Profiles of Latinx cultural orientation among adolescents: Associations with internalizing symptoms and moderation by ethnic-racial discrimination.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of the current study were the following: (1) to explore multidimensional profiles of Latinx cultural orientation using Spanish language use, familismo, and ethnic-racial identity (ERI) affirmation among Latinx adolescents, (2) to test how Latinx cultural orientation profiles were associated with adolescents' internalizing symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms), and (3) to test whether associations between profiles and internalizing symptoms were moderated by adolescents' ethnic-racial discrimination experiences. METHODS: The study was conducted among a sample of 204 Latinx adolescents (52.4% female; Mage = 14.35, SDage = 1.75). RESULTS: Latent profile analysis indicated four profiles of Latinx cultural orientation: higher affirmation and lower Spanish (HALS), higher Spanish (HS), lower familismo and affirmation (LFA), and higher familismo/lower Spanish and affirmation (HFLSA). Latinx adolescents who reported lower levels on more than one Latinx cultural orientation dimension (e.g. LFA or HFSLA) also reported worse health when compared to adolescents who reported higher levels of more than one Latinx cultural orientation dimension (e.g., HSA). The associations between Latinx cultural orientation profiles and internalizing symptoms were not moderated by adolescents' ethnic-racial discrimination. CONCLUSION: Findings provide researchers and practitioners with an understanding of the various ways in which Latinx adolescents remain connected to their Latinx culture and implications for their outcomes.

Cultural stress is toxic stress: An expanded cultural stress theory model for understanding mental health risk in Latinx immigrant youth.

OBJECTIVES: Latinx immigrant youth are at greater risk for mental health (MH) concerns than their nonimmigrant Latinx peers. Efforts to address mental health disparities have resulted in the much-needed development of theoretical frameworks explaining mental health disparities in marginalized populations. A theoretical framework that is particularly relevant to mental health disparities among Latinx immigrant youth is the Cultural Stress Theory (CST); however, an expansion of this model is necessary to thoroughly describe and explain mental health risk in this population. METHOD: This article integrates two frameworks-Toxic Stress Theory and the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities research framework-with CST to better explain mental health risk in Latinx immigrant youth. In doing so, we propose an expanded model that seeks to build on the strengths of CST in two important ways-expanding the breadth of relevant ecological domains and emphasizing the continued focus on specific mechanisms and their associations across levels. RESULTS: The proposed expanded CST model acknowledges a range of influences from the broad systemic and sociopolitical level to the biological level to comprehensively guide research that can better explain mental health risk in Latinx immigrant youth. CONCLUSIONS: An expanded CST model that incorporates the two highlighted frameworks can elucidate additional mechanisms by which cultural stressors influence mental health risk in Latinx immigrant youth. Such mechanistic work holds the key to effectively reducing mental health disparities for Latinx immigrant youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Critical consciousness among undocumented immigrant college students: Responding to cultural stress and psychological distress.

OBJECTIVES: Cultural stress is experienced by undocumented students when they encounter discrimination in higher education and society. In response, undocumented students engage in critical consciousness, while simultaneously experiencing psychological distress. A conceptual model is introduced to describe the links between cultural stress, critical consciousness development, and psychological distress. METHOD: One hundred seventy-one undocumented college students were recruited to participate in this study and completed measures of cultural stress (discrimination). They also completed measures of psychological distress, critical consciousness, and social justice self-efficacy and outcome expectations. The proposed model was tested for global fit and path analysis in structural equation modeling. Indirect effects were probed to assess the mediating role of critical consciousness and psychological distress. RESULTS: The model fit the data excellently. Greater discrimination was associated with higher critical consciousness, which in turn was associated with elevated social justice self-efficacy and outcome expectations. Additionally, higher discrimination was also linked to greater psychological distress. The link between cultural stress and critical consciousness was not explained by psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: This research expands theory by articulating the adaptive ways undocumented students respond to the conditions that cause cultural stress and psychological distress. This aligns with a growing literature documenting the psychology of undocumented immigrants' activism and advocacy. Findings may inform interventions by higher education institutional agents and research to offset cultural stress and psychological distress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Immigration status microaggressions: A moderated mediation analysis of cultural stress, fear, internalization, and psychological stress among Latinx and Asian college students.

