by echocardiography was present in 9723 (3.7%) patients. Artificial intelligence training was performed in 129 788 (50%), validation in 25 893 (10%), and testing in 102 926 (40%) randomly selected subjects. In the test group, the AI-ECG labelled 3833 (3.7%) patients as positive with the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 78%, 74%, and 74%, respectively. The sensitivity increased and the specificity decreased as age increased. Women had lower sensitivity but higher specificity compared with men at any age groups. The model performance increased when age and sex were added to the model (AUC 0.87), which further increased to 0.90 in patients without hypertension. Patients with false-positive AI-ECGs had twice the risk for developing moderate or severe AS in 15 years compared with true negative AI-ECGs (hazard ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.90-2.50). CONCLUSION: An AI-ECG can identify patients with moderate or severe AS and may serve as a powerful screening tool for AS in the community.

Immobile Leaflets at Time of Bioprosthetic Valve Implantation: A Novel Risk Factor for Early Bioprosthetic Failure: A Novel Risk Factor for Early Bioprosthetic Failure.

OBJECTIVES: The clinical implications of finding immobile leaflet(s) at the time of bioprosthetic valve implantation but with acceptable prosthetic haemodynamics are uncertain. We sought to determine the characteristics of such patients and their impact on outcome. METHODS: Patients with immobile leaflet at the time of surgical bioprosthetic valve implantation were identified retrospectively by a systematic search of an institutional echocardiography database (2010-2020). Intraoperative echocardiograms were reviewed de-novo to confirm immobile leaflet(s) at the time of implantation. Cases were matched 1:2 to controls with normal bioprosthetic leaflets motion for age, sex, prosthesis position, prosthesis model, size, year of implantation, and pre-implantation left ventricular ejection fraction. Proportional hazards method was used to analyse the composite endpoint of stroke, valve thrombosis or re-intervention. RESULTS: Immobile leaflet at the time of bioprosthetic valve implantation were found in 26 patients (median age 71 ys 39% males) following tricuspid (n=13), mitral (n=11) and aortic (n=2) valve replacements; 96% received porcine prostheses; prosthesis size was 27 mm or larger in 92%. Immobile leaflet were recorded on intraoperative reports in 16 (62%) cases. It resulted in elevated gradient or mild-moderate prosthetic regurgitation in three (12%), but none led to immediate corrective action intraoperatively. At median follow-up of 21 (4-50) months, presence of immobile leaflet was associated with composite clinical endpoint of stroke, valve thrombosis or re-intervention (hazard ratio 6.8, 95% CI 1.8-25.2, p<0.01) compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Immobile leaflet immediately post-bioprosthetic valve implantation is frequently under-recognised intraoperatively and appears to be associated with early bioprosthetic dysfunction and worse clinical outcome.

Diastolic blood pressure predicts outcomes after aortic paravalvular leak closure.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine hemodynamic effects of aortic paravalvular leak (PVL) and predictors of clinical outcomes after aortic PVL closure. BACKGROUND: The significance of hemodynamic alterations in PVL and relation to severity, procedural success of percutaneous closure and clinical outcomes have not been defined. METHODS: Patients undergoing percutaneous PVL closure between July 21, 2004 and September 10, 2018 were included. PVL severity was assessed by echocardiography and aortic angiography. Hemodynamics were assessed by intra-arterial pressure tracings before and after PVL closure. The primary outcome was a composite of mortality, redo aortic valve replacement (AVR) and redo PVL closure. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen patients (mean age 70.3 ± 14.9 years, 79% surgical and 21% transcatheter prostheses) underwent PVL closure with 94% technical success. PVL was moderate or greater in 106 (91%) at baseline and 11 (11%) post-procedure. Diastolic BP for those with moderate or greater PVL was lower than for those with less PVL (50.3 ± 11.7 vs. 56.5 ± 12.4 mmHg, p < .001). Pulse pressure was similar between these groups (69.9 ± 20.3 vs. 67.4 ± 21.2 mmHg, p = .39). 35 patients (34%) had 40 events during a mean follow-up of 1.6 ± 1.9 years (23 deaths, 12 redo AVR, and five redo PVL closures). In a multivariate model, final diastolic BP <47 mmHg (HR 3.27 [1.45-7.36], p = .007) was a significant predictor of the composite endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Diastolic BP was significantly associated with aortic PVL severity and clinical outcomes after PVL closure. In contrast, pulse pressure did not correlate with PVL severity or outcomes. These findings have implications for clinical management of patients with aortic PVL.

Functional tricuspid regurgitation of degenerative mitral valve disease: a crucial determinant of survival.

