A protocol for concurrent high-quality immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses in adult mouse central nervous system.

Biochemical analysis of central nervous system proteins and nucleic acids requires fresh-tissue homogenates, whereas immunohistochemistry usually is performed in sections prepared from perfusion-fixed tissue. Post-mortem immersion-fixation is possible, but largely impairs morphological preservation and protein antigenicity. Here, we present a simple, fast and versatile protocol allowing concurrent biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis, including pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy, using tissue from the same animal. The protocol includes a brief transcardiac perfusion with ice-cold, oxygenated and glucose-supplemented artificial cerebrospinal fluid to maintain brain tissue alive, prior to isolation of regions of interest, followed by homogenisation for biochemistry or immersion-fixation for immunohistochemistry. We provide several examples demonstrating that this protocol allows optimal biochemical and morphological analysis, characterised with optimal sensitivity and preservation of tissue structure, along with a reduction of artefacts typically seen in perfusion-fixed tissue. This protocol should find widespread applications for combining analytical methods in tissue from the same animal, thereby reducing the number of mice required for a given experiment.

Diagnosis of Amyloidosis: A Survey of Current Awareness and Clinical Challenges Among Cardiologists in Switzerland.

INTRODUCTION: Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a progressive disease in which amyloid fibril deposition disrupts tissue structure and organ function. Many patients with ATTR present with cardiac involvement; recent studies indicate that ATTR prevalence is higher than expected in patients with certain heart conditions. Although long delays to diagnosis are common, recent treatment advances have made timely diagnosis critical to ensure appropriate patient management. Despite clinical guideline updates, it remains unclear how these are being implemented in routine patient care. METHODS: We performed a survey of practicing cardiologists in Switzerland to assess their knowledge of ATTR and current clinical practice. RESULTS: Overall, 72 cardiologists completed the questionnaire in a face-to-face interview (n = 16) or online (n = 56). Key findings highlighted wide variation in cardiologists' knowledge about the diagnostic tests required for a differential diagnosis of ATTR. In particular, many cardiologists lacked familiarity with radiolabeled bone scintigraphy, an important non-invasive test that is part of the diagnostic algorithm for ATTR. Another challenge in diagnosing amyloidosis appears to be general awareness of ATTR among cardiologists. CONCLUSIONS: Survey results highlight that cardiologists in Switzerland would benefit from information on the latest advances in ATTR to support them in screening heart failure patients and ensure that patients benefit from treatment advances.

The forebrain synaptic transcriptome is organized by clocks but its proteome is driven by sleep.

Neurons have adapted mechanisms to traffic RNA and protein into distant dendritic and axonal arbors. Taking a biochemical approach, we reveal that forebrain synaptic transcript accumulation shows overwhelmingly daily rhythms, with two-thirds of synaptic transcripts showing time-of-day-dependent abundance independent of oscillations in the soma. These transcripts formed two sharp temporal and functional clusters, with transcripts preceding dawn related to metabolism and translation and those anticipating dusk related to synaptic transmission. Characterization of the synaptic proteome around the clock demonstrates the functional relevance of temporal gating for synaptic processes and energy homeostasis. Unexpectedly, sleep deprivation completely abolished proteome but not transcript oscillations. Altogether, the emerging picture is one of a circadian anticipation of messenger RNA needs in the synapse followed by translation as demanded by sleep-wake cycles.

Role of Family Planning in Women With Multiple Sclerosis in Switzerland: Results of the Women With Multiple Sclerosis Patient Survey.

Background: Women of child bearing age with multiple sclerosis (MS) must carefully consider treatments when planning a family, since disease modifying drugs (DMDs) are contraindicated during pregnancy. Objectives: This questionnaire-based study aimed to improve understanding of the effect of family planning on treatment decisions in female, Swiss MS patients. Methods: Female patients with MS (aged 18-55 years) participated in the 26-question survey between September 2014 and August 2015. Information captured included patient background, family planning status, treatment course, and previous pregnancies. Results: In total, 271 questionnaires distributed from 15 MS centres were returned for analysis. Of these, 250 (92.3%) participants received DMD therapy and 106 (39.1%) wanted children or were pregnant. Significantly more patients with a short-term plan to conceive within 2 years were treated with injectables (19/54) compared with those without a plan to conceive (19/108; p = 0.013). A proportionally greater number of women not planning to conceive took oral (34/108) or infusion therapies (41/108) compared with those with a short- (13/54 and 16/54, respectively) or medium-term (after 2 years or more; infusion therapy only, 14/44) plan to conceive. Conclusion: The study highlights that pregnancy remains an important yet unresolved concern in the treatment of MS patients. Nearly all women received DMD treatment, and type of DMD treatment was influenced by family planning, with significantly more women with a short-term plan to conceive using injectables.

Mutations in NONO lead to syndromic intellectual disability and inhibitory synaptic defects.

The NONO protein has been characterized as an important transcriptional regulator in diverse cellular contexts. Here we show that loss of NONO function is a likely cause of human intellectual disability and that NONO-deficient mice have cognitive and affective deficits. Correspondingly, we find specific defects at inhibitory synapses, where NONO regulates synaptic transcription and gephyrin scaffold structure. Our data identify NONO as a possible neurodevelopmental disease gene and highlight the key role of the DBHS protein family in functional organization of GABAergic synapses.

Selection of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors from One Million DNA-Encoded Compounds.

DNA-encoded chemical libraries, i.e., collections of compounds individually coupled to distinctive DNA fragments serving as amplifiable identification barcodes, represent a new tool for the de novo discovery of small molecule ligands to target proteins of pharmaceutical interest. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of a novel DNA-encoded chemical library containing one million small molecules. The library was synthesized by combinatorial assembly of three sets of chemical building blocks using Diels-Alder cycloadditions and by the stepwise build-up of the DNA barcodes. Model selections were performed to test library performance and to develop a statistical method for the analysis of high-throughput sequencing data. A library selection against carbonic anhydrase IX revealed a new class of submicromolar bis(sulfonamide) inhibitors. One of these inhibitors was synthesized in the absence of the DNA-tag and showed accumulation in hypoxic tumor tissue sections in vitro and tumor targeting in vivo.