Misdiagnosing of malaria as RTI decreased after introduction of RDTs in rural areas of Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Clinical presentation of malaria is highly variable and can be mistaken for number of other diseases, including respiratory tract diseases, which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, presumptive management of fever as malaria can result in significant overdiagnosis, even in high-risk areas. Quality microscopy services for the diagnosis of malaria are not widely available in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa as well as in substandard conditions of low-income settings and the accuracy of microscopy is usually poor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of the study was to determine how introduction of RDTs influenced diagnostics of malaria in high risk area of Eldoret, Kenya. Documentation of every patient was screened for data of current disease and diagnostic tools used. In patients with suspected malaria, either microscopy, or RDT or both were done to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS: Initially, incidence of malaria was very high, about 50-70% of all visits in OPD due to any infectious condition. In 2010, when rapid diagnostic tests became available in Eldoret, decrease in incidence of malaria from 49% (2010) to 29% (2011) and further to 5.3% (2016) was noted. At the same time, increased incidence of upper and especially lower respiratory tract infections was noted. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that upper and lower respiratory tract infections were formerly diagnosed and treated as malaria. Other contributing factors, such as improvement of infrastructure and malaria preventive and treatment programs also play a role in decreasing malaria incidence in rural areas of Kenya, however, RDTs play a key role in proper diagnostics of malaria.

Malaria in hyperendemic region of Uganda has seasonal variations and is associated with low mortality.

OBJECTIVE: Majority of malaria cases in hyper-endemic areas have seasonal variations. The aim of this short research note is to refer and assess seasonal variability and mortality of malaria in Ngogwe in southeast Uganda in 2011/2012 season. METHODS: We analyzed clinical records of patients admitted to Buikwe-Ngogwe Hospital in the period from July 1, 2011 to August 25, 2012 to assess seasonality of malaria. RESULTS: Altogether, 23,675 patients were admitted to Buikwe-Ngogwe Hospital due to fever illness and 14,940 malaria-positive samples were obtained (63.1%) from these patients. We have observed significantly higher number of malaria cases in December compared to period of June - November (p<0.01). Mortality rate was only 0.48%. CONCLUSION: Interestingly, we have observed seasonal variability in malaria occurrence in Ngogwe, Southeast Uganda, which is, not correlating with rainy season but with movement of population to the areas closer to Lake Victoria. However, despite of high prevalence, mortality of this disease remained low. The reasons for low mortality are probably a good access to health care facility and adaptation of artemisinin-based combinational therapy for documented malaria.

Neurologic complications and sequellae of infectious diseases in Uganda and Kenya: Analysis of 288 cases from two rural hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: Many infections occurring in area of Sub-Saharan Africa are associated with more or less serious neurologic symptoms or complications. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of selected infectious diseases in the equatorial part of Uganda and Kenya and to monitor potential neurological complications of these infections. METHODS: The study was performed for May - August 2008. Patients suffering from cerebral malaria, AIDS, meningitis, typhoid, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, leprosy, and trypanosomiasis patients were enrolled. Besides of standard examination, lumbar puncture (LP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination was performed, and the occurrence of neurological disorders and sequellae was recorded and assessed. RESULTS: Altogether 288 patients with neurological manifestation were enrolled. Malaria was the most prevalent disease in this study (102 cases, 35.42%), followed by typhoid (47 cases, 16.2%) and meningitis (38 cases, 13.2%). Leprosy and trypanosomiasis were only rarely detected (2.3% and 1.4%, respectively). CONCLUSION: In malaria and HIV hyper-endemic area of rural Uganda, cerebral malaria is the leading tropical neuroinfection. Also, meningitis is still frequent probably due to insufficient access to vaccination.

Tropical neuroinfections in south sudanese rural hospitals - analysis of 8,709 patients.

OBJECTIVE: Infections involving the central nervous system have very serious consequences and affect thousands of people in Africa. Despite the availability of new antibiotics and vaccines, neuroinfections act as dangerous and life-threatening conditions. The most frequent neuroinfections which are of the greatest importance for public health systems are viral diseases (such as HIV, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, rabies), bacterial diseases (bacterial meningitis, neurological complications of leprosy and tuberculosis) and parasitic infections (cerebral malaria, sleeping sickness, trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis etc.). METHODS: A descriptive study to assess the occurrence of neuroinfections in two rural hospitals in Sudan (Mapuordit in Yirol and Gordim in Aweil) was performed in two periods of two years: (i) 2005-2006 and (ii) 2010-2011. We obtained data on patients from Mapuordit and from Gordim by studying their medical records. RESULTS: Several cases of neuroinfections were observed during both periods; those were represented by tetanus, meningococcal meningitis, leprosy with neuropathy (altogether 442 patients) in Mapuordit. Also in Gordim, severe neuroinfections such as cerebral malaria were very rare (1 case), as well as tetanus (1 case), meningococcal meningitis (8 cases) and sleeping sickness (9 cases). However, the incidence of neuroinfections decreased from 44/1000 in 2005-2006 to 2/1000 in 2010-2011. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased incidence of serious neuroinfections (cerebral malaria, sleeping sickness, meningococcal meningitis) in Sudan may be related to improvement of effective therapeutic options, represented by (i) intermittent preventive therapy (IPT) for malaria, (ii) by suppression of sleeping sickness vectors and (iii) by better accessibility of antibiotics.