OBJECTIVES: Latinx and Asian people are experiencing an elevated rate of immigration status-related oppression-both systematically and individually-despite actual nationality, and this type of cultural stressor has seen a rampant increase recently in the United States. We aimed to assess the relation and effect of immigration status microaggressions on psychological stress and some mechanisms connected to these experiences. METHOD: Using a sample of Latinx and Asian college students (N = 776), we unpack the relationships between individual cultural stressors, such as immigration status microaggressions, and psychological stress, by exploring their mediating relation with internalized racism (Mediator 1), and fear of foreign objectification (Mediator 2), using Hayes's (2012) PROCESS Model 6-serial mediation. Furthermore, we expanded on this model, highlighting differences between Latinx and Asian participants (moderator) using a moderated mediation. RESULTS: Findings suggest a full serial mediation. Specifically, the psychological stress associated with immigration status microaggressions was mediated by internalized racism and fear of foreign objectification. Results also highlighted that Latinx participants, compared to Asian ones, showed a significant positive association between immigration status microaggressions with internalized racism and fear of foreign objectification. Furthermore, a significant interaction for Latinx who experience more fear of foreign objectification was positively associated with psychological stress. Indirect effects for each group are discussed. CONCLUSION: Our study is one of the first to explore cultural stress in the form of immigration status microaggressions in connection with more general forms of psychological stress and internalizing processes for two groups historically persecuted around immigration in the United States. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Interpersonal ethnic-racial discrimination and tobacco products: The moderating role of critical action.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to understand the role of critical action, sociopolitical participation, an essential form of consciousness in the relationship between interpersonal discrimination and the use of tobacco products. METHOD: The present study was part of a more extensive longitudinal study on students' genetic and environmental experiences. To examine these associations, 164 racially minoritized college students (Mage = 19.86, SD = 0.28) were surveyed for this study. RESULTS: Findings indicated that the relation between interpersonal ethnic-racial discrimination (IERD) and tobacco products was moderated by critical action. Specifically, IERD was associated with greater use of tobacco products when students had low critical consciousness-critical action. The relation between IERD and the use of tobacco products became nonsignificant when students had high critical action. CONCLUSIONS: Critical action was protective in mitigating increased tobacco use in the context of discrimination experiences. Research, clinical, and policy implications are discussed in efforts to reduce tobacco-related disparities among racially minoritized college students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Gendered racism, anxiety, and depression: the mediating roles of gendered racialized stress and social isolation.

OBJECTIVE: Black women experience unique stressors linked to the intersection of racism and sexism (i.e. gendered racism). While the negative effects of gendered racism are associated with Black women's health, less is known about factors that describe these relationships. DESIGN: Using data from 263 Black women, we used path analysis to examine direct and indirect effects of gendered racism on anxiety and depression through gendered racialized stress. We also examined the direct and indirect effects of gendered racialized stress on anxiety and depression through social isolation. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, gendered racism, and gendered racialized stress were not statistically significant predictors of anxiety and depression. However, gendered racism was a statistically significant predictor of gendered racialized stress. Also, social isolation mediated the relationships between gendered racism, gendered racialized stress, and anxiety, as well as depression. CONCLUSIONS: Stress from gendered racism is associated with loneliness, which can negatively impact Black women's mental health. Findings suggest that gendered racialized stress and social isolation is important for understanding the relationship between gendered racism and mental health outcomes, such as anxiety and depression.

Intersectional forms of racism and sexual minority stress are associated with alcohol use among Latinx sexual minority men with greater Hispanic/Latinx cultural orientation.

Background: Latinx sexual minorities with increased levels of acculturation report higher rates of alcohol use, and discrimination may impact this association. Yet, there is little research examining the concomitant impact of racism and sexual minority stress (i.e. intersectional discrimination) and the additive effect of acculturation on Latinx sexual minority men's risk for hazardous alcohol consumption.Objectives: This study investigated the role of perceived stressfulness of intersectional discrimination in the relation between acculturation (US cultural orientation/Hispanic cultural orientation) and alcohol use among Latinx sexual minority men.Methods: A structural equation model was utilized to test the indirect effect of discrimination between acculturation and alcohol use with a sample of 357 Latinx sexual minority men (Mage = 28.39) recruited via Amazon MTurk.Results: The indirect effect between the Hispanic cultural orientation to alcohol use through intersectional forms of discrimination was significant and positive (b = .19, SE = .03, p < .01). The indirect effect for the US cultural orientation to alcohol use through intersectional forms of discrimination was significant and negative (b = -.10, SE = .03, p < .01).Conclusion: Contrary to previous literature, Latinx sexual minority men with a higher Hispanic cultural orientation reported higher levels of intersectional forms of discrimination, which in turn was associated with increased alcohol use. Those with a higher US cultural orientation reported lower levels of intersectional forms of discrimination, which in turn was associated with decreased alcohol use. These findings may help identify mechanisms that exacerbate health disparities for Latinx sexual minority men.