AIMS: To assess functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) determinants, consequences, and independent impact on outcome in degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR). METHODS AND RESULTS: All patients diagnosed with isolated DMR 2003-2011, with structurally normal tricuspid leaflets, prospective FTR grading and systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) estimation by Doppler echocardiography at diagnosis were identified and long-term outcome analysed. The 5083 DMR eligible patients [63 ± 16 years, 47% female, ejection fraction (EF) 63 ± 7%, and sPAP 35 ± 13 mmHg] presented with FTR graded trivial in 45%, mild in 37%, moderate in 15%, and severe in 3%. While pulmonary hypertension (PHTN-sPAP ≥ 50 mmHg) was the most powerful FTR severity determinant, other strong FTR determinants were older age, female sex, lower left ventricle EF, DMR, and particularly atrial fibrillation (AFib) (all P ≤ 0.002). Functional tricuspid regurgitation moderate/severe was independently linked to more severe clinical presentation, more oedema, lower stroke volume, and impaired renal function (P ≤ 0.01). Survival (95% confidence interval) throughout follow-up [70% (69-72%) at 10 years] was strongly associated with FTR severity [82% (80-84%) for trivial, 69% (66-71%) for mild, 51% (47-57%) for moderate, and 26% (19-35%) for severe, P < 0.0001]. Excess mortality persisted after comprehensive adjustment [adjusted hazard ratio 1.40 (1.18-1.67) for moderate FTR and 2.10 (1.63-2.70) for severe FTR, P ≤ 0.01]. Excess mortality persisted adjusting for sPAP/right ventricular function (P < 0.0001), by matching [adjusted hazard ratios 2.08 (1.50-2.89), P < 0.0001] and vs. expected survival [risk ratio 1.79 (1.48-2.16), P < 0.0001]. Within 5-year of diagnosis valve surgery was performed in 73% (70-75%) and 15% (13-17%) of severe and moderate DMR and in only 26% (19-34%) and 6% (4-8%) of severe and moderate FTR. Valvular surgery improved outcome without alleviating completely higher mortality associated with FTR (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In this large DMR cohort, FTR was frequent and causally, not only linked to PHTN but also to other factors, particularly AFib. Higher FTR severity is associated at diagnosis with more severe clinical presentation. Long term, FTR is independently of all confounders, associated with considerably worse mortality. Functional tricuspid regurgitation moderate and even severe is profoundly undertreated. Thus careful assessment, consideration for tricuspid surgery, and testing of new transcatheter therapy is warranted.

Aetiology and outcomes of severe right ventricular dysfunction.

AIMS: Right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is an important determinant of functional status and survival in various diseases states. Data are sparse on the epidemiology and outcome of patients with severe RVD. This study examined the characteristics, aetiology, and survival of patients with severe RVD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Retrospective study of consecutive patients with severe RVD diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) between 2011 and 2015 in a single tertiary referral institution. Patients with prior cardiac surgery, mechanical assist devices, and congenital heart disease were excluded. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. In 64 728 patients undergoing TTE, the prevalence of ≥mild RVD was 21%. This study focused on the cohort of 1299 (4%) patients with severe RVD; age 64 ± 16 years; 61% male. The most common causes of severe RVD were left-sided heart diseases (46%), pulmonary thromboembolic disease (18%), chronic lung disease/hypoxia (CLD; 17%), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; 11%). After 2 ± 2 years of follow-up, 701 deaths occurred, 66% within the first year of diagnosis. The overall probability of survival at 1- and 5 years for the entire cohort were 61% [95% confidence interval (CI) 58-64%] and 35% (95% CI 31-38%), respectively. In left-sided heart diseases, 1- and 5-year survival rates were 61% (95% CI 57-65%) and 33% (95% CI 28-37%), respectively; vs. 76% (95% CI 68-82%) and 50% (95% CI 40-59%) in PAH, vs. 71% (95% CI 64-76%) and 49% (95% CI 41-58%) in thromboembolic diseases, vs. 42% (95% CI 35-49%) and 8% (95% CI 4-15%) in CLD (log-rank P < 0.0001). Presence of ≥moderate tricuspid regurgitation portended worse survival in severe RVD. CONCLUSION: One-year mortality of patients with severe RVD was high (∼40%) and dependent on the aetiology of RVD. Left-sided heart diseases is the most common cause of severe RVD but prognosis was worst in CLD.

