Recompensation after TIPS reduces the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and increases survival in patients with cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It has been described that recompensation can improve prognosis in patients with cirrhosis. However, recompensation after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has not been studied. We evaluated the impact of recompensation after TIPS on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death, and we compared it with compensated cirrhosis patients. METHODS: An observational study of consecutive patients with cirrhosis undergoing TIPS between 2008 and 2022 was performed. Baveno VII definition of recompensation was used including patients with or without diuretics/Hepatic encephalopathy prophylaxis. A prospective cohort of consecutive compensated cirrhosis patients was used for comparison. RESULTS: Overall, 208 patients with cirrhosis were included, 92 compensated and 116 decompensated who underwent TIPS. After 1 year, 24% achieved recompensation. Liver function (MELD 12 ± 5 vs. 15 ± 6; p = .049), LDL-cholesterol (97 mg/dL vs. 76 mg/dL, p = .018), white cell count (7.96 × 109/dL vs. 6.24 × 109/dL, p = .039) and platelets (129 × 109/dL vs. 101 × 109/dL, p = .039) were associated with recompensation. Recompensation was associated with a reduction in the risk of HCC (p = .020). Multivariable analysis showed that this risk was significantly higher in non-recompensated patients (p = .003) but no differences were observed in recompensated compared with compensated patients (p = .816). Similarly, decompensated patients presented lower survival rates (p = .011), while no differences were observed between recompensated and compensated patients (p = .677). CONCLUSIONS: Recompensation after TIPS has a clear impact on the incidence of HCC and death, with a similar prognosis than patients with compensated cirrhosis. Liver function is associated with recompensation, suggesting the importance of considering early TIPS in patients with indication.

Development and validation of an image biomarker to identify metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis: MR-MASH score.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diagnosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) requires histology. In this study, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) score was developed and validated to identify MASH in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Secondarily, a screening strategy for MASH diagnosis was investigated. METHODS: This prospective multicentre study included 317 patients with biopsy-proven MASLD and contemporaneous MRI. The discovery cohort (Spain, Portugal) included 194 patients. NAFLD activity score (NAS) and fibrosis were assessed with the NASH-CRN histologic system. MASH was defined by the presence of steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning, with NAS ≥4 with or without fibrosis. An MRI-based composite biomarker of Proton Density Fat Fraction and waist circumference (MR-MASH score) was developed. Findings were afterwards validated in an independent cohort (United States, Spain) with different MRI protocols. RESULTS: In the derivation cohort, 51% (n = 99) had MASH. The MR-MASH score identified MASH with an AUC = .88 (95% CI .83-.93) and strongly correlated with NAS (r = .69). The MRI score lower cut-off corresponded to 88% sensitivity with 86% NPV, while the upper cut-off corresponded to 92% specificity with 87% PPV. MR-MASH was validated with an AUC = .86 (95% CI .77-.92), 91% sensitivity (lower cut-off) and 87% specificity (upper cut-off). A two-step screening strategy with sequential MR-MASH examination performed in patients with indeterminate-high FIB-4 or transient elastography showed an 83-84% PPV to identify MASH. The AUC of MR-MASH was significantly higher than that of the FAST score (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The MR-MASH score has clinical utility in the identification and management of patients with MASH at risk of progression.

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Gender Effects in Valencia's Low-Prevalence Region.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recent studies point out to epidemiological changes in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Our aims were to determine in PSC patients followed in several centers in a Mediterranean geographic area: (i) changes in baseline features and (ii) effect of gender on clinical course. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study of PSC patients treated in 8 hospitals in a Mediterranean area between 2000 and 2021. Charts were reviewed compiling demographic, clinical, radiological, and histological variables. RESULTS: Cohort of 112 PSC patients included, 42% women, 70% diagnosed after 2010. Women were increasingly diagnosed in recent cohorts. The median time from diagnosis to the combined endpoint liver transplantation (Lt) and/or death was 6.9 years. Asthenia at diagnosis (p = 0.009) was associated with lower transplant-free survival, while diagnosis before 2005 was associated with greater LT-free survival (p < 0.001). By Cox regression, LT-free survival was not influenced by age, sex, or cirrhosis at the time of diagnosis. Women were found to have less jaundice at diagnosis (2 vs 14%; p = 0.013), higher prevalence of ANA antibodies (43.9 vs 15.7%; p = 0.003), and lower GGT levels at diagnosis (GGT 123 vs 209U/L; p = 0.014) than men. CONCLUSION: In an area traditionally considered to have low prevalence, the prevalence of affected women surpasses expectations based on existing literature. There appear to be gender-related variations in the presentation of the condition, highlighting the need for confirmation through larger-scale studies.

