Cellular and humoral immune responses to COVID-19 booster vaccination in Japanese dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Dialysis patients are susceptible to developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to hypoimmunity. Antibody titers against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) after the primary vaccinations are lower in hemodialysis (HD) patients than in healthy individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination in HD and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients based on antibody titers and cellular and humoral immunity. METHODS: Participants of the control, HD, and PD groups were recruited from 12 facilities. SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific cytokine and IgG-antibody levels were measured. Regulatory T cells and memory B cells were counted using flow cytometry at 6 months after primary vaccination with BNT162b2 and 3 weeks after the booster vaccination in HD and PD patients and compared with those of a control group. RESULTS: Booster vaccination significantly enhanced the levels of antibodies, cytokines, and memory B cells in three groups. The HD group showed significantly higher levels of IgG-antibodies, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, and memory B cells than those in the control group at 3 weeks after the booster dose. The PD group tended to show similar trends to HD patients but had similar levels of IgG-antibodies, cytokines, and memory B cells to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: HD patients had significantly stronger cellular and humoral immune responses than the control 3 weeks after the booster dose. Our findings will help in developing better COVID-19 vaccination strategies for HD and PD patients.

Efficacy of sucrose and povidone-iodine mixtures in peritoneal dialysis catheter exit-site care.

BACKGROUND: Exit-site infection (ESI) is a common recurring complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Sucrose and povidone-iodine (SPI) mixtures, antimicrobial ointments that promote wound healing, have been used for the treatment of ulcers and burns, but their efficacy in exit-site care is still unclear. METHODS: This single-center retrospective observational study included patients who underwent PD between May 2010 and June 2022 and presented with episodes of ESI. Patients were divided into SPI and non-SPI groups and followed up from initial ESI onset until PD cessation, death, transfer to another facility, or June 2023. RESULTS: Among the 82 patients (mean age 62, [54-72] years), 23 were treated with SPI. The median follow-up duration was 39 months (range, 14-64), with an overall ESI incidence of 0.70 episodes per patient-year. Additionally, 43.1% of second and 25.6% of third ESI were caused by the same pathogen as the first. The log-rank test demonstrated significantly better second and third ESI-free survival in the SPI group than that in the non-SPI group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). In a Cox regression analysis, adjusting for potential confounders, SPI use was a significant predictor of decreased second and third ESI episodes (hazard ratio [HR], 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10-0.52 and HR, 0.22; 95%CI, 0.07-0.73, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the use of SPI may be a promising option for preventing the incidence of ESI in patients with PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was approved by the Keio University School of Medicine Ethics Committee (approval number 20231078) on August 28, 2023. Retrospectively registered.

The body mass index change is associated with death or hemodialysis transfer in Japanese patients initiating peritoneal dialysis.

A decreased body mass index (BMI) over time is associated with a poor prognosis for patients on hemodialysis. We aimed to examine whether this association also applies to patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD). BMI change was defined as the percentage change in the BMI between the time of PD catheter insertion and six months after its insertion. The association between the BMI change and all-cause mortality or PD discontinuation from six months after PD catheter insertion until October 2021 was investigated. This retrospective cohort study included 122 patients (aged 61.1 ± 12.1 years; 90 males) who underwent PD catheter insertion between January 2008 and March 2020. The median follow-up period was 43.1 (21.2-78.8) months. The median six-month percentage change in the BMI was -2.14 (-5.56-1.84)%, and patients were categorized into tertiles based on their BMI changes. The fully-adjusted Cox regression analysis revealed a significantly higher rate of PD discontinuation or all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR): 2.48; 95%; confidence interval (CI): 1.41-4.37) in patients with the lowest tertile (T1, BMI change: < -4.13%) compared to patients with the middle tertile (T2, BMI change: -4.13%-0.67%). The risk was not significantly higher in patients with the highest tertile (T3, BMI change: >0.67%) than those in the T2 group (HR: 1.18; 95% CI: 0.66-2.11). A decreased BMI over time is independently associated with HD transfer or all-cause mortality among patients initiating PD, which highlights the importance of the 6-month BMI change as a novel prognostic marker.

