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2.
Wilderness Environ Med ; 25(2): 214-9, 2014 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24703096

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Mountaineering and mountain-related sports are growing in popularity and are associated with significant risk of injury. There is a perception that mountaineers possess unique personality characteristics that attract them to the sport. We aim to determine whether there are any identifiable differences between the personality characteristics of experienced mountaineers and a normal control population and to determine whether there is an association between specific personality traits and risk of injury. METHODS: Questionnaires were utilized to obtain data on demographics, accidents, and personality characteristics from a population of experienced mountaineers. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used, and the results were compared with normative data from age-matched controls. RESULTS: Forty-seven mountaineers from 8 different countries enrolled in the study. The mean age was 33 years, and 44 (90%) had been mountaineering for more than 5 years. Twenty-three climbers (49%) had been involved in a total of 33 accidents. Mountaineers scored higher on novelty seeking (P < .05) and self-directedness (P < .05) and lower on harm avoidance (P < .001) and self-transcendence (P < .001). There was a significant association between the character measure of cooperativeness and the total number (-.33, P < .05) and severity (-.475, P < .05) of accidents. CONCLUSIONS: Mountaineering is associated with significant risk of injury. Wide variation in the scores of personality traits suggests that there is not a tightly defined personality profile among mountaineers. Scores on cooperativeness may assist in determining risk of injury in mountaineers.


Assuntos
Montanhismo/psicologia , Personalidade , Acidentes/psicologia , Acidentes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Caráter , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inventário de Personalidade , Fatores de Risco , Temperamento , Ferimentos e Lesões/psicologia , Adulto Jovem
4.
Wilderness Environ Med ; 24(4): 321-7, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24238216

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To analyze fatality data associated with wingsuit use in an international case series of fixed-object sport parachuting (BASE jumping) to identify incident and injury mechanisms and to form a basis for potential prevention measures and future safety recommendations. METHODS: A descriptive epidemiological study was performed of fatal injury events occurring in wingsuit BASE jumping. Fatalities (n = 180) were sequentially analyzed assessing human, equipment, and environmental factors from 1981 to 2011. Main outcome measures included descriptions of typical fatal incident and injury mechanisms. RESULTS: Of the 180 fatal events, 39 (22%) were related to use of wingsuits; 38 (97%) launched from cliffs and 1 (3%) from a building. Of the 39 fatalities, 19 (49%) were caused from cliff strikes, 18 (46%) from ground impact, and 1 (3%) from a building strike. Thirty-eight (97%) of the fatalities were male. During 2002 to 2007 there was a total of 61 BASE jumping deaths, 10 (16%) of which were related to the use of wingsuits, whereas during 2008 to 2011 there was a total 59 fatal events, of which 29 (49%) were related to the use of wingsuits. Seventeen fatalities (39%) were attributed to wingsuit path miscalculation. In the first 8 months of 2013, 17 of 19 (90%) fatalities were wingsuit related. Most fatalities occurred between April and October, reflecting a seasonal increase in activity in the northern hemisphere summer. CONCLUSIONS: Wingsuit-related BASE jump fatalities appear to be increasing as wingsuit BASE jumping increases in popularity. Most fatalities are attributed to cliff or ground impact, and are mostly the result of flying path miscalculation.


Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/etiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/mortalidade , Traumatismos em Atletas/prevenção & controle , Causas de Morte , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Segurança , Esportes , Equipamentos Esportivos/efeitos adversos
5.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37510603

RESUMO

Telemedical technologies provide significant benefits in sports for performance monitoring and early recognition of many medical issues, especially when sports are practised outside a regulated playing field, where participants are exposed to rapidly changing environmental conditions or specialised medical assistance is unavailable. We provide a review of the medical literature on the use of telemedicine in adventure and extreme sports. Out of 2715 unique sport citations from 4 scientific databases 16 papers met the criteria, which included all research papers exploring the use of telemedicine for monitoring performance and health status in extreme environments. Their quality was assessed by a double-anonymised review with a specifically designed four-item scoring system. Telemedicine was used in high-mountain sports (37.5%; n = 6), winter sports (18.7%; n = 3), water sports (25%; n = 4), and long-distance land sports (18.7%; n = 3). Telemedicine was used for data transfer, teleconsulting, and the execution of remote-controlled procedures, including imaging diagnostics. Telemedical technologies were also used to diagnose and treat sport-related and environmentally impacted injuries, including emergencies in three extreme conditions: high mountains, ultraendurance activities, and in/under the water. By highlighting sport-specific movement patterns or physiological and pathological responses in extreme climatic conditions and environments, telemedicine may result in better preparation and development of strategies for an in-depth understanding of the stress of the metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical, or neuromuscular system, potentially resulting in performance improvement and injury prevention.


