Systematic Review on the Relationship between Toxoplasmosis and Mental Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In cases of vertical infection, and in immunosuppressed people by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serious clinical conditions may appear, while immunocompetent people do not present symptoms. However, T. gondii infection has been linked to several mental disorders for decades. OBJECTIVE: To substantiate the possible relationship between T. gondii and mental disorders and suggest control and prevention strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review has been carried out to analyze the relationship between T. gondii exposure (presence of IgG) and the onset of mental disorders in minors and adults. The etiopathogenic mechanisms described by the authors have also been included and the systems of surveillance, prevention and control of infection have been evaluated. RESULTS: Several processes linked to the presence of cysts and the reactivation of the parasite in certain situations produce an immune and inflammatory response. Also, direct and indirect actions on different neurotransmitters. These mechanisms, together with other environmental and genetic factors, would predispose to different psychiatric pathologies. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the limits of the study, no conclusions can be drawn in childhood and adolescence. However, the results of this systematic review show a possible association of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and compulsive disorder with T. gondii infection in adults. There is a need to improve control, integrated surveillance and extend prevention measures to the entire population.

Are U-U Bonds Inside Fullerenes Really Unwilling Bonds?

Previous characterizations of diactinide endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) Th2@C80 and U2@C80 have shown that although the two Th3+ ions form a strong covalent bond within the carbon cage, the interaction between the U3+ ions is weaker and described as an "unwilling" bond. To evaluate the feasibility of covalent U-U bonds, which are neglected in classical actinide chemistry, we have first investigated the formation of smaller diuranium EMFs by laser ablation using mass spectrometric detection of dimetallic U2@C2n species with 2n ≥ 50. DFT, CASPT2 calculations, and MD simulations for several fullerenes of different sizes and symmetries showed that thanks to the formation of strong U(5f3)-U(5f3) triple bonds, two U3+ ions can be incarcerated inside the fullerene. The formation of U-U bonds competes with U-cage interactions that tend to separate the U ions, hindering the observation of short U-U distances in the crystalline structures of diuranium endofullerenes as in U2@C80. Smaller cages like C60 exhibit the two interactions, and a strong triple U-U bond with an effective bond order higher than 2 is observed. Although 5f-5f interactions are responsible for the covalent interactions at distances close to 2.5 Å, overlap between 7s6d orbitals is still detected above 4 Å. In general, metal ions within fullerenes should be regarded as templates in cage formation, not as statistically confined units that have little chance of being observed.

Tomato POLLEN DEFICIENT 2 encodes a G-type lectin receptor kinase required for viable pollen grain formation.

Pollen development is a crucial biological process indispensable for seed set in flowering plants and for successful crop breeding. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating pollen development in crop species. This study reports a novel male-sterile tomato mutant, pollen deficient 2 (pod2), characterized by the production of non-viable pollen grains and resulting in the development of small parthenocarpic fruits. A combined strategy of mapping-by-sequencing and RNA interference-mediated gene silencing was used to prove that the pod2 phenotype is caused by the loss of Solanum lycopersicum G-type lectin receptor kinase II.9 (SlG-LecRK-II.9) activity. In situ hybridization of floral buds showed that POD2/SlG-LecRK-II.9 is specifically expressed in tapetal cells and microspores at the late tetrad stage. Accordingly, abnormalities in meiosis and tapetum programmed cell death in pod2 occurred during microsporogenesis, resulting in the formation of four dysfunctional microspores leading to an aberrant microgametogenesis process. RNA-seq analyses supported the existence of alterations at the final stage of microsporogenesis, since we found tomato deregulated genes whose counterparts in Arabidopsis are essential for the normal progression of male meiosis and cytokinesis. Collectively, our results revealed the essential role of POD2/SlG-LecRK-II.9 in regulating tomato pollen development.

ENO regulates tomato fruit size through the floral meristem development network.