Eosinophilic Reaction at the Time of Catheter Insertion Predicts Survival in Patients Initiating Peritoneal Dialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Despite excellent biocompatibility, insertion of silicone peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters can induce minor foreign body reaction, affecting long-term patient outcomes. We evaluated the effect of eosinophilic reaction associated with PD catheter insertion on outcomes of patients initiating PD. METHODS: Eosinophilic reaction to PD catheter insertion was defined as the ratio of peripheral blood eosinophil count at 1 week after insertion (E1W) to pre-insertion eosinophil count (E0), and the association of E1W/E0 with technique survival, peritonitis-free survival, and heart failure (HF)-related hospitalization-free survival was analyzed. RESULTS: This retrospective cohort study included 116 patients (89 male patients) who underwent PD catheter insertion between January 2008 and June 2018 (61.3 ± 12.9 years). The follow-up duration was 46.2 (23.8-75.3) months. E1W was significantly higher than E0 (median, 333 vs. 234/µL, p < 0.001), with a median E1W/E0 of 1.54. The log-rank test showed that technique survival, peritonitis-free survival, and HF-related hospitalization-free survival were significantly better in patients with E1W/E0 < 1.54 than in those with E1W/E0 ≥ 1.54 (p = 0.002, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). By the Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, the Charlson comorbidity index, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and the geriatric nutritional risk index, E1W/E0 remained a significant risk factor for technique failure, peritonitis, and hospitalization for HF (hazard ratio (HR) 1.68, p = 0.01; HR 2.19, p < 0.001; HR 2.15, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Eosinophilic reaction at the time of PD catheter insertion is a novel marker that may predict outcomes in patients initiating PD.

Self-assessment sheet submission rate predicts technique survival in patients initiating peritoneal dialysis.

AIM: Patients play a crucial role in preventing peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related events, including peritonitis and fluid overload, as PD procedures are mainly carried out at home. We asked patients to submit a PD self-assessment sheet at each outpatient visit in our daily clinical practice and evaluated its usefulness for outcomes in patients initiating PD. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent PD catheter insertion between January 2008 and October 2018. The submission rate of a PD self-assessment sheet was calculated from medical records until PD cessation or study completion (October 2020). The association between the submission rate and technique survival was analysed. RESULTS: Among the 105 recruited patients (78 men, 60.4 ± 12.2 years), 44 discontinued PD and transferred to haemodialysis during the study period. The follow-up was 52.3 (28.7-79.3) months, and the median submission rate was 78%. The log-rank test showed that technique survival was significantly better in patients with a submission rate ≥ 78% than those with a submission rate <78% (p = .006). The submission rate remained significantly associated with less technique failure (hazard ratio 0.88 per 10%, p = .002) by the Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, estimated glomerular filtration rate and geriatric nutritional risk index. CONCLUSION: The submission rate of a PD self-assessment sheet is useful as a predictor of technique survival in patients initiating PD. Instruction that increases submission may improve technique survival in PD patients.

Exercise Parameters Predict Technique Survival in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis.

OBJECTIVE: The incremental shuttle walking test (ISWT) is an important marker of aerobic capacity in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). This study aimed to evaluate its predictive value for PD-related outcomes. METHODS: This single-center cohort study recruited outpatients on maintenance PD from our hospital between March 2017 and March 2018. Exercise capacity was assessed using measurement of ISWT and handgrip and quadriceps strength. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the median of exercise capacity and prospectively followed up until cessation of PD, death, or the study end (October 2019). The primary end point of this study was technique survival rate, and secondary outcomes were rates of peritonitis-free survival and PD-related hospitalization-free survival. RESULTS: Among the 50 participants, age and PD vintage were [median (IQR)] 62.5 (58.3-70) and 3.5 (1.3-6.5) years, respectively. At the end of the study, 3 of the 28 participants (11%) in the long-ISWT group and 13 of the 22 participants (59%) in the short-ISWT group were transferred to hemodialysis. The short-ISWT group showed lower technique survival rate (p < 0.001), peritonitis-free survival rate (p = 0.01), and PD-related hospitalization-free survival rate (p < 0.01) than the long-ISWT group, whereas those survival rates did not differ when participants were divided by handgrip or quadriceps strength. Multivariate analysis revealed lower ISWT to be independently associated with technique failure (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The ISWT is an important predictor of technique survival for patients on PD. Monitoring and enhancing ISWT as a marker of aerobic capacity might improve PD-related outcomes.

Bullous pemphigoid in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: a case series and a literature survey.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease. Although several cases of BP in end-stage renal disease patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) or hemodialysis have been reported, the incidence of BP in these patients remains unknown. We recently experienced three PD patients diagnosed with BP. The skin injury was likely to be a trigger of BP in all the three PD patients. Nifedipine and icodextrin exposures were possible factors directly or indirectly affecting the onset of BP, because they were common in the three cases. We also report that the incidence of BP in PD patients was 3/478.3 person-years in a single-center 10-year study. This case series with a literature survey describes that the skin and tissue injuries are potential triggers responsible for the onset of BP in dialysis patients and that the incidence of BP in these patients seems to be much higher than that in the general population.