Non-Latinx Healthcare Provider's Knowledge and Awareness of Latinx Geriatric Clinical Health Needs.

OBJECTIVES: Due to the exponential growth in the Latinx older adult population, culturally responsive services are needed, especially since most healthcare providers are non-Latinx with limited Spanish or bilingual skills. One place to start is by drawing a formative assessment of the healthcare providers' knowledge and awareness of the healthcare needs of Latinx older adults. METHODS: Focus groups were conducted to explore the healthcare providers' knowledge and awareness of cultural and structural barriers and facilitators to accessing health care services for Latinx older adults. RESULTS: Results note that healthcare providers perceived the healthcare needs for Latinx older adults to be underutilized for healthcare services, preventive interventions for healthy diet/lifestyle, and healthcare knowledge. Providers reported Latinx family over-involvement, religiosity, immigration, and language/lack of interpreters as barriers to seeking timely healthcare. Finally, healthcare providers said that family support, the location of healthcare services, and community-based partnerships were all facilitators for seeking healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest providers' conflicting perspectives toward the Latinx communities. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Healthcare services can consider implementing trainings for non-Latinx providers to recognize conflicting perspectives and reduce implicit bias toward the Latinx communities.

Divergent changes: abstinence and higher-frequency substance use increase among racial/ethnic minority young adults during the COVID-19 global pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Identifying factors influencing substance use among racial/ethnic minorities (REM) is important given the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this population. OBJECTIVES: We examined factors in four domains and hypothesized that poor mental health, negative coping behaviors, negative environmental aspects, and belonging to more vulnerable social groups would be associated with increased substance use during the pandemic. METHODS: Multiple regression was applied to longitudinal data from a college sample assessed prior (fall 2017 to spring 2019) and during (spring 2020) the pandemic (n= 323; 81.5% cisgender women; 34.5% African-American, 36.1% Asian-American, 15.5% Hispanic/Latinx, 11.8% multi-racial) to identify factors predicting current alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use frequency (spring 2020) and change in frequency of use between springs 2019 and 2020. RESULTS: While infrequent substance use (monthly or less) decreased during the pandemic, abstinence rates increased (alcohol 39%; cannabis 18%; nicotine 18%) and higher-frequency alcohol use increased (207%-1600% 2-3 times+/week) compared to spring 2019. The strongest protective factor was change in living situation during the pandemic, associated with lower current alcohol and cannabis use. Risk factors included a history of trouble with police and impulsivity since the pandemic, both associated with higher current and increased alcohol and cannabis use. REM did not differ on most factors and the outcomes. However, a higher percentage of Asian-Americans than other REM reported living situation changes. CONCLUSION: Substance use rates diverged during the pandemic, with both increased abstinence and higher-frequency use, attributed mostly to mental health and environmental domain factors with few REM differences.

Immigrant students' mental health and intent to persist in college: The role of undocufriendly campus climate.

OBJECTIVES: A plethora of challenges prevents immigrant students, particularly undocumented students, from succeeding in college at the same rate as U.S. citizens. This study drew on national data to operationalize a model based on the undocufriendly campus framework (Suárez-Orozco, Katsiaficas, et al., 2015). METHOD: A total of 501 immigrant students, including 114 with precarious immigration statuses, completed measures on perceptions of welcoming campus climate, positive mental health, anxiety, and persistence confidence in college. Data were analyzed using path analyses in structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Results suggested that precarious immigration status was linked to lower perceptions of welcoming campus climate, lower positive mental health, and higher anxiety. In turn, welcoming campus climate was linked to higher positive mental health and lower anxiety. The latter mental health variables were predictive of persistence confidence in college. CONCLUSIONS: Findings are discussed in relation to federal and campus policies to support immigrant students. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethnic discrimination and weight outcomes among Latinx emerging adults: Examinations of an individual-level mediator and cultural moderators.