Assuntos
Consulta Remota , Esportes , Telemedicina , Humanos , Telemedicina/métodos , Recreação , Diagnóstico por Imagem
6.
Clin J Sport Med ; 22(3): 262-7, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22450590

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To report the demographic characteristics, injury rate, severity, and morbidity in BASE jumping. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: BASE jumping group meetings from 2006 to 2010. PARTICIPANTS: Heterogenic group of 102 International BASE jumpers. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Injuries reported as function of jumps made, jumping days, age, experience, and sex. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence, severity, and type of injuries. RESULTS: Responses from 68 subjects were available for analysis. The median number of jumps was estimated at 286 per respondent. The median time respondents had participated in BASE jumping was 5.8 years. There were 39 reported severe injuries sustained by 29 different jumpers. Nineteen thousand four hundred ninety-seven jumps were reported, resulting in 2 severe injuries per 1000 jumps (0.2% severe injury rate) or 2.6 severe injuries per 1000 jumping days. Forty-nine respondents (72%) had witnessed the death or serious injury of other participants in the sport. Twenty-four accidents (61%) involved the lower limbs, 8 (20%) the back/spine, 7 (18%) the chest wall, and 5 (13%) were a head injury. The mean Abbreviated Injury Score was 3.2 (range, 2-5). Fifteen (52%) of the 29 injured jumpers required 20 acute surgical interventions, which were mostly orthopedic related. There was a significant correlation between number of jumps made and injuries sustained (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BASE jumpers have an average of 1 severe injury for every 500 jumps. Most active BASE jumpers have witnessed death or severe injury of a participant and have experienced a "close call" incident.


Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Aviação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Lesões nas Costas/epidemiologia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Extremidade Inferior/lesões , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Traumatismos Torácicos/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
7.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35270753

RESUMO

For the general public, BASE jumping is considered the ultimate extreme activity. Among BASE jumpers, those using wingsuits are generally perceived as the most experienced but also as the most risk-taking. Starting from this observation, we wanted to know whether wingsuit users differed in their psychological characteristics from other BASE jumpers. More specifically, we hypothesized that wingsuit users would be characterized by higher levels of mental toughness and by lower levels of harm avoidance. We also expected them to use more mental training techniques than the other jumpers. To this end, we conducted a vast survey on a sample of 183 BASE jumpers. Contrary to our hypotheses, the results did not reveal any significant difference in psychological characteristics between wingsuit users and other BASE jumpers. This absence of significant differences is discussed and recommendations for the use of mixed or multi-methods in the study of extreme sports are proposed.


Assuntos
Esportes
9.
Australas Psychiatry ; 19(2): 170-2, 2011 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21443396

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to review the literature and describe a case of self-cannibalism. METHOD: A literature review and a case report of self-cannibalism occurring in a 28-year-old male, in the absence of psychosis and drug and alcohol use, is presented. RESULTS: Seven previous case reports of self-cannibalism were identified in the literature; most cases were associated with severe psychosis. A 28-year-old male amputated and ate a finger, without evidence of impaired reality testing and substance use. CONCLUSION: Although rare, self-cannibalism can occur in the absence of psychosis and substance use. Future reports may lead to a better understanding of this unusual phenomenon.