The impact of a remote monitoring system of healthcare resource consumption in patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD): A simulation study
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AIMS: Remote monitoring (RM) can improve management of chronic diseases. We evaluated the impact of RM in automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) in a simulation study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We simulated 12 patient scenarios with common clinical problems and estimated the likely healthcare resource consumption with and without the availability of RM (RM+ and RM- groups, respectively). Scenarios were evaluated 4 times by randomly allocated nephrologist-nurse teams or nephrologist-alone assessors. RESULTS: The RM+ group was assessed as having significantly lower total healthcare resource consumption compared with the RM- group (36.8 vs. 107.5 total episodes of resource consumption, p = 0.002). The RM+ group showed significantly lower "unplanned hospital visits" (2.3 vs. 11.3, p = 0.005), "emergency room visits" (0.5 vs. 5.3, p = 0.003), "home visits" (0.5 vs. 5.8, p = 0.016), "exchanges over the telephone" (18.5 vs. 57.8, p = 0.002), and "change to hemodialysis" (0.5 vs. 2.5, p = 0.003). Evaluations did not differ between nephrologist-nurse teams vs. nephrologist-alone assessors. CONCLUSION: RM can be expected to reduce healthcare resource consumption in APD patients.
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Impact of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Insertion by a Nephrologist: Results of a Questionnaire Survey of Patients and Nurses.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an excellent dialysis mo- dality, but it is underutilized in the United States and Japan. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of interventional nephrology in PD on the impres- sions held by patients and nurses about selection of a renal replacement therapy and the complications associated with PD therapy. Over aperiod of 7 years, PD catheter insertion in 120 patients with end-stage renal disease (age: 63.0 ± 13.3 years) was performed by nephrologists at Keio University Hospital or Saitama Medical Center. A questionnaire survey evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of this interventional nephrology approach in PD was distributed to 72 PD patients and to 53 nurses in charge of those patients. After interventional nephrology in PD was adopted, the number of patients selecting PD therapy increased. The incidence of peritonitis was relatively low (1 episode in 101.1 patient-months). Responses to the questionnaire survey showed that neither patients nor nurses were concerned about catheter insertion by physicians, and no communication problems between the patients, nurses, and physicians were reported. Approximately 60% of the nurses specializing in PD therapy showed higher motivation with interventional nephrology, which might have a favorable effect on the selection of PD therapy, on the incidence of peritonitis, and on the tripartite communication between patients, nurses, and physicians.

Hemodialysis treatment of vancomycin-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), also known as drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), is a severe drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction with 10% mortality. To date, there is insufficient evidence regarding the association between DRESS/DIHS and serum levels of vancomycin (VCM). Here, we report the case of a 46-year-old woman undergoing peritoneal dialysis who developed VCM-induced DRESS/DIHS. She was hospitalized for peritonitis with abdominal pain and treated with VCM. On day 10 of hospitalization, her abdominal symptoms improved; however, fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, atypical lymphocytes, and liver and renal dysfunction developed. Based on the clinical course and laboratory findings, we diagnosed the patient with DRESS/DIHS due to VCM. Since her serum VCM concentration was high at 39.8 µg/mL, hemodialysis (HD) was performed to remove VCM, which caused her symptoms to improve. However, serum levels of VCM rebounded and the same symptoms recurred. Therefore, we re-performed HD; no further relapse occurred. This clinical course showed that increased serum VCM levels were associated with DRESS/DIHS onset and severity, suggesting that it is a blood level-dependent disease and that removal of VCM by HD is a potential therapeutic option.

Combining hemodialysis with peritoneal dialysis improves cognitive function: a three-case report.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with multiple complications, with recent scholarly attention underscoring cognitive impairment as a salient manifestation. Considering societal aging, preserving cognitive function has emerged as an urgent medical concern. Prolonged dialysis, encompassing hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), has been associated with a decline in cognitive function. Here, we present the cases of three patients undergoing PD who exhibited a noticeable improvement in cognitive function upon the initiation of HD. One patient had exhibited mild cognitive decline, whereas the remaining two presented more severe impairment. Apart from a mild tendency for fluid retention, none of the three patients exhibited abnormalities in physical or imaging examinations. Evaluation using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) yielded decreased scores across multiple domains, notably in executive and attention functions. However, after HD initiation, all patients demonstrated a marked enhancement in multiple MoCA-J parameters, accompanied by a significant improvement in subjective symptoms. Moreover, improvements in anemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in all three patients, whereas consistent trends in other parameters were absent. These clinical observations suggest that the integration of HD into the therapeutic regimen of patients undergoing PD may enhance cognitive function, highlighting the contributory roles of hemoglobin and albumin in CKD-associated cognitive impairment.