A dramatic evolution of fruit size has accompanied the domestication and improvement of fruit-bearing crop species. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), naturally occurring cis-regulatory mutations in the genes of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling pathway have led to a significant increase in fruit size generating enlarged meristems that lead to flowers with extra organs and bigger fruits. In this work, by combining mapping-by-sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing methods, we isolated EXCESSIVE NUMBER OF FLORAL ORGANS (ENO), an AP2/ERF transcription factor which regulates floral meristem activity. Thus, the ENO gene mutation gives rise to plants that yield larger multilocular fruits due to an increased size of the floral meristem. Genetic analyses indicate that eno exhibits synergistic effects with mutations at the LOCULE NUMBER (encoding SlWUS) and FASCIATED (encoding SlCLV3) loci, two central players in the evolution of fruit size in the domestication of cultivated tomatoes. Our findings reveal that an eno mutation causes a substantial expansion of SlWUS expression domains in a flower-specific manner. In vitro binding results show that ENO is able to interact with the GGC-box cis-regulatory element within the SlWUS promoter region, suggesting that ENO directly regulates SlWUS expression domains to maintain floral stem-cell homeostasis. Furthermore, the study of natural allelic variation of the ENO locus proved that a cis-regulatory mutation in the promoter of ENO had been targeted by positive selection during the domestication process, setting up the background for significant increases in fruit locule number and fruit size in modern tomatoes.

Tomato CRABS CLAW paralogues interact with chromatin remodelling factors to mediate carpel development and floral determinacy.

CRABS CLAW (CRC) orthologues play a crucial role in floral meristem (FM) determinacy and gynoecium formation across angiosperms, the key developmental processes for ensuring successful plant reproduction and crop production. However, the mechanisms behind CRC mediated FM termination are far from fully understood. Here, we addressed the functional characterization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) paralogous CRC genes. Using mapping-by-sequencing, RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, expression analyses, protein-protein interaction assays and Arabidopsis complementation experiments, we examined their potential roles in FM determinacy and carpel formation. We revealed that the incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity of the indeterminate carpel-inside-carpel phenotype observed in fruit iterative growth (fig) mutant plants are due to the lack of function of the S. lycopersicum CRC homologue SlCRCa. Furthermore, a detailed functional analysis of tomato CRC paralogues, SlCRCa and SlCRCb, allowed us to propose that they operate as positive regulators of FM determinacy by acting in a compensatory and partially redundant manner to safeguard the proper formation of flowers and fruits. Our results uncover for the first time the physical interaction of putative CRC orthologues with members of the chromatin remodelling complex that epigenetically represses WUSCHEL expression through histone deacetylation to ensure the proper termination of floral stem cell activity.

A New Class of Molecular Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution: Catalytic Activity of M3N@C2n (2n = 68, 78, and 80) Fullerenes.

The electrocatalytic properties of some endohedral fullerenes for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) were recently predicted by DFT calculations. Nonetheless, the experimental catalytic performance under realistic electrochemical environments of these 0D-nanomaterials have not been explored. Here, for the first time, we disclose the HER electrocatalytic behavior of seven M3N@2n (2n = 68, 78, and 80) fullerenes (Gd3N@Ih(7)-C80, Y3N@Ih(7)-C80, Lu3N@Ih(7)-C80, Sc3N@Ih(7)-C80, Sc3N@D5h(6)-C80, Sc3N@D3h(5)-C78, and Sc3N@D3(6140)-C68) using a combination of experimental and theoretical techniques. The non-IPR Sc3N@D3(6140)-C68 compound exhibited the best catalytic performance toward the generation of molecular hydrogen, exhibiting an onset potential of -38 mV vs RHE, a very high mass activity of 1.75 A·mg-1 at -0.4 V vs RHE, and an excellent electrochemical stability, retaining 96% of the initial current after 24 h. The superior performance was explained on the basis of the fused pentagon rings, which represent a new and promising HER catalytic motif.

Feasibility Study of a Docosahexaenoic Acid-Optimized Nutraceutical Formulation on the Macular Levels of Lutein in a Healthy Mediterranean Population.

