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Background: Omics technologies represent a new analytical approach that allows a full cellular readout through the simultaneous analysis of thousands of molecules. The application of such technologies represents a flourishing field of research in human medicine, especially in transfusion medicine, while their application in veterinary medicine still needs to be developed. Summary: Omics technologies, especially proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics, are currently applied in several fields of human medicine. In transfusion medicine, the creation and integration of multiomics datasets have uncovered intricate molecular pathways occurring within blood bags during storage. In particular, the research has been directed toward the study of storage lesions (SLs), i.e., those biochemical and structural changes that red blood cells (RBCs) undergo during hypothermic storage, their causes, and the development of new strategies to prevent them. However, due to their challenges to perform and high costs, these technologies are hardly accessible to veterinary research, where their application dates back only to the last few years and thus a great deal of progress still needs to be made. As regards veterinary medicine, there are only a few studies that have focused mainly on fields such as oncology, nutrition, cardiology, and nephrology. Other studies have suggested omics datasets that provide important insights for future comparative investigations between human and nonhuman species. Regarding the study of storage lesions and, more generally, the veterinary transfusion field, there is a marked lack of available omics data and results with relevance for clinical practice. Key Messages: The use of omics technologies in human medicine is well established and has led to promising results in blood transfusion and related practices knowledge. Transfusion practice is a burgeoning field in veterinary medicine, but, to date, there are no species-specific procedures and techniques for the collection and storage of blood units and those validated in the human species are univocally pursued. Multiomics analysis of the species-specific RBCs' biological characteristics could provide promising results both from a comparative perspective, by increasing our understanding of species suitable to be used as animal models, and in a strictly veterinary view, by contributing to the development of animal-targeted procedures.
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The clinical, histological, and immunophenotypic findings are presented for 4 horses affected by different types of lymphoma. Diagnoses of a monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma, a diffuse splenic large B-cell lymphoma, a peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and a T-cell rich large B-cell lymphoma of the third eyelid were made.
Constatations cliniques et immunophénotypiques pour quatre formes de lymphomes équins. Les constatations cliniques, histologiques et immunophénotypiques sont présentées pour quatre chevaux affectés par différents types de lymphome. Des diagnostics d'un lymphome intestinal épithéliotrope et monomorphe à cellules T, d'un lymphome splénique diffus à grandes cellules B, d'un lymphome périphérique à cellules T et d'un lymphome à grandes cellules B riche en cellules T de la troisième paupière ont été posés.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
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Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Linfoma de Células T/veterinária , Animais , Cólica/etiologia , Cólica/veterinária , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Neoplasias Palpebrais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Palpebrais/patologia , Neoplasias Palpebrais/veterinária , Feminino , Doenças dos Cavalos/patologia , Cavalos , Íleo , Imunofenotipagem/veterinária , Neoplasias Intestinais/complicações , Neoplasias Intestinais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Intestinais/patologia , Neoplasias Intestinais/veterinária , Linfoma de Células T/complicações , Linfoma de Células T/diagnóstico , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , Masculino , Membrana Nictitante , Neoplasias Esplênicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Esplênicas/patologia , Neoplasias Esplênicas/veterináriaRESUMO
Training has a significant effect on the physiology of blood coagulation in humans and in horses. Several hemostatic changes have been reported after exercise in the horse but data available are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate platelet activation and primary platelet-related hemostasis modifications in young never-trained Thoroughbreds in the first incremental training period in order to improve knowledge on this topic. Twenty-nine clinically healthy, untrained, 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 4-month sprint exercise training. Blood collection was performed once a month, five times in total (T-30, T0, T30, T60, and T90). Platelet aggregation was measured by light transmission aggregometry in response to various agonists: adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, and calcium ionophore A23187. Platelet function was evaluated using a platelet function analyzer (PFA-100®) using collagen/ADP and collagen/adrenaline cartridges. Nitrite-nitrate (NOx) plasma concentrations were measured via a colorimetric assay to assess in vivo nitric oxide bioavailability. Platelet activation was also investigated through gene expression analyses (selectin P-SELP, ectonucleotidase CD39-ENTPD1, prostaglandin I2 synthase-PTGIS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3-NOS3). Differences among the time points were analyzed and mean ± SEM were calculated. Significant modifications were identified compared with T-30, with an increase in platelet aggregation (collagen:32.6 ± 4.8 vs. 21.6 ± 4.9%; ADP: 35.5 ± 2.0 vs. 24.5 ± 3.1%; A23187: 30 ± 4.7 vs. 23.8 ± 4%) and a shorter closure time of C-ADP cartridges (75.6 ± 4.4 vs. 87.7 ± 3.4 s) that tended to return to the baseline value at T90. NOx concentrations in plasma significantly increased after 30 days of the training program compared with the baseline. The first long-term training period seems to induce platelet hyperactivity after 30 days in never-trained Thoroughbreds. Regular physical training reduces the negative effects of acute efforts on platelet activation.