Assuntos
Canibalismo/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Comportamento Autodestrutivo/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adulto , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Dedos , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos do Humor/etiologia , Transtornos do Humor/psicologia , Personalidade
10.
Adv Med Educ Pract ; 12: 183-187, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33654449

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have elucidated several benefits of engagement in research by medical students. The aim of the current study was to assess if any factors influenced the student's actual involvement (not mere interest) in scholarly activities during medical school. METHODS: All medical students at the University of Otago were invited via e-mail to complete an online questionnaire. The outcome was a substantial contribution to a research project. The predictors were prior research experience, student's entry route, and planned career type. Multiple regression analysis was undertaken to control for any confounding factors influencing medical students' involvement in research. RESULTS: Valid responses were gathered from 669 students (yielding a response rate of 44.8%). Of those, 254 students (38.3%) had engaged in one or more research activities. Students who engaged in research activities indicated a higher likelihood of future involvement in research but expressed less interest in internal medicine sub-specialties as potential future careers. CONCLUSION: A sizeable proportion of our samples has been involved in the research. Targeting medical students not yet involved in research may necessitate additional curricular and faculty support in order to stimulate their research curiosity.

11.
Adv Med Educ Pract ; 12: 189-194, 2021.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33658882

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: A student's motivation is a key factor in their success in undertaking an education endeavour. However, how this relates to involvement in research by medical students is unclear. METHODS: An electronic questionnaire was sent to all medical students at our institution. To ascertain students' motivation to undertake research, they were asked an open-ended question to describe the single major factor that would encourage them to get involved in research as a medical student. A framework of self-determination theory was used to deductively code the responses as intrinsic motivation ("IM"; e.g., interest/passion) or extrinsic motivation ("EM"; e.g. improving CV). The two groups were then contrasted in relation to their research engagement. RESULTS: A total of 348 students were included in the survey, of whom 204 were coded as IM responses, and 144 were coded as EM responses. Students who engaged in extra-curricular research activities were more likely to report an underlying EM (48% vs 36%, p = 0.03). They were also older (23.7 ± 3.5 vs 21.9 ± 3.7, p = 0.005), and more likely to have completed a prior research degree (15% vs 3%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this study, EM was a bigger influencer on research involvement by medical students than IM. Future studies should explore promoters of IM, and include longitudinal data in order to assess whether EM students continue to be involved in research long-term.

12.
Nurs N Z ; 21(7): 25, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26398997
17.
Front Psychol ; 9: 2686, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30687161

RESUMO

The "extreme sports" of mountaineering and BASE Jumping are growing in popularity and are associated with significant risk of injury and death. In recent years there have also been increasing numbers of reports of reckless disregard and selfishness in the pursuit of mountaineering goals, including severe environmental degradation. Extant research has focused predominantly on personality variables that contribute to engagement, participation, and stress responsivity in these extreme sports. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) provides a comprehensive account of personality traits, measuring seven dimensions of personality that are moderately heritable and associated with distinct brain networks and psychological characteristics. One of these traits is Self-Transcendence, which is associated with spiritual ideas and experiences, such as searching for something elevated and greater than one's individual self. High Self-Transcendence can motivate people to act altruistically even if that requires personal sacrifices and hardship. This article draws on the extant research literature, which has consistently found that despite substantial heterogeneity in their individual personality profiles, mountaineers, and BASE jumpers are adventurous in temperament and highly self-controlled and organized in character. Between 75 and 85% of the character configurations observed in these populations are associated with low Self-Transcendence. The purpose of this paper is to consider the role of Self-Transcendence and its effect on individual personality profiles of extreme athletes, in particular in moderating potentially self- destructive, and regressive ethical and moral behaviors in mountaineering and BASE jumping.

18.
Front Psychol ; 9: 1665, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30298029

RESUMO

BASE jumping is an extreme adventure sport which consists of jumping from a fixed object with specially adapted parachutes. A few studies of the personality of BASE jumpers have been conducted, but little is known about how the women in this sport compare to the men. The purpose of this study is to compare the personality traits among a sample of men and women who are experienced BASE jumpers, as this provides an interesting and important opportunity to better understand the motivation for extreme sports. Eighty-three participants completed the Temperament and Character Inventory the day before the jump at the New River Gorge Bridge Day BASE Jumping event, West Virginia, United States. The sample included 64 men and 19 women. Results show that men and women BASE jumpers shared similar personality traits both in terms of temperament and character, except for the character trait of cooperativeness on which women scored higher than men. This suggests that the basic drive for participation in extreme sports is self-regulation of personal emotional drives and needs for self-actualization, rather than to oppose social pressure or cultural bias against female participation. These findings are discussed in relation with other studies conducted among extreme athletes and in terms of congruence between personality and activity.