OBJECTIVES: Latinxs have the highest prevalence of obesity in the United States, which can further contribute to the pervasive disparities in morbidity and mortality. Although the experience of discrimination is associated with obesity in racial/ethnic minorities, mediators and moderators of this association, specifically among Latinx emerging adults, have been understudied. The present study investigated an individual-level mediator (eating disorder symptoms) and cultural moderators (familismo support, ethnic identity affirmation) of the association between perceived discrimination and body mass index (BMI) among Latinx emerging adults. METHOD: Secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data obtained from 198 Latinx emerging adults (70% female, Mage = 20.59, SDage = 1.78). RESULTS: Participants who reported greater, as opposed to fewer, experiences of ethnic discrimination were likely to report more eating disorder symptoms, which in turn was associated with increased BMI. There was no evidence supporting familismo support or ethnic identity affirmation as moderators, suggesting that even those with high levels of familismo or ethnic identity were susceptible to the negative consequences of the experience of ethnic discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing health-compromising eating behaviors and attitudes among Latinx emerging adults might be one effective means to addressing the negative consequences of discrimination on weight-related outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Directional Effects in Cultural Identity: A Family Systems Approach for Immigrant Latinx Families.

Although there is a substantial body of work focusing on the processes underlying cultural identity in general, less is known regarding how these processes might operate within the context of Latinx families. Moreover, among the limited research that has included the adolescent and caregiver cultural identity, most of the research has primarily focused on how caregivers influence their adolescent's cultural identity. In the present study, the directional pathways between recently immigrated adolescents' and caregivers' ethnic and U.S. identity belonging were examined using data from a longitudinal study of acculturation and identity development among recently arrived Latinx immigrant families. The sample consisted of 302 primary caregivers (Mage = 41.09, SD = 7.13 at baseline; 67.5% mothers) and their adolescents (Mage = 14.51, SD = 0.88 at baseline; 46.7% female). The results indicated that caregivers' ethnic identity belonging significantly predicted adolescents' ethnic identity belonging over time. At the same time, adolescents' ethnic identity negatively predicted caregivers' ethnic identity belonging over time, whereas adolescents' U.S. identity belonging positively predicted caregivers' later ethnic identity belonging. The findings indicate that immigrant caregivers may retain their native culture to direct and respond to their children's changing cultural identifications.

Moderating influence of enculturation on the relations between minority stressors and physical health via anxiety in Latinx immigrants.

OBJECTIVES: The Latinx population in the United States has grown rapidly, now standing at over 56 million people. Discrimination and acculturative stress have been found to affect the mental and physical health of Latinx immigrants, yet enculturation has been identified as an important cultural strength for this population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relations among minority stressors, anxiety, and physical health in a sample of Latinx immigrants living in the United States. A secondary aim was to examine whether the direct and indirect effects among these variables were moderated by enculturation (i.e., moderated mediation). METHOD: A community sample of 202 Latinx immigrants completed questionnaires measuring these constructs. RESULTS: Both acculturative stress (b = -1.68, p < .001) and discrimination (b = -1.69, p < .001) yielded direct effects on physical health, as well as indirect effects (b = -.10, 95% confidence interval [-.23, -.01]; b = -.21, 95% confidence interval [-.40, -.08], respectively) through anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Psychologists and allied health care providers are recommended to assess for the impact of minority stressors on anxiety and physical health when providing care to Latinx immigrants. Future intervention research targeting Latinx mental and physical health can consider ways to include innate cultural strengths like enculturation and partner with Latinx cultural centers, churches, and local communities to make enculturation more salient. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Association of elevated serum triglyceride levels with a more severe course of acute pancreatitis: Cohort analysis of 1457 patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous publications have reported an association between hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and severity of acute pancreatitis, but this relationship remains somewhat controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of acute pancreatitis according to serum triglyceride levels on admission. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data, which included all consecutive cases of acute pancreatitis admitted to a tertiary hospital (January 2002-December 2014). Acute pancreatitis patients were classified into 3 groups based on serum triglyceride levels (mg/dl) measured within 48 h from admission: normal triglycerides-mild HTG (<200); moderate HTG (200-749); severe HTG (≥750). Primary outcomes were the difference in organ failure, pancreatic necrosis, acute peripancreatic collections and mortality among the three groups. RESULTS: A total of 1,457 cases were included: 1,335 with normal-mild HTG, 77 with moderate HTG and 45 with severe HTG. The rates of organ failure (11.2% in normal-mild HTG group, 15.6% in moderate HTG and 20.0% in severe HTG), persistent multiple organ failure (2.5% vs. 5.2% vs. 6.7%), pancreatic necrosis (9.2% vs. 14.3% vs. 26.7%) and acute collections (21.6% vs. 40.3% vs. 55.6%) increased significantly with hypertriglyceridemia severity grades. On multivariate analysis, triglycerides as a quantitative variable, evaluated in increments of 100 mg/dl, was independently associated with organ failure, pancreatic necrosis, acute collections and mortality (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum triglyceride levels are independently associated with a more severe course of pancreatitis. It must be highlighted the elevated frequency of local complications in patients with HTG that increases proportionally and significantly with HTG severity grades.