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This is an observational retrospective study on 85 client-owned dogs, 60 with IBD and 25 clinically healthy dogs. This study aims to assess the clinical relevance of some easy to obtain and cost-effective hematological parameters including red blood cell distribution width (RDW), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in dogs with IBD. Comparison of clinical and laboratory parameters between dogs with IBD and control dogs was carried out and the ability to distinguish between these two groups of dogs was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUCROC). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis estimated the odds ratio (OR) of developing IBD with a 95% confidence interval (CI). MLR and monocytes count had the highest accuracy in facilitating the discrimination of dogs with IBD from control dogs with an AUCROC of 0.839 and 0.787 at the cut-off of >0.14% and >3.7 cells*102/µL, respectively. According to two multivariable models, monocytes count (OR = 1.29; p = 0.016), NLR (OR = 1.80; p = 0.016), and MLR > 0.14 (OR = 8.07; p < 0.001) and PLR > 131.6 (OR = 4.35; p = 0.024) were significant and independent predictors of IBD for models one and two, respectively. Monocytes count and the hematological ratios MLR, NLR, and PLR can be useful in the diagnostic work-up of dogs with IBD.
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Physical exercise has an activating effect on platelet function that differs between trained and untrained subjects, depending on the type of exercise and training status. In humans, soluble P-selectin (sP-sel) and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are considered reliable markers of in vivo platelet activation during exercise. In untrained humans, they increase after transient physical exercise, whereas long-term training induces a decrease in their resting levels due to an improved ability to adapt to hemodynamic changes. The aim of this study was to assess whether circulating levels of sP-sel and PEVs may be useful markers to explore in vivo platelet function in never-trained Thoroughbreds during their first 4 months of incremental training. A total of 29 clinically healthy, untrained Thoroughbreds (17 males and 12 females) were enrolled. All horses were trained with the same training schedule (90 days). Blood samples were collected on the day the training program began (T0), 30 days (T30), and 90 days (T90) after its incremental increase to quantify platelet count, sP-sel (horse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and PEVs (flow cytometry). Statistical analysis was performed using RM one-way analysis of variance with the Geisser-Greenhouse correction. Soluble P-selectin tended to increase at T30 compared with T0, while T90 levels returned to baseline values. Significantly higher circulating levels of PEVs CD61+/AnnV+ were observed at T30 and T90 compared to baseline confirming platelet hyperactivity. The detection and quantification of sP-sel and PEVs in equine racehorses during the training period appears to be a promising tool to study exercise-induced primary hemostatic changes and may provide an important marker for exercise selection.