Fungal neuroinfections and fungaemia: unexpected increase of mortality from invasive fungal infections in 2005-2011 in comparison to 1989-1998: analysis of 210 cases.

OBJECTIVE: In this short communication we compared the data of fungaemia cases in Slovak hospitals from 1989-1998 published in 1999-2000 with data from 2005-2011. METHODS: Risk factors, etiology and outcome of fungaemia between two periods (1989-1998 vs. 2005-2011) were compared and risk factors for death assessed by univariate analysis (CDC 2006 Statistical Package). RESULTS: In comparison to 1989-1998 when only amphotericin B and fluconazole has been used (55%), in 2005-2011 only 35.2% patients received FLU, but 26.4% received voriconazole, 22% caspofungin and anidulafungin and about 6.6% lipid formulations of Amphotericin B. In etiology, while in 1989-1998 only 37.1% (115/310) represented non-albicans Candida (NAC) and non-Candida yeasts in 2005-2011 already reached 63.7%. The significant increase of breakthrough fungaemia may be a sign of inappropriate empiric therapy.

Etiology, Risk Factors and Outcome of 1003 Cases of Infective Endocarditis from a 33-year National Survey in the Slovak Republic: An increasing proportion of elderly patients.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis (IE) is still a significant cause of mortality in European hospitals, despite of the fact, that large nationwide studies were performed in last twenty years and pathogens are well known. The aim of the study was to assess risk factors, mortality, etiology and proportion of elderly patients within a longitudinal nation wide survey of infectious endocarditis in Slovakia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Etiology, risk factors and outcome of 1003 cases of infective endocarditis (IE) in Slovakia over the last 33 years have been assessed. RESULTS: The majority of IE were caused by Staphylococci (28.3%), 15.6% were due to Viridans streptococci, 10% due to Enterococci, 8.2% by gram-negative bacteria, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 3.7% by other organisms and 31.0% of all cases were culture negative. The following risk factors were recorded: age > 65 (36.8%), rheumatic fever (15.3%), dental surgery (8.7%), previous non-cardiological surgery (8.2 %), neoplasia (8.1%), diabetes (7.8%), any endoscopy (8.5%) and dialysis (4.6%). All patients were treated with antimicrobials, 507 (51%) also with surgery. Survival rate at day 60 after diagnosis was 88.1% (n=883). Only age >65 (34.3% vs. 49.5%, p=0.045) and persistent bacteremia (with three or more positive blood cultures 15.7% vs. 34.5%, p=0,001) were significantly associated with higher attributable mortality. Concerning risk factors, etiology and therapeutic strategies, rheumatic fever and neoplasia showed decrease in tendency. Dental surgery and tonsillitis were less frequent as well (26.7% vs. 2%, p<0,001 and 16% vs. 1%, p<0.001). There was a significant shift in etiology after 1997: culture-negative endocarditis was surprisingly more frequently observed in the 2007-2017 period than before and represented 10.7% of all cases in 1984-1990 in comparison to 25.1-25.6% in 2007-2010 and 2011-2017. Staphylococci decreased from 48% to 29.6% (2007-2017), but are still major pathogens. Persistent bacteremia (3 or more positive blood cultures 5.3% vs. 24.7%, p<0,001) was less commonly observed within the 1st period (1984-1990) in comparison to 2007-2010. More patients in the 1st period (1984-1990) had embolization complications of IE than in the fifth and sixth period (2007-2017) (76 vs. 16.3% p<0.001). CNS embolization decreased from 14% to less than 5% (p<0.003). Attributable mortality was lower too (26.7% vs. 9.5%, p<0.001) because of increased proportion of cardiac surgery in the treatment of IE in 2007-2017 in comparison to 1984-1990. CONCLUSIONS: Study has showed significant shifts in etiology, risk factors and complications over the observed time periods in Slovakia.