Contextualizing Help-Seeking Attitudes and Help-Seeking Intention: The Role of Superwoman Schema among Black College Women.

Black women are less likely to seek psychological help and underutilize mental health services. Although help-seeking attitudes and intentions are associated in the general population, less is known about this relationship among Black women in college. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the relationship between help-seeking attitudes and intention among 167 self-identified Black women in college. We also investigated if dimensions of the Superwoman Schema (i.e., an obligation to display strength, resistance to being vulnerable, an obligation to suppress emotions, an intense motivation to succeed despite limited resources, and an obligation to help others) moderated this relationship. Findings indicated a significant positive relationship between help-seeking attitudes and help-seeking intention. Regarding moderation, an obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to vulnerability, and an obligation to help others interacted with help-seeking attitudes in predicting help-seeking intention. Notably, low adherence to an obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to vulnerability, and an obligation to help others were associated with high levels of help-seeking intention. However, more favorable help-seeking attitudes improved help-seeking intention for participants high in adherence to these dimensions. Our findings suggest that understanding the relevance of the Superwoman Schema among Black women is critical for increasing help-seeking behavior.

The longitudinal mediating role of sleep in associations between COVID-19 stressors predicting mental and physical health outcomes among emerging adult college students.

The current study tested a longitudinal mediation model throughout the COVID-19 pandemic focused on whether students' housing instability stress and food/financial instability stress at the beginning of the pandemic in spring 2020 (T1) informed sleep dissatisfaction and duration in fall 2020 (T2) and, in turn, physical and mental health in spring 2021 (T3). Further, we tested whether relations varied based on students' ethnic-racial backgrounds. Participants included 879 Asian, Black, Latine, Multiracial, and White emerging adult college students (Mage = 19.95, SD = 0.33) from a large public university in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States who attended college during the COVID-19 pandemic and completed surveys about their experiences. Findings indicated a significant mediation process, such that T1 housing instability stress predicted greater T2 sleep dissatisfaction and, in turn, less physical health, greater depressive symptoms, and greater anxiety symptoms at T3. Additionally, T1 food/financial instability stress was significantly associated with less T2 sleep duration but was not, in turn, associated with any T3 outcomes. Findings did not vary by students' ethnicity/race. Results highlight that sleep dissatisfaction is an important factor that accounts for relations between COVID-19 stressors predicting mental and physical health outcomes throughout the pandemic.

Examining a Race-Sex Interaction Effect on Binge Drinking Among Afro-Latina/o Adults in the US.