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Background: Canine lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs. Numerous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of hematological abnormalities and ratios in both humans and dogs with lymphoma. Aim: To compare hematological parameters and complete blood count ratios between a population of dogs affected by lymphoma and healthy dogs to identify potential prognostic markers for lymphoma. Methods: This retrospective case-control study compares hematological parameters and complete blood count ratios between a population of 114 dogs affected by multicentric large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) and 60 healthy dogs. Results: The study found several statistically significant differences between the hematological indices of LBCL dogs and healthy dogs, but no correlation between these parameters and the survival times of 78 dogs treated with chemotherapy Madison Wisconsin protocol. In addition, hematological alterations were evaluated such as anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Conclusion: Hematological ratios have been suggested as potential prognostic markers for canine LBCL but their real prognostic value remains controversial and requires future investigation.
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Doenças do Cão , Cães , Animais , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Masculino , Feminino , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterinária , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/veterinária , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/sangue , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/diagnóstico , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/mortalidade , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células B/veterinária , Linfoma de Células B/sangue , Linfoma de Células B/diagnóstico , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Understanding of the biochemical and morphological lesions associated with storage of equine blood is limited. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the temporal sequences of lipid and metabolic profiles of equine fresh and stored (up to 42 days) and leukoreduced packed red blood cells (LR-pRBC) and non-leukoreduced packed RBC (nLR-pRBC). ANIMALS: Packed RBC units were obtained from 6 healthy blood donor horses enrolled in 2 blood banks. METHODS: Observational study. Whole blood was collected from each donor using transfusion bags with a LR filter. Leukoreduction pRBC and nLR-pRBC units were obtained and stored at 4°C for up 42 days. Sterile weekly sampling was performed from each unit for analyses. RESULTS: Red blood cells and supernatants progressively accumulated lactate products while high-energy phosphate compounds (adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate) declined. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, and free fatty acids accumulated in stored RBC and supernatants. These lesions were exacerbated in non-LR-pRBC. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Leukoreduction has a beneficial effect on RBC energy and redox metabolism of equine pRBC and the onset and severity of the metabolic storage lesions RBC.
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Preservação de Sangue , Eritrócitos , Animais , Cavalos , Preservação de Sangue/veterinária , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Transfusão de Sangue/veterinária , Procedimentos de Redução de Leucócitos/veterinária , MetabolomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) storage promotes biochemical and morphological alterations, collectively referred to as storage lesions (SLs). Studies in humans have identified leukoreduction (LR) as a critical processing step that mitigates SLs. To date no study has evaluated the impact of LR on metabolic SLs in canine blood units using omics technologies. OBJECTIVE: Compare the lipid and metabolic profiles of canine packed RBC (pRBC) units as a function of LR in fresh and stored refrigerated (up to 42 days) units. ANIMALS: Packed RBC units were obtained from 8 donor dogs enrolled at 2 different Italian veterinary blood banks. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Observational study. A volume of 450 mL of whole blood was collected using Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose-Saline-Adenine-Glucose-Mannitol (CPD-SAGM) transfusion bags with a LR filter to produce 2 pRBC units for each donor, without (nLR-pRBC) and with (LR-pRBC) LR. Units were stored in the blood bank at 4 ± 2°C. Sterile weekly samples were obtained from each unit for omics analyses. RESULTS: A significant effect of LR on fresh and stored RBC metabolic phenotypes was observed. The nLR-pRBC were characterized by higher concentrations of free short and medium-chain fatty acids, carboxylic acids (pyruvate, lactate), and amino acids (arginine, cystine). The LR-pRBC had higher concentrations of glycolytic metabolites, high energy phosphate compounds (adenosine triphosphate [ATP]), and antioxidant metabolites (pentose phosphate, total glutathione). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Leukoreduction decreases the metabolic SLs of canine pRBC by preserving energy metabolism and preventing oxidative lesions.