Compared effectiveness of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate and calcium polystyrene sulfonate on hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Hyperkalemia is a well-recognized electrolyte abnormality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Potassium binders are often used to prevent and treat hyperkalemia. However, few studies have evaluated the difference in serum potassium (K+) level-lowering effect during the post-acute phase between the novel potassium binder, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZSC), and conventional agents. This retrospective study included patients who received potassium binders (either ZSC or calcium polystyrene sulfonate [CPS]) in our hospital between May 2020 and July 2022. The patients were divided into the ZSC and CPS groups. After propensity score matching, we compared changes from baseline to the first follow-up point, at least 4 weeks after initiating potassium binders, in electrolytes including K+ level between the two groups. Of the 132 patients, ZSC and CPS were administered in 48 and 84 patients, respectively. After matching, 38 patients were allocated to each group. The ZSC group showed greater reduction in K+ levels than did the CPS group (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase in serum sodium minus chloride levels, a surrogate marker for metabolic acidosis, was observed in the ZSC group (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that ZSC could potentially improve hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD.

Clinical significance of serum urea-to-creatinine ratio in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the correlation between the serum urea-to-creatinine ratio and residual kidney function (RKF) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), as well as its predictive value for PD-related outcomes. METHODS: This study included a cross-sectional study to assess the correlation between serum urea-to-creatinine ratio and RKF in 50 patients on PD and a retrospective cohort study to assess the association between serum urea-to-creatinine ratio and PD-related outcomes in 122 patients who initiated PD. RESULTS: Serum urea-to-creatinine ratios had significant positive correlations with renal Kt/V and creatinine clearance values (r = 0.60, p < 0.001 and r = 0.61, p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, serum urea-to-creatinine ratio was significantly associated with a lower risk of transfer to hemodialysis or PD/hemodialysis hybrid therapy (hazard ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.75-0.95). CONCLUSION: The serum urea-to-creatinine ratio can be an indicator of RKF and a prognostic factor in patients undergoing PD.

Lowering bile acid pool size with a synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist induces obesity and diabetes through reduced energy expenditure.

We evaluated the metabolic impact of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation by administering a synthetic FXR agonist (GW4064) to mice in which obesity was induced by a high fat diet. Administration of GW4064 accentuated body weight gain and glucose intolerance induced by the high fat diet and led to a pronounced worsening of the changes in liver and adipose tissue. Mechanistically, treatment with GW4064 decreased bile acid (BA) biosynthesis, BA pool size, and energy expenditure, whereas reconstitution of the BA pool in these GW4064-treated animals by BA administration dose-dependently reverted the metabolic abnormalities. Our data therefore suggest that activation of FXR with synthetic agonists is not useful for long term management of the metabolic syndrome, as it reduces the BA pool size and subsequently decreases energy expenditure, translating as weight gain and insulin resistance. In contrast, expansion of the BA pool size, which can be achieved by BA administration, could be an interesting strategy to manage the metabolic syndrome.

Long-term efficacy and safety of iron-based phosphate binders, ferric citrate hydrate and sucroferric oxyhydroxide, in hemodialysis patients.