Latinx/es are often racially homogenized in alcohol use disparities research, leaving the behavioral and mental health status of Afro-Latinx/es unknown. Though Latina/o and Black adults consume less alcohol than non-Latina/o Whites, they may binge drink to cope with discrimination. Gendered racism uniquely and negatively affects Black women's psychological well-being and may increase their chances of engaging in risky drinking. This may be the case for Afro-Latina women, but no study has disaggregated alcohol use disparity outcomes among a nationally representative sample of Latina/o adults by race and sex. This study (1) examines the relationship between racial self-classification (White-Latina/os vs. Afro-Latina/os) and binge drinking in the past year and (2) tests whether sex (male vs. female) moderates the relationship between race and binge drinking. Secondary data that included a respondent sample of 9415 Latina/o adults was obtained and analyzed from the 2013-2018 National Health Interview Survey. Multivariate analyses included logistic regression models to assess the main effects of race, sex, and interaction effect of the two on binge drinking while controlling for sociodemographic variables. The probability of Afro-Latina/o adults binge drinking trends lower than White-Latina/os. Respondents' sex moderated the association between racial self-classification and binge drinking. We discuss racial identity salience, mujerismo, and gendered racism as possible protective and risk factors for Afro-Latina/os and Afro-Latina women to contextualize these findings.

Applying an Antiracist Approach to Promoting Health Equity and Psychological Well-Being in Unaccompanied Immigrant Minors.

Unaccompanied immigrant minors (UIMs) are a fast-growing demographic in the United States, doubling in population since 2014.1 According to the Office of Refugee Resettlement, a UIM is someone under the age of 18 years who enters the United States without lawful status and an accompanying guardian.2 Most UIMs in the United States originate from the Central American northern triangle (ie, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras), with violence, extreme poverty, and family re-unification as the top 3 reasons for migration.1,3 Repeated exposure to stressful and/or traumatic events at home, during migration, and upon arrival increases UIMs' risk for psychological distress and mental disorders.3 UIMs' repeated encounters with race-based trauma (eg, racism, discrimination) further heightens this risk.3 The repercussions of these events are compounded by the fact that UIMs lack the adversity buffering effect that is traditionally associated with the presence of a caregiver.3 Furthermore, UIMs' mental health risk is augmented by their interaction with US systems (eg, legal, immigration, child welfare, educational, healthcare) with policies and practices that are discriminatory, are exclusionary, propagate the view of UIMs as racialized threats to society, and fail to consider their developmental context.3,4 Considering these risks, it is imperative to the well-being and positive development of UIMs that they have access to quality mental health services (MHS).

Psychometric investigation of the affiliate stigma scale in Mexican Parkinson's disease caregivers: Development of a short form.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) caregivers, particularly in Latin America, may experience high levels of affiliate stigma due to their association with a person having a disability. The most common measure used of this construct in the literature, the Affiliate Stigma Scale, was validated using non-standard and questionable methods. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Affiliate Stigma Scale with PD caregivers in Mexico using more widely accepted psychometric approaches including confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses (CFAs, EFAs). METHODS: A sample of 148 PD caregivers from Mexico completed this measure, as well as indices of caregiver burden and anxiety. RESULTS: Initial CFAs revealed that the data did not fit either the originally proposed one-factor or three-factor structures. An EFA was then conducted which was unable to discern any factor structure. Upon instituting a stepwise removal alpha-if-item-deleted process, a 5-item Affiliate Stigma Scale Spanish Short Form was retained with an adequate Cronbach's alpha, good convergent validity, and a Short Form CFA generally indicating adequate fit. CONCLUSIONS: The new Spanish Affiliate Stigma Scale Short Form holds promise for more appropriately measuring affiliate stigma likely in general but particularly in Spanish and among PD caregivers. The Short Form can assist not only in assessing levels of caregiver affiliate stigma, but in creating novel interventions to help support caregivers and decrease stigma.

COVID-19-Induced Inequalities and Mental Health: Testing the Moderating Roles of Self-rated Health and Race/Ethnicity.

This study examines the relationship among COVID-19-induced social, economic, and educational inequalities on mental health (i.e., anxiety and depression). This study also examines if levels of self-rated health (SRH) moderate the relationship (i.e., COVID-induced inequalities [CII] and mental health), as well as examines the racial/ethnic group differences among 567 young adults in the mid-Atlantic region. Using a moderation model, results indicate that CII were significantly related to depression (b = .221, t(554) = 4.59, p = .000) and anxiety (b = .140, t(555) = 3.23, p = .001). SRH and race/ethnicity also moderated both relationships. At above-average SRH (i.e., moderator), higher CII were also significantly related to lower anxiety (Asian young adults only) and lower depression (Asian and White young adults only). Overall, SRH and race/ethnicity are important factors in the mental health impact of COVID-19 on young adults.