INTRODUCTION: Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) plays a pivotal role in maintaining macular structure and functioning. Research shows that daily consumption of lutein reduces the risk of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the influence of a supplementation containing lutein and antioxidant vitamins either with or without docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with the main objective of identifying MPOD changes in both eyes at the end of the follow-up using the Visucam®retinograph. The secondary end point was to determine variation in the lutein and DHA levels in plasma and red blood cell membranes (RBCMs), respectively. METHODS: One hundred healthy participants (200 eyes) aged 40-70 years (mean age 49.3 years, SEM = 13.7) were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive daily one of the following supplements for 3 months: lutein group (LT-G, n = 49) and lutein plus DHA group (LT/DHA-G, n = 51). The MPOD was measured at baseline and end of the follow-up by retinography (Visucam®retinograph). Lutein in plasma was determined by HPLC, and DHA in RBC membranes was analyzed by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. RESULTS: From baseline, MPOD showed significantly higher values in the LT/DHA-G than in the LT-G at the end of the study (p < 0.0001). Significantly higher lutein in plasma (p < 0.0001) and DHA (p < 0.0001) levels in the RBC membrane were seen in the LT/DHA-G than in the LT-G at the 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Lutein supplementation improves MPOD in healthy subjects from a Mediterranean population being significantly increased in the presence of DHA. Therefore, our findings highlight the relevance of the adjunctive role of DHA for better lutein availability.

Tear 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomics Application to the Molecular Diagnosis of Aqueous Tear Deficiency and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.

PURPOSE: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a major cause of signs and symptoms related to dry eyes (DE) and eyelid inflammation. We investigated the composition of human tears by metabolomic approaches in patients with aqueous tear deficiency and MGD. METHODS: Participants in this prospective, case-control pilot study were split into patients with aqueous tear deficiency and MGD (DE-MGD [n = 15]) and healthy controls (CG; n = 20). Personal interviews, ocular surface disease index (OSDI), and ophthalmic examinations were performed. Reflex tears collected by capillarity were processed to 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and quantitative data analysis to identify molecules by spectra comparison to library entries of purified standards and/or unknown entities. Statistical analyses were made by the SPSS 22.0 program. RESULTS: Chemometric analysis and 1H NMR spectra comparison revealed the presence of 60 metabolites in tears. Differentiating features were evident in the NMR spectra of the 2 clinical groups, characterized by significant upregulation of phenylalanine, glycerol, and isoleucine, and downregulation of glycoproteins, leucine, and -CH3 lipids, as compared to the CG. The 1H NMR metabolomic analyses of human tears confirmed the applicability of this platform with high predictive accuracy/reliability. CONCLUSIONS: Our key distinctive findings support that DE-MGD induces tear metabolomics profile changes. Metabolites contributing to a higher separation from the CG can presumably be used, in the foreseeable future, as DE-MGD biomarkers for better managing the diagnosis and therapy of this disease.

Unexpected Formation of Metallofulleroids from Multicomponent Reactions, with Crystallographic and Computational Studies of the Cluster Motion.

New multicomponent reactions involving an isocyanide, terminal or internal alkynes, and endohedral metallofullerene (EMF) Lu3 N@C80 yield metallofulleroids which are characterized by mass-spectrometry, HPLC, and multiple 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Single crystal studies revealed one ketenimine metallofulleroid has ordered Lu3 N cluster which is unusual for EMF monoadducts. Computational analysis, based on crystallographic data, confirm that the endohedral cluster motion is controlled by the position of the exohedral organic appendants. Our findings provide a new functionalization reaction for EMFs, and a potential facile approach to freeze the endohedral cluster motion at relatively high temperatures.

A highly efficient organogenesis protocol based on zeatin riboside for in vitro regeneration of eggplant.