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Preservação de Sangue , Eritrócitos , Procedimentos de Redução de Leucócitos , Cães , Animais , Preservação de Sangue/veterinária , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Procedimentos de Redução de Leucócitos/veterinária , Refrigeração , FenótipoRESUMO
Subclinical mastitis (SM) is one of the most important diseases affecting dairy ewes worldwide, with negative impact on the animal health, farm income and public health. Animals with SM often remain untreated because the disease may not be revealed. Increase in somatic cell count (SCC) and positive bacteriology for mastitis pathogens in milk samples are indicative of SM but the evidence of only one of these alterations must suggest an uncertain SM (UM). UM is defined when positive bacteriological examination (Latent-SM) or SCC>500 000 cells/ml (non-specific-SM) are detected in milk. Nevertheless, SCC and bacteriological examination are expensive, time consuming and are not yet in use at the farm level in dairy ewes. Recently, a sensitive acute phase protein, amyloid A, displaying multiple isoforms in plasma and different body fluids including mammary secretion (milk amyloid A-MAA), has been investigated as a marker of mastitis in cows and, in a few studies, in sheep. The aim of this trial was to compare the concentration of MAA of single udder-halves in ewes with healthy udder-halves (HU-control group) and naturally occurring subclinical mastitis, both confirmed (SM group) and uncertain (UM groups: Latent-SM and non-specific-SM), for monitoring udder health. The reliability of a specific ELISA kit for the measurement of MAA was also tested. During a 3-month trial period, 153 udder halves were assigned to the experimental groups based on their health status: 25 with SM, 40 with UM (11 with latent-SM and 29 with non-specific-SM) and 88 HU. SCC and bacteriological analysis were performed to establish the control and subclinical mastitis groups. MAA concentrations in milk samples were measured using a specific commercially milk ELISA kit. The data were submitted to statistical analysis. Significant (P<0·05) differences among the groups SM, non-specific-SM and HU were detected with the SM having the highest level and HU the lowest. MAA concentration is affected by the udder health status and is a useful indicator of subclinical mastitis and increased SCC in sheep.
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Mastite/diagnóstico , Leite/química , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/química , Doenças dos Ovinos/diagnóstico , Animais , Feminino , Mastite/metabolismo , Proteína Amiloide A Sérica/metabolismo , OvinosRESUMO
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative laboratory parameter applied for the measurement of anisocytosis and is a reliable and inexpensive method for clinical classification of anemia. An increased RDW reflects a great heterogeneity in the size of red blood cells typical of regenerative and iron-deficiency anemia. In humans, numerous and recent studies have shown a relationship between increased RDW and the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with various disorders. In particular, a strong association has been established between changes in RDW and the risk of adverse outcome in humans with diseases affecting different organs or systems. Following the human literature, some studies have recently been conducted trying to clarify the clinical role of RDW in various animal disorders, particularly in dogs. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate the results of the studies based on the measurement of RDW in dogs. We also emphasize the need for further and more extensive studies on the use of this simple and inexpensive parameter in animals.
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A 5-year-old spayed female American Staffordshire was referred for weakness, reluctance to move and distension of the abdomen. Three weeks before, the dog underwent surgery for excision of a nodular mass suspected to be a non-epitheliotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (NE-CTCL). Computed tomography revealed heterogeneous enhancing mesenteric masses and nodular lesions of soft tissue density, and infiltration of the abdominal muscular wall. Moreover, a pattern of diffuse muscle nodules in the skeletal muscles was visible, with lesions showing homogenous, heterogeneous or ring enhancement. Necrosis was histologically observed and these lesions were infiltrated by CD3-positive and CD20-, CD79a- and Iba1-negative neoplastic lymphocytes. On the basis of the immunopathological features metastatic NE-CTCL was suspected. Skeletal muscle metastasis has been rarely reported in small animals and this case report further confirms that this possibility should be considered in dogs with lymphoma.