Characterizing Hepatitis Delta in Spain and the gaps in its management.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic hepatitis D (CHD) is a severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. The estimated hepatitis delta prevalence in Spain is around 5% of patients with hepatitis B. Reimbursement of new antiviral therapies (Bulevirtide, BLV) was delayed in our country until February 2024. We aimed to characterize the clinical profile of patients with HDV/HBV infection in Spain and current barriers in their management at the time of BLV approval. METHOD: Multicenter registry including patients with positive anti-HDV serology actively monitored in 30 Spanish centers. Epidemiological, clinical and virological variables were recorded at the start of follow-up and at the last visit. RESULTS: We identified 329 anti-HDV patients, 41% were female with median age 51 years. The most common geographical origin was Spain (53%) and East Europe (24%). Patients from Spain were older and had HCV and HIV coinfection probably associated to past drug injection (p<0.01). HDV-RNA was positive in 138 of 221 assessed (62%). Liver cirrhosis was present at diagnosis in 33% and it was more frequent among viremic patients (58% vs 25%, p<0.01). After a median follow-up of 6 (3-12) years, 44 (16%) resolved infection (18 spontaneously and 26 after Peg-INF). An additional 10% of patients developed cirrhosis (n=137) during follow-up (45% had portal hypertension and 14% liver decompensation). Liver disease progression was associated to persisting viremia. CONCLUSION: One-third of the patients with CHD already have cirrhosis at diagnosis. Persistence of positive viremia is associated to rapid liver disease progression. Importantly, barriers to locally determine/quantify HDV-RNA were present.

The development of type-1 autoimmune hepatitis after chronic hepatitis C (HCV) clearance by direct-acting antivirals (DAA).

We present the case of a 72-year-old female in follow-up for chronic hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b, with a liver stiffness measurement estimated by transient elastography in 2015 of 17 Kp and type 2 diabetes mellitus. She was treated daily with ledipasvir 90 mg and sofosbuvir 400 mg for 12 weeks. In March 2016, she achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) after 12 weeks and 24 weeks. She had a positive determination of antinuclear antibodies 7.9 in 2014.

Selective improvement by rifaximin of changes in the immunophenotype in patients who improve minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

BACKGROUND: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in cirrhotic patients is associated with specific changes in parameters of the immune system reflecting a more pro-inflammatory environment than in patients without MHE. The aims of this work were to assess the effects of rifaximin treatment of cirrhotic patients with MHE on: (1) MHE; (2) intermediate (CD14++CD16+) pro-inflammatory monocytes; (3) expression of early activation marker CD69 in T lymphocytes; (4) autoreactive CD4+CD28- T lymphocytes; (5) differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes to Th follicular and Th22; (6) serum IgG levels; and (7) levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. METHODS: These parameters were measured by immunophenotyping and cytokine profile analysis in 30 controls without liver disease, 30 cirrhotic patients without MHE and 22 patients with MHE. Patients with MHE were treated with rifaximin and the same parameters were measured at 3 and 6 months of treatment. We assessed if changes in these parameters are different in patients who improve MHE (responders) and those who remain in MHE (non-responders). RESULTS: Rifaximin improved MHE in 59% of patients with MHE. In these responder patients rifaximin normalized all alterations in the immune system measured while in non-responders it normalizes only IL-6, CCL20, and differentiation of T lymphocytes to Th22. Non-responder patients do not show increased expression of CD69 before treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Rifaximin normalizes changes in the immune system in patients who improve MHE but not in non-responders. Some alterations before treatment are different in responders and non-responders. Understanding these differences may identify predictors of the response of MHE to rifaximin.

Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab Treatment for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Real-life Experience from a Single Tertiary Centre in Spain and ALBI Score as a Survival Prognostic Factor.