BACKGROUND: Efficient organogenesis induction in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is required for multiple in vitro culture applications. In this work, we aimed at developing a universal protocol for efficient in vitro regeneration of eggplant mainly based on the use of zeatin riboside (ZR). We evaluated the effect of seven combinations of ZR with indoleacetic acid (IAA) for organogenic regeneration in five genetically diverse S. melongena and one S. insanum L. accessions using two photoperiod conditions. In addition, the effect of six different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) in order to promote rooting was assessed to facilitate subsequent acclimatization of plants. The ploidy level of regenerated plants was studied. RESULTS: In a first experiment with accessions MEL1 and MEL3, significant (p < 0.05) differences were observed for the four factors evaluated for organogenesis from cotyledon, hypocotyl and leaf explants, with the best results obtained (9 and 11 shoots for MEL1 and MEL3, respectively) using cotyledon tissue, 16 h light / 8 h dark photoperiod conditions, and medium E6 (2 mg/L of ZR and 0 mg/L of IAA). The best combination of conditions was tested in the other four accessions and confirmed its high regeneration efficiency per explant when using both cotyledon and hypocotyl tissues. The best rooting media was R2 (1 mg/L IBA). The analysis of ploidy level revealed that between 25 and 50% of the regenerated plantlets were tetraploid. CONCLUSIONS: An efficient protocol for organogenesis of both cultivated and wild accessions of eggplant, based on the use of ZR, is proposed. The universal protocol developed may be useful for fostering in vitro culture applications in eggplant requiring regeneration of plants and, in addition, allows developing tetraploid plants without the need of antimitotic chemicals.

The res (restored cell structure by salinity) tomato mutant reveals the role of the DEAD-box RNA helicase SlDEAD39 in plant development and salt response.

Increasing evidences highlight the importance of DEAD-box RNA helicases in plant development and stress responses. In a previous study, we characterized the tomato res mutant (restored cell structure by salinity), showing chlorosis and development alterations that reverted under salt-stress conditions. Map-based cloning demonstrates that RES gene encodes SlDEAD39, a chloroplast-targeted DEAD-box RNA helicase. Constitutive expression of SlDEAD39 complements the res mutation, while the silencing lines had a similar phenotype than res mutant, which is also reverted under salinity. Functional analysis of res mutant proved SlDEAD39 is involved in the in vivo processing of the chloroplast, 23S rRNA, at the hidden break-B site, a feature also supported by in vitro binding experiments of the protein. In addition, our results show that other genes coding for chloroplast-targeted DEAD-box proteins are induced by salt-stress, which might explain the rescue of the res mutant phenotype. Interestingly, salinity restored the phenotype of res adult plants by increasing their sugar content and fruit yield. Together, these results propose an unprecedented role of a DEAD-box RNA helicase in regulating plant development and stress response through the proper ribosome and chloroplast functioning, which, in turn, represents a potential target to improve salt tolerance in tomato crops.

Developmental role of the tomato Mediator complex subunit MED18 in pollen ontogeny.

Pollen development is a crucial step in higher plants, which not only makes possible plant fertilization and seed formation, but also determines fruit quality and yield in crop species. Here, we reported a tomato T-DNA mutant, pollen deficient1 (pod1), characterized by an abnormal anther development and the lack of viable pollen formation, which led to the production of parthenocarpic fruits. Genomic analyses and the characterization of silencing lines proved that pod1 mutant phenotype relies on the tomato SlMED18 gene encoding the subunit 18 of Mediator multi-protein complex involved in RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. The loss of SlMED18 function delayed tapetum degeneration, which resulted in deficient microspore development and scarce production of viable pollen. A detailed histological characterization of anther development proved that changes during microgametogenesis and a significant delay in tapetum degeneration are associated with a high proportion of degenerated cells and, hence, should be responsible for the low production of functional pollen grains. Expression of pollen marker genes indicated that SlMED18 is essential for the proper transcription of a subset of genes specifically required to pollen formation and fruit development, revealing a key role of SlMED18 in male gametogenesis of tomato. Additionally, SlMED18 is able to rescue developmental abnormalities of the Arabidopsis med18 mutant, indicating that most biological functions have been conserved in both species.

Phenotypic and genetic characterization of tomato mutants provides new insights into leaf development and its relationship to agronomic traits.