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Doenças do Cão , Linfoma de Células T , Linfoma , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Cães , Feminino , Animais , Neoplasias Cutâneas/veterinária , Linfoma de Células T/veterinária , Linfoma de Células T/patologia , Linfoma/veterinária , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças do Cão/cirurgia , Doenças do Cão/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of omics technologies in human transfusion medicine has improved our understanding of the red blood cell (RBC) storage lesion(s). Despite significant progress towards understanding the storage lesion(s) of human RBCs, a comparison of basal and post-storage RBC metabolism across multiple species using omics technologies has not yet been reported, and is the focus of this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was collected in a standard bag system (CPD-SAG-Mannitol) from dogs (n=8), horses, bovines, and donkeys (n=6). All bags were stored at 4°C for up to 42 days (i.e., the end of the shelf life in Italian veterinary clinics) and sampled weekly for metabolomics analyses. In addition, data comparisons to our ongoing Zoomics project are included to compare this study's results with those of non-human primates and humans. RESULTS: Significant interspecies differences in RBC metabolism were observed at baseline, at the time of donation, with bovine showing significantly higher levels of metabolites in the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway; dogs showing elevated levels of high-energy compounds (especially adenosine triphosphate and S-adenosyl-methionine) and equine (donkey and horse) RBCs showing almost overlapping phenotypes, with the highest levels of free branched chain amino acids, glycolytic metabolites (including 2,3-diphosphoglycerate), higher total glutathione pools, and elevated metabolites of the folate pathway compared to the other species. Strikingly, previously described metabolic markers of the storage lesion(s) in humans followed similar trends across all species, though the rate of accumulation/depletion of metabolites in energy and redox metabolism varied by species, with equine blood showing the lowest degree of storage lesion(s). DISCUSSION: These results interrogate RBC metabolism across a range of mammalian species and improve our understanding of both human and veterinary blood storage and transfusion.
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Preservação de Sangue , Equidae , Feminino , Cavalos , Humanos , Animais , Bovinos , Cães , Preservação de Sangue/métodos , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Metabolômica/métodos , GlicóliseRESUMO
With his bicentennial breeding history based on athletic performance, the Thoroughbred horse can be considered the equine sport breed. Although genomic and transcriptomic tools and knowledge are at the state of the art in equine species, the epigenome and its modifications in response to environmental stimuli, such as training, are less studied. One of the major epigenetic modifications is cytosine methylation at 5' of DNA molecules. This crucial biochemical modification directly mediates biological processes and, to some extent, determines the organisms' phenotypic plasticity. Exercise indeed affects the epigenomic state, both in humans and in horses. In this study, we highlight, with a genome-wide analysis of methylation, how the adaptation to training in the Thoroughbred can modify the methylation pattern throughout the genome. Twenty untrained horses, kept under the same environmental conditions and sprint training regimen, were recruited, collecting peripheral blood at the start of the training and after 30 and 90 days. Extracted leukocyte DNA was analyzed with the methylation content sensitive enzyme ddRAD (MCSeEd) technique for the first time applied to animal cells. Approximately one thousand differently methylated genomic regions (DMRs) and nearby genes were called, revealing that methylation changes can be found in a large part of the genome and, therefore, referable to the physiological adaptation to training. Functional analysis via GO enrichment was also performed. We observed significant differences in methylation patterns throughout the training stages: we hypothesize that the methylation profile of some genes can be affected early by training, while others require a more persistent stimulus.
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Epigênese Genética , Esportes , Humanos , Cavalos/genética , Animais , Genoma , Metilação de DNA , DNA/metabolismoRESUMO
Cytauxzoonosis is an emerging disease caused by a tick-transmitted haemoprotozoan affecting domestic and wild felids. The clinical and biomolecular findings of the infection due to Cytauxzoon sp. and concomitant coinfections are described in three cats in central Italy. Three domestic cats were referred for different clinical conditions (impact trauma, lameness, and weight loss and lethargy). They presented different hematobiochemical profiles. Only two cats were anemic, but in all three cats, endo erythrocyte inclusions suggestive of piroplasmids were found at blood smear evaluation. EDTA blood samples were submitted to rapid ELISA test for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and to biomolecular investigations for Piroplasmida (Babesia spp., Theileria spp., Cytauxzoon spp.) and Mycoplasma spp. All three cats were positive for Cytauxzoon sp. (European Cytauxzoon species) and two cases were also coinfected by Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis and FIV. This report suggests that cytauxzoonosis should be included among differential diagnoses in subjects with possibility of contact with ticks and with presence of coinfections by tick-borne parasites, including in non-endemic areas.