Excess Mortality Associated With Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation Complicating Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: Functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR) is common in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and mostly consequent to pulmonary hypertension. However, the intrinsic clinical implications of FTR are not fully understood. METHODS: The cohort of all Mayo Clinic patients from 2003 to 2011 diagnosed with heart failure stage B-C and ejection fraction<50%, with FTR grading and systolic pulmonary artery pressure estimation by Doppler echocardiography was identified and outcomes were analyzed. Patients with pacemakers/defibrillators, organic valve disease, or previous valve surgery were excluded. The primary outcome measure was overall mortality (censored at implantation of a defibrillator, ventricular assist device, or cardiac transplantation), adjusting for clinical and echocardiographic associates with mortality and major comorbidities. RESULTS: Among 13 026 patients meeting inclusion criteria, FTR was detected in 88% (N=11 507: 33% trivial, 32% mild, 17% moderate, and 6% severe), aged 68±14 years, 35% women, ejection fraction 36±10%, systolic pulmonary artery pressure 41±14 mm Hg with 20% atrial fibrillation. Covariates independently associated with FTR included elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure, older age, female sex, lower ejection fraction, mitral regurgitation, and atrial fibrillation (all P<0.0001). FTR was independently associated with more dyspnea, impaired kidney function, and lower cardiac output ( P<0.003 for all). For long-term outcome, higher FTR degree compared with trivial tricuspid regurgitation was independently associated with higher mortality (adjusted hazard ratios 1.09 [1.01-1.17] for mild FTR, 1.21 [1.11-1.33] for moderate FTR and 1.57 [1.39-1.78] for severe FTR); hence, 5-year survival was substantially lower with increasing severity of functional FTR, 68±1% for trivial FTR, 58±2% for mild FTR, 45±2% for moderate FTR, and 34±4% for severe FTR. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, FTR was common and independently associated with pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and more severe heart failure presentation. Long-term, higher FTR severity is associated with considerably worse survival, independently of baseline characteristics. Given these untoward outcomes associated with FTR in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, clinical trials should be directed at testing FTR treatment.

Institutional learning experience for combined edge-to-edge tricuspid and mitral valve repair.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with MitraClip is only approved for treatment of mitral regurgitation but is increasingly used to treat concomitant tricuspid regurgitation (TR) due to its common coexistence and association with poor outcomes. This study aimed to describe the learning curve associated with the challenge of off-label treatment of concomitant TR. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of initial and consecutive patients who underwent combined edge-to-edge repair of mitral and tricuspid valves (TVs) at our institution from August 2017 to October 2019. RESULTS: Repair of both valves with MitraClip was performed in 22 patients (median age 81.5 years, 32% female). Mean procedure time was 176 ± 47 min; mean fluoroscopy time was 65 ± 24 min. Procedure duration in the first tertile was significantly longer (223 ± 13 min) than in the third tertile (143 ± 23 min, p = .0003). Median number of total clips placed per case was 3; in 15 patients (68%), the anterior and septal leaflets of the TV were clipped. The average changes in mean right atrial (RA) and left atrial (LA) pressures were -1.7 ± 2.5 mmHg (p = .0080) and -3.2 ± 4.6 mmHg (p = .0045), respectively. The average changes in RA and LA V-wave heights were -3.3 ± 4.0 mmHg (p = .0009) and -8.1 ± 9.9 mmHg (p = .038), respectively. There was a significant trend toward decreasing residual TR over the course of the series (p = .046). At 30 days, survival was 100% and mean NYHA class decreased from 2.8 to 1.8 (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Combined edge-to-edge tricuspid and mitral valve repair is safe and feasible. With experience, procedure duration and residual TR decreased.

Eccentric Enlargement of the Aortic Sinuses in Pediatric and Adult Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valves: A Cardiac MRI Study.

Aortic root size and cusp fusion pattern have been related to disease outcomes in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). This study seeks to characterize symmetry of the aortic sinuses in adult and pediatric BAV patients and its relationship to valvulopathy and root aortopathy. Aortic sinus-to-commissure (S-C) lengths were measured on cardiac MRI of adult and pediatric BAV patients with right-and-left coronary (RL) or right-and-non-coronary (RN) leaflet fusion and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) controls. Coefficient of variance (CoV) of S-C lengths was calculated to quantify sinus asymmetry, or eccentricity. BAV cohort included 149 adults (48 ± 15 years) and 51 children (15 ± 5 years). TAV cohort included 40 adults (60 ± 13 years) and 20 children (15 ± 5 years). In adult and pediatric BAV patients, the non-fused aortic sinus was larger than either fused sinus. In RL fusion, the non-coronary S-C distance was larger than right or left S-C distances in adults (n = 121, p < 0.001) and larger than the right S-C distance in children (n = 41, p = 0.013). Sinus eccentricity (CoV) in BAV patients was higher than in TAV patients (p < 0.001) and did not correlate with age (p = 0.12). CoV trended higher in RL adults with aortic regurgitation (AR) compared to those without AR (p = 0.081), but was lower in RN adults with AR than without AR (p = 0.006). CoV did not correlate to root Z scores (p = 0.06-0.55) or ascending aortic (AAo) Z scores in adults (p = 0.45-0.55) but correlated negatively to AAo Z score in children (p = 0.005-0.03). Most adult and pediatric BAV patients with RL and RN leaflet fusion demonstrate eccentric dominance of the non-fused aortic sinus irrespective of age. The degree of eccentricity varies with valve dysfunction and BAV phenotype but does not relate to the degree of aortic root dilatation, nor does eccentricity correlate with ascending aorta dilatation in adults.