BACKGROUND: Tomato mutants altered in leaf morphology are usually identified in the greenhouse, which demands considerable time and space and can only be performed in adequate periods. For a faster but equally reliable scrutiny method we addressed the screening in vitro of 971 T-DNA lines. Leaf development was evaluated in vitro in seedlings and shoot-derived axenic plants. New mutants were characterized in the greenhouse to establish the relationship between in vitro and in vivo leaf morphology, and to shed light on possible links between leaf development and agronomic traits, a promising field in which much remains to be discovered. RESULTS: Following the screening in vitro of tomato T-DNA lines, putative mutants altered in leaf morphology were evaluated in the greenhouse. The comparison of results in both conditions indicated a general phenotypic correspondence, showing that in vitro culture is a reliable system for finding mutants altered in leaf development. Apart from providing homogeneous conditions, the main advantage of screening in vitro lies in the enormous time and space saving. Studies on the association between phenotype and nptII gene expression showed co-segregation in two lines (P > 99%). The use of an enhancer trap also allowed identifying gain-of-function mutants through reporter expression analysis. These studies suggested that genes altered in three other mutants were T-DNA tagged. New mutants putatively altered in brassinosteroid synthesis or perception, mutations determining multiple pleiotropic effects, lines affected in organ curvature, and the first tomato mutant with helical growth were discovered. Results also revealed new possible links between leaf development and agronomic traits, such as axillary branching, flower abscission, fruit development and fruit cracking. Furthermore, we found that the gene tagged in mutant 2635-MM encodes a Sterol 3-beta-glucosyltransferase. Expression analysis suggested that abnormal leaf development might be due to the lack-off-function of this gene. CONCLUSION: In vitro culture is a quick, efficient and reliable tool for identifying tomato mutants altered in leaf morphology. The characterization of new mutants in vivo revealed new links between leaf development and some agronomic traits. Moreover, the possible implication of a gene encoding a Sterol 3-beta-glucosyltransferase in tomato leaf development is reported.

The SlCBL10 Calcineurin B-Like Protein Ensures Plant Growth under Salt Stress by Regulating Na+ and Ca2+ Homeostasis.

Characterization of a new tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) T-DNA mutant allowed for the isolation of the CALCINEURIN B-LIKE PROTEIN 10 (SlCBL10) gene whose lack of function was responsible for the severe alterations observed in the shoot apex and reproductive organs under salinity conditions. Physiological studies proved that SlCBL10 gene is required to maintain a proper low Na+/Ca2+ ratio in growing tissues allowing tomato growth under salt stress. Expression analysis of the main responsible genes for Na+ compartmentalization (i.e. Na+/H+ EXCHANGERs, SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE, HIGH-AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER 1;2, H+-pyrophosphatase AVP1 [SlAVP1] and V-ATPase [SlVHA-A1]) supported a reduced capacity to accumulate Na+ in Slcbl10 mutant leaves, which resulted in a lower uploading of Na+ from xylem, allowing the toxic ion to reach apex and flowers. Likewise, the tomato CATION EXCHANGER 1 and TWO-PORE CHANNEL 1 (SlTPC1), key genes for Ca2+ fluxes to the vacuole, showed abnormal expression in Slcbl10 plants indicating an impaired Ca2+ release from vacuole. Additionally, complementation assay revealed that SlCBL10 is a true ortholog of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CBL10 gene, supporting that the essential function of CBL10 is conserved in Arabidopsis and tomato. Together, the findings obtained in this study provide new insights into the function of SlCBL10 in salt stress tolerance. Thus, it is proposed that SlCBL10 mediates salt tolerance by regulating Na+ and Ca2+ fluxes in the vacuole, cooperating with the vacuolar cation channel SlTPC1 and the two vacuolar H+-pumps, SlAVP1 and SlVHA-A1, which in turn are revealed as potential targets of SlCBL10.

Alq mutation increases fruit set rate and allows the maintenance of fruit yield under moderate saline conditions.

Arlequin (Alq) is a gain-of-function mutant whose most relevant feature is that sepals are able to become fruit-like organs due to the ectopic expression of the ALQ-TAGL1 gene. The role of this gene in tomato fruit ripening was previously demonstrated. To discover new functional roles for ALQ-TAGL1, and most particularly its involvement in the fruit set process, a detailed characterization of Alq yield-related traits was performed. Under standard conditions, the Alq mutant showed a much higher fruit set rate than the wild type. A significant percentage of Alq fruits were seedless. The results showed that pollination-independent fruit set in Alq is due to early transition from flower to fruit. Analysis of endogenous hormones in Alq suggests that increased content of cytokinins and decreased level of abscisic acid may account for precocious fruit set. Comparative expression analysis showed relevant changes of several genes involved in cell division, gibberellin metabolism, and the auxin signalling pathway. Since pollination-independent fruit set may be a very useful strategy for maintaining fruit production under adverse conditions, fruit set and yield in Alq plants under moderate salinity were assessed. Interestingly, Alq mutant plants showed a high yield under saline conditions, similar to that of Alq and the wild type under unstressed conditions.