PURPOSE: Iron-based phosphate binders, including ferric citrate hydrate (FCH) and sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SFOH), have been used for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis. However, the long-term efficacy and safety of these agents have not yet been clearly elucidated. METHODS: Laboratory data of 56 hemodialysis patients who had been prescribed either FCH (n = 33) or SFOH (n = 23) were retrospectively examined. RESULTS: We showed that both FCH and SFOH significantly and consistently decreased serum phosphate concentrations in the patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis during the 36-month observation period. Serum levels of calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, as well as hemoglobin levels were unaltered. No overshoot of parameters of iron metabolism, such as transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels, was observed, and serum ferritin level remained under 300 ng/mL in most patients. A trend towards decrease in the doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents used and frequency of intravenous iron use was observed in both treatment groups. No severe adverse drug reactions were observed in either the patients receiving FCH or SFOH. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that the iron-based phosphate binders, FCH and SFOH, decrease serum phosphate concentrations consistently and are safe to use over the long-term in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Effect of Tolvaptan in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage G5, and Impact of Concomitant Use of Thiazide Diuretics: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The diuretic effect of tolvaptan, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, in patients with severe renal dysfunction remains poorly characterized. Thiazide diuretics reduce urinary volume (UV) in patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, which lacks V2 receptor function. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study investigated the acute urinary effects of tolvaptan in patients with stage G5 chronic kidney disease and congestive heart failure (CHF), and the impact of thiazide diuretics on the urinary effects of tolvaptan. METHODS: UVs 24 h before and after tolvaptan administration and 30-day dialysis initiation rate were compared between patients with and without thiazide diuretic administration. RESULTS: Thiazide diuretics were used in 26 of the 106 recruited patients (age 73.4 ± 13.0 years; estimated glomerular filtration rate 8.07 ± 3.13 mL/min/1.73 m2). The pre- and post-tolvaptan 24-h UVs were significantly higher in patients not administered thiazide diuretics (1043.4 ± 645.6 vs. 1422.2 ± 774.0 mL/day; p < 0.001) than in those administered thiazide diuretics (1177.3 ± 686.5 vs. 1173.1 ± 629.1 mL/day; p = 0.93). In a multivariate regression model, thiazide diuretic use was significantly associated with decreased 24-h UV (ß coefficient - 486.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 674.5 to - 298.8); increased urine osmolality (ß coefficient 37.7, 95% CI 17.1-58.4); increased body weight (ß coefficient 0.62, 95% CI 0.31-0.92); and increased 30-day dialysis initiation rate (odds ratio 3.40, 95% CI 1.18-9.82) after tolvaptan administration. CONCLUSIONS: Tolvaptan exhibited significant diuretic effects in patients with CHF, including those with severe renal dysfunction, which were diminished with concomitant thiazide diuretic use.

Health-Related Quality of Life Sleep Score Predicts Transfer to Hemodialysis among Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis.

Despite the superiority of peritoneal dialysis (PD) over hemodialysis (HD) regarding health-related quality of life (HRQOL), the specific HRQOL domain(s) that predict unplanned HD transfer remains uncertain. In this cohort study, we assessed the HRQOL of 50 outpatients undergoing PD using the Japanese version 1.3 Kidney Disease Quality of Life-Short Form from March 2017 to March 2018 and prospectively analyzed the association of each HRQOL component with HD transfer until June 2021. During the follow-up (41.5 (13.0-50.1) months), 21 patients were transferred to HD. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, PD vintage, urine output, Charlson comorbidity index, and incremental shuttle walking test, a higher sleep score was significantly associated with lower HD transfer rates (HR 0.70 per 10, p = 0.01). An adjusted subdistribution hazard model where elected transition to HD, death, and transplantation were considered competing events of unintended HD transfer that showed sleep score as an exclusive predictor of HD transfer (HR 0.70 per 10, p = 0.002). Our results suggest that sleep score among the HRQOL subscales is instrumental in predicting HD transfer in patients undergoing PD.

High body mass index is a risk factor for transition to hemodialysis or hybrid therapy and peritoneal dialysis-related infection in Japanese patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.

PURPOSE: Obesity may negatively impact the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, the impact of obesity on PD-related outcomes remains unclear. We herein examined the association of high body mass index (BMI) with complete hemodialysis (HD) transfer, transition to HD and PD/HD hybrid therapy, peritonitis, catheter exit-site and tunnel infection (ESI/TI), and heart failure-related hospitalization. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 120 patients who underwent PD-catheter insertion between January 2008 and June 2018. BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 at the time of PD-catheter insertion was defined as high BMI, and its association with outcomes was analyzed using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: The follow-up duration was 46.2 (23.3-75.3) months. The time until transfer to HD and hybrid therapy was significantly shorter in the high BMI group than that in the low BMI group, whereas the time until HD transfer was not significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001 and 0.18, respectively). Peritonitis-free and ESI/TI-free survivals were significantly shorter in the high BMI group than those in the low BMI group (P = 0.006 and 0.03, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, high BMI remained a significant risk factor for transferring to HD and hybrid therapy, peritonitis, and ESI/TI (hazard ratio [HR] 2.60, P < 0.001; HR 2.08, P = 0.01; HR 2.64, P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 is a risk factor for transition to HD and hybrid therapy, peritonitis, and ESI/TI, but not for complete HD transfer in Japanese patients with PD.