Causes and mechanisms of isolated mitral regurgitation in the community: clinical context and outcome.

AIMS: To define the hitherto unknown aetiology/mechanism distributions of mitral regurgitation (MR) in the community and the linked clinical characteristics/outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified all isolated, moderate/severe MR diagnosed in our community (Olmsted County, MN, USA) between 2000 and 2010 and classified MR aetiology/mechanisms. Eligible patients (n = 727) were 73 ± 18 years, 51% females, with ejection fraction (EF) 49 ± 17%. MR was functional (FMR) in 65%, organic (OMR) in 32% and 2% mixed. Functional MR was linked to left ventricular remodelling (FMR-v) 38% and isolated atrial dilatation (FMR-a) 27%. At diagnosis FMR-v vs. FMR-a, vs. OMR displayed profound differences (all P < 0.0001) in age (73 ± 14, 80 ± 10, 68 ± 21years), male-sex (59, 33, 51%), atrial-fibrillation (28, 54, 13%), EF (33 ± 14, 57 ± 11, 61 ± 10%), and regurgitant-volume (38 ± 13, 37 ± 11, 51 ± 24 mL/beat). Dominant MR mechanism was Type I (normal valve-movement) 38%, Type II (excessive valve-movement) 25%, Type IIIa (diastolic movement-restriction) 3%, and Type IIIb (systolic movement-restriction) 34%. Outcomes were mediocre with excess-mortality vs. general-population in FMR-v [risk ratio 3.45 (2.98-3.99), P < 0.0001] but also FMR-a [risk ratio 1.88 (1.52-2.25), P < 0.0001] and OMR [risk ratio 1.83 (1.50-2.22), P < 0.0001]. Heart failure was frequent, particularly in FMR-v (5-year 83 ± 3% vs. 59 ± 4% FMR-a, 40 ± 3% OMR, P < 0.0001). Mitral surgery during patients' lifetime was performed in 4% of FMR-v, 3% of FMR-a, and 37% of OMR. CONCLUSION: Moderate/severe isolated MR in the community displays considerable aetiology/mechanism heterogeneity. Functional MR dominates, mostly FMR-v but FMR-a is frequent and degenerative MR dominates OMR. Outcomes are mediocre with excess-mortality particularly with FMR-v but FMR-a, despite normal EF incurs notable excess-mortality and frequent heart failure. Pervasive undertreatment warrants clinical trials of therapies tailored to specific MR cause/mechanisms.

Patterns of ascending aortic dilatation and predictors of surgical replacement of the aorta: A comparison of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve patients over eight years of follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Predictors of thoracic aorta growth and early cardiac surgery in patients with bicuspid aortic valve are undefined. Our aim was to identify predictors of ascending aorta dilatation and cardiac surgery in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). METHODS: Forty-one patients with BAV were compared with 165 patients with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). All patients had LV EF > 50%, normal LV dimensions, and similar degree of aortic root or ascending aorta dilatation at enrollment. Patients with more than mild aortic stenosis or regurgitation were excluded. A CT-scan was available on 76% of the population, and an echocardiogram was repeated every year for a median time of 4 years (range: 2 to 8 years). Patterns of aortic expansion in BAV and TAV groups were analyzed by a mixed-effects longitudinal linear model. In the time-to-event analysis, the primary end point was elective or emergent surgery for aorta replacement. RESULTS: BAV patients were younger, while the TAV group had greater LV wall thickness, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia than BAV patients. Growth rate was 0.46 ±â€¯0.04 mm/year, similar in BAV and TAV groups (p = 0.70). Predictors of cardiac surgery were aorta dimensions at baseline (HR 1.23, p = 0.01), severe aortic regurgitation developed during follow-up (HR 3.49, p 0.04), family history of aortic aneurysm (HR 4.16, p 1.73), and history of STEMI (HR 3.64, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Classic baseline risk factors were more commonly observed in TAV aortopathy compared with BAV aortopathy. However, it is reassuring that, though diagnosed with aneurysm on average 10 years earlier and in the absence of arterial hypertension, BAV patients had a relatively low growth rate, similar to patients with a tricuspid valve. Irrespective of aortic valve morphology, patients with a family history of aortic aneurysm, history of coronary artery disease, and those who developed severe aortic regurgitation at follow-up, had the highest chances of being referred for surgery.