Background/Aim: Atezolizumab/bevacizumab (atez/bev) has been established as first-line systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, concerns regarding safety and efficacy have been raised, and no biomarkers to predict response have yet been identified. We aimed to evaluate the real-life experience of atez/bev in a Spanish tertiary hospital and identify factors associated with overall survival (OS). Patients and Methods: A prospective study of consecutive patients with HCC treated with atez/bev was conducted from December 2020 to December 2022. Efficacy was assessed through OS and progression-free survival (PFS), whereas safety was evaluated based on adverse events (AE). Twenty-three patients were included; 91% were males with a mean of 70 years. Thirteen patients were classified as having BCLC-C. Results: The median treatment duration was 126 days (range=567). Median OS was 381 days (95%CI=205-557) with a cumulative probability of death of 13%, 30%, and 49% at 3, 6 and 12-month follow-up, respectively. The only factor associated with OS was the ALBI score (HR=5.03; 95%CI=1.3-19.1), which showed an AUROC of 0.906 (95%CI=0.78-1.00) for the risk of death at 18 months follow up. Median PFS was 141 days (95%CI=110-172). Twenty (86.9%) patients experienced AE, which in nine (39.1%) cases led to the definitive discontinuation of the treatment, four of them (17.4%) due to an AE grade 5. Conclusion: The initial experience with atez/bev at our center demonstrated poorer outcomes compared to the original trial (IMbrave150). A careful assessment of the ALBI score may serve as a crucial factor in the selection of systemic treatment for patients with HCC.

Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects of rilpivirine: Relevance for the therapeutics of chronic liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) worldwide and inflammation is key to its progression/resolution. As we have previously described that rilpivirine (RPV) is hepatoprotective in murine models of CLD, here we determine the molecular mechanisms involved, focusing on its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. They were evaluated in vitro (human hepatic cell lines of the major hepatic cell types), in vivo (liver samples from a murine nutritional model of NAFLD) and ex vivo (peripheral blood mononuclear cells -PBMC- from patients with CLD). Transcriptomic analysis of liver samples from NAFLD mice showed RPV down-regulated biological processes associated with the inflammatory response (NF-κB/IκB signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase -MAPK- activity) and leukocyte chemotaxis and migration. We observed a decrease in Adgre1 and Ccr2 expression and in the number of CCR2 + cells in the periportal areas of RPV-treated NAFLD mice. This RPV-induced effect on the CCL2/CCR2 axis was confirmed in vitro. A similar result was also obtained with CXCL10/IP10, one of the main chemokines in the liver. RPV also diminished activation of MAP kinases p38 and JNK. In addition, RPV inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in vitro, decreasing NLRP3 protein expression, caspase-1 activation and IL-1ß gene expression. RPV was also proven anti-inflammatory in PBMC from patients with CLD treated ex vivo. In conclusion, beyond its well-described role in antiretroviral therapy, RPV manifests anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects, a finding that could be of great relevance for the search of novel targets or repositioning strategies for CLD.

Pancreatic steatosis and iron overload increases cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of pancreatic steatosis and iron overload in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and their correlation with liver histology severity and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Method: A prospective, multicenter study including NAFLD patients with biopsy and paired Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed. Liver biopsies were evaluated according to NASH Clinical Research Network, hepatic iron storages were scored, and digital pathology quantified the tissue proportionate areas of fat and iron. MRI-biomarkers of fat fraction (PDFF) and iron accumulation (R2*) were obtained from the liver and pancreas. Different metabolic traits were evaluated, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was estimated with the atherosclerotic CVD score, and the severity of iron metabolism alteration was determined by grading metabolic hiperferritinemia (MHF). Associations between CVD, histology and MRI were investigated. Results: In total, 324 patients were included. MRI-determined pancreatic iron overload and moderate-to severe steatosis were present in 45% and 25%, respectively. Liver and pancreatic MRI-biomarkers showed a weak correlation (r=0.32 for PDFF, r=0.17 for R2*). Pancreatic PDFF increased with hepatic histologic steatosis grades and NASH diagnosis (p<0.001). Prevalence of pancreatic steatosis and iron overload increased with the number of metabolic traits (p<0.001). Liver R2* significantly correlated with MHF (AUC=0.77 [0.72-0.82]). MRI-determined pancreatic steatosis (OR=3.15 [1.63-6.09]), and iron overload (OR=2.39 [1.32-4.37]) were independently associated with high-risk CVD. Histologic diagnosis of NASH and advanced fibrosis were also associated with high-risk CVD. Conclusion: Pancreatic steatosis and iron overload could be of utility in clinical decision-making and prognostication of NAFLD.

Metabolic syndrome is associated with poor response to rifaximin in minimal hepatic encephalopathy.