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Dogs are proved to be competent reservoir hosts for several vector-borne pathogens. Their prevalence varies according to the geographical area. Many vector-borne pathogens may be transmitted by blood transfusion. The purpose of this study was to determine the serological and molecular prevalence of some vector-borne pathogens in dog blood donors, living in central Italy. Blood samples of 126 donors (19 breeds) included were tested for a broad serological and DNA-base tests panel. The differences in pathogen prevalence according to age, sex, and breeds were tested (chi-square test, Fisher's exact test). Overall, 50 animals (39.7%) tested positive at PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and/or serology (IFAT, indirect fluorescent antibody test) for at least one pathogen. Three dogs were positive at both serology and PCR. A tendency of hemoplasmas to be more prevalent in older dogs (41.2%) compared to the younger ones (25.7%) was noted. We highlight the difficulties of selecting healthy blood donor dogs in an endemic area for vector-borne infections. It is important to choose the serological and biomolecular investigations panel that is most suited to the donor's environment. Close collaboration between clinician and parasitologists is important in the interpretation of IFAT and PCR results. Finally, we underline the important role of blood donors as an epidemiological tool for active surveillance against canine vector-borne diseases.
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This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of red cell distribution width (RDW) RDW-to-calcium ratio (RDW/Ca), neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (N/L), platelets-to-lymphocytes ratio (P/L) and other easy to obtain and inexpensive hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs with acute pancreatitis. This is a multicenter, retrospective cohort study including 70 client-owned dogs. The accuracy of clinical and laboratory variables to predict short-term death (i.e., dead by 14 days) was tested by calculating the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC). Independent predictors of death were identified using the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model. The survival rate was 72.9% (51 dogs) and 19 dogs died within 14 days of admission from AP. RDW and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) had good accuracy to predict short-term dead with AUC of 0.74 and 0.70 at the cut-off of >12.7% and >42 mg/dL, respectively. According to the multivariable model, RDW (hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval [HR, 95% CI] = 5.08, 95% CI = 1.14−22.67; p = 0.03), BUN (HR = 1.00, 95% CI = 1.00−1.01; p < 0.01) and bilirubin (HR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.38−4.39; p < 0.01) were independent predictors of death. The results indicate that RDW, BUN and bilirubin are useful predictors of short-term death in dogs with acute pancreatitis.
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Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBPs) represent a challenge for veterinary transfusion medicine, since some can be transmitted by blood transfusion and are of zoonotic concern. Epidemiological data on CVBPs, obtained during 10 years of pre-donor screening (2012−2021) by a veterinary blood bank in central Italy, were used to conduct a retrospective epidemiological longitudinal survey. The results were obtained using the Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) conducted on sera in order to assess IgG antibodies against Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocythophilum, Babesia canis, and Rickettsia conorii; the modified Knott's test and an ELISA kit were used to detect Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. In total, 324 out of the 1260 canine blood donors (25.71%) tested seropositive for at least one pathogen. The highest overall positive rate was detected for L. infantum (12.22%), followed by E. canis (2.30%), A. phagocytophilum (1.19%), D. repens (0.95%), D. immitis (0.32%), and B. canis (0.16%). From 2012 to 2014, a prevalence of 20.12% was recorded for R. conorii. Mixed infections were recorded in 21 dogs. For all the CVBPs investigated, significant differences (p < 0.05) were not observed over the period studied. The results evidenced a non-negligible prevalence of CVBPs in canine donors, which were selected based on strict criteria concerning regular endo- and ectoparasite controls. The results confirmed that the blood bank could be a reliable local epidemiological observatory. The need for implemented screening is discussed.