19.
N Z Med J ; 131(1487): 70-79, 2018 12 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30543613

RESUMO

AIM: Sudden death is used to define a death under suspicious circumstances, where there is no clear indication of existing medical illness (natural cause) that accounts for the death or clear indication for the cause of death. This includes all deaths from suicide, unintentional poisoning, drowning, falls and violence. Sudden death contributes to the increased mortality in people with serious mental illness (premature mortality) but is far less frequently studied and understood. This study analyses data of all sudden deaths of patients who had been under the care of the Canterbury District Health Board's Specialist Mental Health Service, New Zealand's second-largest population region. The study identifies key sociodemographic, diagnostic, legal and causative factors in the study population. This study aims to identify targeted interventions to mitigate premature mortality in this population. METHOD: Data was obtained from the clinical files and the coroner's findings for all sudden death patients with established contact with Specialist Mental Health Services in the Canterbury region of New Zealand, between 2005 and 2009. RESULTS: A total of 313 patients were identified. The median age at the time of death was 42 years (IQ Range 32.5-53 years). Of these, 65% (n=203) were male. Seventy-six percent (n=239) were of European descent and 9% Maori (n=29); 68% (n=280) were under care at the time of their death and 15% (n=32) were under the Mental Health Act. The sudden death rate was 0.36% for those under voluntary care and 0.7% for those under compulsory care. The most common primary diagnoses were alcohol or other drug abuse (29%); depression (25%); psychotic disorders (18%); BPAD (9%) and personality disorder (5%). The most common cause of death was suicide (51.8%) followed by motor vehicle crashes and falls, (23.3%) medical causes (17.6%) and homicide (1.3%). Of those that died by suicide, 75% were male. Hanging was the most common method (48%) followed by carbon monoxide poisoning (9.3%); medication overdose (5.8%) and falls from a height (3.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The most common cause of sudden death was suicide, which was overwhelmingly the leading cause of sudden death in patients discharged or lost to follow up. The most potent predisposing factor appeared to be drug and alcohol problems. Mental health services should therefore advocate for comprehensive and evidence-based alcohol and drug policies, including access and availability to treatment programmes.


Assuntos
Morte Súbita/epidemiologia , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes/estatística & dados numéricos , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Acidentes/mortalidade , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Causas de Morte , Médicos Legistas , Feminino , Humanos , Pacientes Internados/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Serviços de Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nova Zelândia/epidemiologia , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Sistema de Registros , Distribuição por Sexo
20.
Physiol Behav ; 167: 289-297, 2016 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27693575

RESUMO

This is the first report of the psychobiology of stress in BASE jumpers, one of the most dangerous forms of extreme sport. We tested the hypotheses that indicators of emotional style (temperament) predict salivary cortisol reactivity, whereas indicators of intentional goal-setting (persistence and character) predict salivary alpha-amylase reactivity during BASE jumping. Ninety-eight subjects completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) the day before the jump, and 77 also gave salivary samples at baseline, pre-jump on the bridge over the New River Gorge, and post-jump upon landing. Overall BASE jumpers are highly resilient individuals who are highly self-directed, persistent, and risk-taking, but they are heterogeneous in their motives and stress reactivity in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) stress system (cortisol reactivity) and the sympathetic arousal system (alpha-amylase reactivity). Three classes of jumpers were identified using latent class analysis based on their personality profiles, prior jumping experience, and levels of cortisol and alpha-amylase at all three time points. "Masterful" jumpers (class 1) had a strong sense of self-directedness and mastery, extensive prior experience, and had little alpha-amylase reactivity and average cortisol reactivity. "Trustful" jumpers (class 2) were highly cooperative and trustful individuals who had little cortisol reactivity coincident with the social support they experienced prior to jumping. "Courageous" jumpers (class 3) were determined despite anxiety and inexperience, and they had high sympathetic reactivity but average cortisol activation. We conclude that trusting social attachment (Reward Dependence) and not jumping experience predicted low cortisol reactivity, whereas persistence (determination) and not jumping experience predicted high alpha-amylase reactivity.


Assuntos
Nível de Alerta/fisiologia , Atletas/psicologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Personalidade , Assunção de Riscos , Estresse Psicológico/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Saliva/metabolismo , alfa-Amilases Salivares/metabolismo , Adulto Jovem
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