Patients with cirrhosis may show minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), for which rifaximin is effective. Metabolic syndrome may be associated with cognitive impairment. Our aims were to evaluate the influence of metabolic syndrome features on response to rifaximin for neurological and inflammatory alterations in MHE. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 63 cirrhotic patients and 30 controls from two tertiary centres recruited between 2015 and 2019. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel-III. Patients were classified into 31 without and 32 with MHE according to the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES). All participants performed specific psychometric tests, and inflammatory parameters were studied. Patients with MHE received rifaximin (400 mg/8 h). Response was evaluated by PHES at 3 and 6 months. Response according to metabolic syndrome manifestations was compared. The response rate was 66%. Older age (p = 0.012) and all metabolic syndrome diseases (p < 0.05) were associated with non-response, plus an increase in risk as the number of manifestations rose (p < 0.001). Patients with metabolic manifestations exhibited worse processing speed (p = 0.011), working memory (p = 0.005), visual coordination (p = 0.013) and lower proportion of activated CD4+ lymphocytes (p = 0.039) at baseline, as well as worse concentration (p = 0.030), bimanual coordination (p = 0.004) and higher levels of intermediate monocytes (p = 0.026), CX3CL1 (p < 0.05), IL-17 (p = 0.022), AHR (p = 0.010) and IgG (p < 0.05) at 3 and/or 6 months of rifaximin. Patients with clinical signs of metabolic syndrome have poor response to rifaximin for MHE, with a higher proportion of neurological alterations associated with a pro-inflammatory environment.

A new guidewire cannulation technique in ERCP: successful deep biliary access with triple-lumen sphincterotome and guidewire controlled by the endoscopist.

BACKGROUND: Current studies have addressed ways to improve the success of selective biliary cannulation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of deep bile duct access using a short-wire system with sphincterotome and guidewire controlled only by the endoscopist. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 70 patients with biliary diseases subjected to ERCP. Biliary cannulation was performed by the endoscopist without direct cooperation of the assistant in two centers with different experience in ERCP. The RX Biliary System™ was used in all patients. Efficacy (success rate and time to cannulation) of deep bile duct access and procedure-related complications were determined. RESULTS: Overall guidewire cannulation was successful in 65 of 70 patients (92.9%). Nonintentional pancreatic duct cannulation with the guidewire was performed in 22 patients (31.4%). Additional techniques were needed in 18 patients (25.7%): guidewire into the pancreatic duct in 11 patients (15.7%); contrast-medium was used in 13 patients (18.6%); and precut was performed in 3 patients (4.3%). Attempts at papilla cannulation numbered<10 in 48 patients (68.6%), and time to biliary cannulation was <10 min in 42 patients (60%). Minor complications occurred in five patients (7.1%). There were no significant differences between patients in both centers. CONCLUSIONS: The short-wire system allows the endoscopist to have access to the bile duct with a high success rate--early and safely--without the direct participation of the assistant.

A New Score Unveils a High Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may show mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The neurological functions affected remain unclear. The aims were to: (1) Characterize the neuropsychological alterations in NAFLD patients; (2) assess the prevalence of impairment of neurological functions evaluated; (3) develop a new score for sensitive and rapid MCI detection in NAFLD; (4) assess differences in MCI features between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); and (5) compare neuropsychological alterations in NAFLD patients with cirrhotic patients with MCI. Fifty-nine NAFLD patients and 53 controls performed psychometric tests assessing different neurological functions: PHES (Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score) battery, d2, Stroop, Oral SDMT (Symbol Digit Modalities Test), Digit Span, number-letter test, and bimanual and visual-motor coordination tests. NAFLD patients show impairment in attention, mental concentration, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory mental control, and working memory. We developed a new, rapid, and sensitive score based on the most affected parameters in NAFLD patients, unveiling that 32% of NAFLD show MCI. Prevalence was similar in NAFL (36%) or NASH (27%) patients, but lower in NAFLD than in cirrhosis (65%). MCI prevalence is significant in NAFLD patients. Psychometric testing is warranted in these patients to unveil MCI and take appropriate measures to reverse and prevent its progression.

Digital pathology: accurate technique for quantitative assessment of histological features in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Histological evaluation of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) biopsies is subjective, descriptive and with interobserver variability. AIMS: To examine the relationship between different histological features (fibrosis, steatosis, inflammation and iron) measured with automated whole-slide quantitative digital pathology and corresponding semiquantitative scoring systems, and the distribution of digital pathology measurements across Fatty Liver Inhibition of Progression (FLIP) algorithm and Steatosis, Activity and Fibrosis (SAF) scoring system METHODS: We prospectively included 136 consecutive patients who underwent liver biopsy for MAFLD at three Spanish centres (January 2017-January 2020). Biopsies were scored by two blinded pathologists according to the Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Research Network system for fibrosis staging, the FLIP/SAF classification for steatosis and inflammation grading and Deugnier score for iron grading. Proportionate areas of collagen, fat, inflammatory cells and iron deposits were measured with computer-assisted digital image analysis. A test-retest experiment was performed for precision repeatability evaluation. RESULTS: Digital pathology showed strong correlation with fibrosis (r = 0.79; P < 0.001), steatosis (r = 0.85; P < 0.001) and iron (r = 0.70; P < 0.001). Performance was lower when assessing the degree of inflammation (r = 0.35; P < 0.001). NASH cases had a higher proportion of collagen and fat compared to non-NASH cases (P < 0.005), whereas inflammation and iron quantification did not show significant differences between categories. Repeatability evaluation showed that all the coefficients of variation were ≤1.1% and all intraclass correlation coefficient values were ≥0.99, except those of collagen. CONCLUSION: Digital pathology allows an automated, precise, objective and quantitative assessment of MAFLD histological features. Digital analysis measurements show good concordance with pathologists´ scores.