Dairy products intake and the risk of incident cataracts surgery in an elderly Mediterranean population: results from the PREDIMED study.

PROPOSAL: The aim of this study was to examine the association between the consumption of total and specific types of dairy products and the risk of incident cataracts in an elderly Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 5860 subjects from the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study. The time to cataract surgery was calculated as the time between recruitment and the date of the surgery, last visit of the follow-up, date of death, or until the end of the study. Dairy products intake was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to assess the risk of cataract surgery according to average dietary energy-adjusted total dairy products, milk, yogurt and cheese consumption. RESULTS: We documented a total of 768 new cataract events after a median of 5.6 years of follow-up. Subjects in the second [hazard ratio (HR) 0.62; 95% CI 0.52, 0.74] and third tertile (HR: 0.71; 95% CI 0.60, 0.85) of skimmed yogurt intake had a significantly lower risk of cataracts after adjusting for potential confounders. No significant associations were observed for total dairy products, whole and skimmed milk, whole yogurt and cheese consumption. CONCLUSION: The intake of skimmed yogurt was associated with a reduced risk of cataracts in an elderly Mediterranean population with high cardiovascular risk. No significant associations were observed for other type of dairy product. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 35739639. Registration date: 5 October 2005.

A revisit of the interaction of gaseous ozone with aqueous iodide. Estimating the contributions of the surface and bulk reactions.

The main source of atmospheric iodine is the heterogeneous reaction of aqueous iodide (I-) with ozone (O3), which takes place in surface seawater and probably in sea-salt aerosols. However, there are seemingly contradictory conclusions about whether this heterogeneous reaction occurs in the bulk of the aqueous phase, via O3 dissolution, or at the aqueous surface, via O3 adsorption. In this work, the ozone uptake coefficient has been calculated as a function of the concentration of aqueous iodide ([I-]aq) and gaseous ozone near the aqueous surface ([O3]gs) by estimating parameters of the resistor model using results of previous studies. The calculated uptake coefficients suggest that the aqueous-phase reaction dominates at low I- concentrations (about <10-4 mol L-1), regardless of [O3]gs, and also at sufficiently high [O3]gs (about >80 ppm), regardless of [I-]aq. In contrast, the surface reaction dominates at high [I-]aq (about >10-4 mol L-1) as long as [O3]gs is low enough (about <80 ppm). This trend is able to reconcile previous studies of this reaction, and is a consequence of several factors, including the high surface excess of both reactants ozone and iodide. Given the typical O3 concentrations in the troposphere and the possible I- concentrations and O3 solubilities in sea-salt aerosols, the surface reaction may compete with the aqueous-phase reaction in accumulation-mode aerosols, unlike in surface seawater, where the aqueous-phase reaction probably prevails. The rate constant of the surface reaction has been estimated as (3-40) × 10-13 cm2 molecule-1 s-1.

Formation of C2v-C72(11188)Cl4: A Particularly Stable Non-IPR Fullerene.

Halogenation has been one of the most used strategies to explore the reactivity of empty carbon cages. In particular, the higher reactivity of non-IPR fullerenes, i.e., those fullerenes that do not satisfy the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), has been used to functionalize and capture these less stable fullerenes. Here, we have explored the stability of the non-IPR isomer C72(11188) with C2v symmetry, which is topologically linked to the only IPR isomer of C70, as well as its reactivity to chlorination. DFT calculations and Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations suggest that chlorination takes places initially in nonspecific sites, once carbon cages are formed. When the temperature in the arc reactor decreases sufficiently, Cl atoms are trapped on the fullerene surface, migrating from not-so-favored positions to reach the most favored sites in the pentalene. We have also discussed why cage C2v-C72(11188) is found to take four chlorines, whereas cage C1-C74(14049) is observed to capture 10 of them, even though these two fullerenes are closely related by a simple C2 insertion.