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The placement of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVC) is potentially associated with complications that negatively impact healthcare. Our study investigated factors associated with the occurrence of PIVC-related complications in dogs and cats at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The second aim was to determine the prevalence of PIVC bacterial colonization. A total of 76 dogs and 40 cats with PIVCs were evaluated for the occurrence of phlebitis and mechanical complications. The devices were removed when they ceased to be functional or when complications occurred, and the content was submitted for bacterial cultures and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Both multivariable linear regression models and ROC analysis were employed. Complications were recorded in 46.6% of cases, and 20.7% of catheters yielded a positive culture. Among the isolates, 45% were classified as multi-resistant. In dogs, a ≥36-h indwelling time was associated with an increased risk of complications. Male cats seem more prone to developing complications, while the insertion of PIVCs under sedation may represent a protective factor in this species. In conclusion, PIVC-associated complications were frequently observed, and the high rate of positive culture for PIVCs, together with the presence of multi-resistant isolates, is a cause of concern in a hospital setting.
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A case of disseminated angiostrongylosis caused by Angiostrongylus vasorum in a dog living in Italy is here described. The dog was referred for severe respiratory distress and epileptic seizures; clinicopathological findings were consistent with severe pneumonia associated with right-sided heart failure and multifocal involvement of the brain. Bronchoalveolar fluid analysis identified a multitude of nematode larvae, identified as A. vasorum by conventional and biomolecular (PCR) methods. The major anatomo-histopathological lesions were chronic granulomatous pneumonia, a severe multifocal granulomatous myocarditis and multifocal mild vascular and inflammatory disease in the brain. A. vasorum should be included among the differentials of dogs with cardiovascular and neurologic disease.
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Angiostrongylus/isolamento & purificação , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Encefalite/parasitologia , Miocardite/parasitologia , Pneumonia/parasitologia , Infecções por Strongylida/veterinária , Animais , Encéfalo/parasitologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Encefalite/complicações , Encefalite/patologia , Coração/parasitologia , Histocitoquímica , Itália , Pulmão/parasitologia , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Microscopia , Miocardite/patologia , Miocárdio/patologia , Pneumonia/complicações , Pneumonia/patologia , Infecções por Strongylida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Strongylida/patologiaRESUMO
Cutaneous lymphoid neoplasms and cutaneous plasmacytosis are rare in the dog; in human and in veterinary medicine, these have many clinical, cytological, histological, and phenotypic similarities, and a diagnosis of certainty is not easy. The aim of this study is to describe a case of cutaneous non epitheliotropic B-cell lymphoma (CNEBL) with plasmablastic differentiation vs. multiple cutaneous plasmacytosis (CP) in a dog, since the scarce bibliographic data on these topics. A 12-year-old male Beagle dog was presented for multiple, nodular, cutaneous, and subcutaneous, indolent masses disseminated on the whole body. Cytological, histological, flow cytometric, and immunohistochemical examinations, as well as complete radiographic evaluation, echocardiography, and abdominal ultrasound were performed. Cytology, histopathology, flow cytometric, and immunohistochemical examination, performed on the skin lesions, revealed a B-cell phenotype with plasmablastic differentiation. Nevertheless, a final diagnosis could not be achieved and it was categorized as a case of borderline CNEBL with plasmablastic differentiation versus CP. The dog was treated with a COP chemotherapeutic protocol. Total remission was obtained and relapse occurred 120 days later. To our knowledge, specific markers are actually unavailable to certainly differentiate CNEBL and CP in the dog and future studies are needed to improve knowledge on these pathologies in veterinary medicine, since prognosis and therapy are different.