Digital Pathology Enables Automated and Quantitative Assessment of Inflammatory Activity in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease.

Traditional histological evaluation for grading liver disease severity is based on subjective and semi-quantitative scores. We examined the relationship between digital pathology analysis and corresponding scoring systems for the assessment of hepatic necroinflammatory activity. A prospective, multicenter study including 156 patients with chronic liver disease (74% nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-NAFLD, 26% chronic hepatitis-CH etiologies) was performed. Inflammation was graded according to the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Research Network system and METAVIR score. Whole-slide digital image analysis based on quantitative (I-score: inflammation ratio) and morphometric (C-score: proportionate area of staining intensities clusters) measurements were independently performed. Our data show that I-scores and C-scores increase with inflammation grades (p < 0.001). High correlation was seen for CH (ρ = 0.85-0.88), but only moderate for NAFLD (ρ = 0.5-0.53). I-score (p = 0.008) and C-score (p = 0.002) were higher for CH than NAFLD. Our MATLAB algorithm performed better than QuPath software for the diagnosis of low-moderate inflammation (p < 0.05). C-score AUC for classifying NASH was 0.75 (95%CI, 0.65-0.84) and for moderate/severe CH was 0.99 (95%CI, 0.97-1.00). Digital pathology measurements increased with fibrosis stages (p < 0.001). In conclusion, quantitative and morphometric metrics of inflammatory burden obtained by digital pathology correlate well with pathologists' scores, showing a higher accuracy for the evaluation of CH than NAFLD.

Patients with Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Show Altered Thermal Sensitivity and Autonomic Function.

Cirrhotic patients may experience alterations in the peripheral nervous system and in somatosensory perception. Impairment of the somatosensory system could contribute to cognitive and motor alterations characteristic of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), which affects up to 40% of cirrhotic patients. We assessed the relationship between MHE and alterations in thermal, vibration, and/or heat pain sensitivity in 58 cirrhotic patients (38 without and 20 with MHE according to Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score) and 39 controls. All participants underwent attention and coordination tests, a nerve conduction study, autonomic function testing, and evaluation of sensory thresholds (vibration, cooling, and heat pain detection) by electromyography and quantitative sensory testing. The detection thresholds for cold and heat pain on the foot were higher in patients with, than those without MHE. This hyposensitivity was correlated with attention deficits. Reaction times in the foot were longer in patients with, than without MHE. Patients with normal sural nerve amplitude showed altered thermal sensitivity and autonomic function, with stronger alterations in patients with, than in those without MHE. MHE patients show a general decrease in cognitive and sensory abilities. Small fibers of the autonomic nervous system and thermal sensitivity are altered early on in MHE, before large sensory fibers. Quantitative sensory testing could be used as a marker of MHE.

Motor and Cognitive Performance in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis with Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy.

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is associated with mild cognitive impairment and frailty. This study aims to identify cognitive and motor differences in cirrhotic patients with and without MHE, and the correlations between motor signs and cognitive performance. Gait, balance, hand strength and motor speed performance were evaluated in 66 cirrhotic patients (38 without and 28 with MHE, according to the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES). Cognitive performance was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination, Verbal Fluency Test, Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense Test (TAVEC), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III, Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scale and Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST). MHE patients performed worse than patients without MHE in cognitive and autonomous functioning, learning and long-term memory, and verbal fluency. The same pattern was found in gait, center of pressure movement, variability of hand strength performance and hand motor speed. In MHE patients, high correlations were found between balance and FAST test, gait velocity and verbal skills, hand strength variability and anxiety and depression, and motor speed and FAST and TAVEC. MHE patients showed worse motor and cognitive performance than patients without MHE. MHE patients could have impaired movement control expressed as bradykinesia, and this reduced motor performance could correlate with cognitive performance.