The development of a Simplified, Effective, Labour Monitoring-to-Action (SELMA) tool for Better Outcomes in Labour Difficulty (BOLD): study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The partograph is currently the main tool available to support decision-making of health professionals during labour. However, the rate of appropriate use of the partograph is disappointingly low. Apart from limitations that are associated with partograph use, evidence of positive impact on labour-related health outcomes is lacking. The main goal of this study is to develop a Simplified, Effective, Labour Monitoring-to-Action (SELMA) tool. The primary objectives are: to identify the essential elements of intrapartum monitoring that trigger the decision to use interventions aimed at preventing poor labour outcomes; to develop a simplified, monitoring-to-action algorithm for labour management; and to compare the diagnostic performance of SELMA and partograph algorithms as tools to identify women who are likely to develop poor labour-related outcomes. METHODS/DESIGN: A prospective cohort study will be conducted in eight health facilities in Nigeria and Uganda (four facilities from each country). All women admitted for vaginal birth will comprise the study population (estimated sample size: 7,812 women). Data will be collected on maternal characteristics on admission, labour events and pregnancy outcomes by trained research assistants at the participating health facilities. Prediction models will be developed to identify women at risk of intrapartum-related perinatal death or morbidity (primary outcomes) throughout the course of labour. These predictions models will be used to assemble a decision-support tool that will be able to suggest the best course of action to avert adverse outcomes during the course of labour. To develop this set of prediction models, we will use up-to-date techniques of prognostic research, including identification of important predictors, assigning of relative weights to each predictor, estimation of the predictive performance of the model through calibration and discrimination, and determination of its potential for application using internal validation techniques. DISCUSSION: This research offers an opportunity to revisit the theoretical basis of the partograph. It is envisioned that the final product would help providers overcome the challenging tasks of promptly interpreting complex labour information and deriving appropriate clinical actions, and thus increase efficiency of the care process, enhance providers' competence and ultimately improve labour outcomes. Please see related articles ' http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0027-6 ' and ' http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12978-015-0028-5 '.

Mental-physical multimorbidity treatment adherence challenges in Brazilian primary care: A qualitative study with patients and their healthcare providers.

Improved understanding of multimorbidity (MM) treatment adherence in primary health care (PHC) in Brazil is needed to achieve better healthcare and service outcomes. This study explored experiences of healthcare providers (HCP) and primary care patients (PCP) with mental-physical MM treatment adherence. Adults PCP with mental-physical MM and their primary care and community mental health care providers were recruited through maximum variation sampling from nine cities in São Paulo State, Southeast of Brazil. Experiences across quality domains of the Primary Care Assessment Tool-Brazil were explored through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 19 PCP and 62 HCP, conducted between April 2016 and April 2017. Through thematic conent analysis ten meta-themes concerning treatment adherence were developed: 1) variability and accessibility of treatment options available through PHC; 2) importance of coming to terms with a disease for treatment initation; 3) importance of person-centred communication for treatment initiation and maintenance; 4) information sources about received medication; 5) monitoring medication adherence; 6) taking medication unsafely; 7) perceived reasons for medication non-adherence; 8) most challenging health behavior change goals; 9) main motives for initiation or maintenance of treatment; 10) methods deployed to improve treatment adherence. Our analysis has advanced the understanding of complexity inherent to treatment adherence in mental-physical MM and revealed opportunities for improvement and specific solutions to effect adherence in Brazil. Our findings can inform research efforts to transform MM care through optimization.

Associations between primary health care strategies and outcomes of mental disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between the percentage and severity of mental disorders (MD) and three different primary health care (PHC) strategies in Brazil: traditional care (TC), the Family Health Strategy (FHS), and FHS with shared mental health care (FHS+SC). METHODS: Random samples were selected from three different areas of a Brazilian city. Each area was served by a different PHC strategy (TC, FHS, or FHS+SC). Five mental health professionals, blinded to the type of PHC strategy delivered in each area, conducted interviews using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and other specific instruments to assess the prevalence and severity of MD. RESULTS: 530 subjects were interviewed. The TC strategy was significantly associated with a higher percentage of MD when compared to FHS and FHS+SC. These results were not affected by adjustment for sociodemographic variables. The difference in prevalence of MD between the two FHS areas (with and without SC) was not statistically significant. No significant differences in MD severity were observed across the three PHC strategies. CONCLUSION: Areas covered by FHS showed a lower percentage of MD than those covered by TC. Presence of SC did not influence the prevalence of MD, suggesting that mental-health training of FHS teams may have minimized the influence of SC.

Impact of different approaches of primary care mental health on the prevalence of mental disorders.

AimTo compare the impact of three different approaches to primary care mental health on the prevalence of mental disorders. BACKGROUND: Millions of people suffer from mental disorders. As entry point into the health service, primary healthcare plays an important role in providing mental health prevention and treatment. METHODS: Random sample of households in three different areas of the city of Ribeirão Preto (state of São Paulo, Brazil) were selected, and 20 trained medical students conducted interviews using a mental health screening instrument, the Mini-Screening of Mental Disorders, and a socio-demographic datasheet. Primary care mental health was provided in each area through a specific approach. The influence of the area of residence and the socio-demographic variables on the prevalence of mental disorder was explored and analyzed by univariate binary logistic regression and then by a multiple logistic regression model.FindingsA total of 1545 subjects were interviewed. Comparison between the three areas showed a significantly higher number of people with mental disorders in the area covered by the primary care team that did not have physicians with specific primary care mental health training, even when this association was adjusted for the influence of age, education, and socio-economic status.Our results suggest that residing in areas with family physicians with mental health training is associated with a lower prevalence of mental disorders.

The effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine in preventing hospitalizations and deaths presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea in Brazilian children: a quasi-experimental study.

INTRODUCTION: Rotavirus is the main etiologic agent of acute infectious diarrhea in children worldwide. Considering that a rotavirus vaccine (G1P8, strain RIX4414) was added to the Brazilian vaccination schedule in 2006, we aimed to study its effectiveness and safety regarding intestinal intussusception. METHODS: A quasi-experimental trial was performed in which the primary outcome was the number of hospitalizations that were presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea per 100,000 children at risk (0-4 years old). The secondary outcomes included mortality due to acute infectious diarrhea and the intestinal intussusception rates in children in the same age range. We analyzed three scenarios: Health Division XIII of the State of São Paulo (DRS XIII) from 2002 to 2008, the State of São Paulo, and Brazil from 2002 to 2012. RESULTS: The averages of the hospitalization rates for 100,000 children in the pre- and post-vaccination periods were 1,413 and 959, respectively, for DRS XIII (RR=0.67), 312 and 249, respectively, for the State of São Paulo (RR=0.79), and 718 and 576, respectively, for Brazil (RR=0.8). The mortality rate per 100,000 children in the pre- and post-vaccination periods was 2.0 and 1.3, respectively, for DRS XIII (RR=0.66), 5.5 and 2.5, respectively, for the State of São Paulo (RR=0.47), and 15.0 and 8.0, respectively, for Brazil (RR=0.53). The average annual rates of intussusception for 100,000 children in DRS XIII were 28.0 and 22.0 (RR=0.77) in the pre- and post-vaccination periods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A monovalent rotavirus vaccine was demonstrated to be effective in preventing the hospitalizations and deaths of children that were presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea, without increasing the risk of intestinal intussusception.

Associations between primary health care strategies and outcomes of mental disorders

Objective: To investigate associations between the percentage and severity of mental disorders (MD) and three different primary health care (PHC) strategies in Brazil: traditional care (TC), the Family Health Strategy (FHS), and FHS with shared mental health care (FHS+SC). Methods: Random samples were selected from three different areas of a Brazilian city. Each area was served by a different PHC strategy (TC, FHS, or FHS+SC). Five mental health professionals, blinded to the type of PHC strategy delivered in each area, conducted interviews using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and other specific instruments to assess the prevalence and severity of MD. Results: 530 subjects were interviewed. The TC strategy was significantly associated with a higher percentage of MD when compared to FHS and FHS+SC. These results were not affected by adjustment for sociodemographic variables. The difference in prevalence of MD between the two FHS areas (with and without SC) was not statistically significant. No significant differences in MD severity were observed across the three PHC strategies. Conclusion: Areas covered by FHS showed a lower percentage of MD than those covered by TC. Presence of SC did not influence the prevalence of MD, suggesting that mental-health training of FHS teams may have minimized the influence of SC.

Acesso Avançado em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família do interior do estado de São Paulo: um relato de experiência / Advanced Access in a Family Health Unit in the countryside of the State of São Paulo: an experience report

RESUMO O Acesso Avançado (AA) é um formato de organização de agenda em unidades de saúde na Atenção Primária à Saúde que prega a máxima 'Faça hoje o trabalho de hoje!'. Ele busca ativamente reduzir a demanda reprimida de atendimentos, reduzir o absenteísmo e ampliar o acesso aos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar aspectos da implementação do AA em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF). Foram realizadas entrevistas com os profissionais da USF acerca do AA e, de forma preliminar, foram utilizados os dados do Sistema de Informação de Atenção Básica (Siab), do E-SUS e das agendas físicas, para comparação numérica de alguns parâmetros entre antes e depois da implantação e implementação do AA.

ABSTRACT Advanced Access (AA) is an agenda organization method in Primary Health Care (PHC) units that preaches the saying 'Do today's work today!'. It actively seeks to reduce the repressed demand for care, reduce absenteeism and increase access to users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). The objective of this study is to report the implementation of AA in a Family Health Unit (FHU). Interviews were conducted with FHU professionals about AA and, in a preliminary way, data from Primary Health Care Information System (Siab), E-SUS and physical agendas were used, for numerical comparison of some parameters between before and after AA implementation.

A compilação de triagem de transtornos mentais específicos pode detectar transtornos mentais gerais / Specific mental disorder screening compilation may detect general mental disorders / La compilación de la selección de trastornos mentales específicos puede detectar los trastornos mentales generales

Objetivo: Avaliar se um compilado breve de instrumentos de triagem, para transtornos mentais específicos, pode detectar transtornos mentais e emocionais na população geral. Método: Foram selecionados instrumentos de triagem validados para os transtornos mentais e emocionais mais prevalentes. Como critério de seleção, esses instrumentos deveriam manter as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento completo com apenas um ou alguns itens. Os instrumentos selecionados foram: o Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), o Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), o item 3 do Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), e três itens do Adolescent Psychotic-Like Symptom Screener (APSS-3). Esse compilado de instrumentos de triagem foi chamado de Mini Rastreio para Transtornos Mentais (Mini-RTM). O estudo foi dividido em duas fases: na primeira, 545 sujeitos foram entrevistados com o instrumento de triagem Mini-RTM e COOP/WONCA-Sentimentos em suas residências; na segunda fase, os sujeitos que concordaram em participar (230) foram entrevistados com o Mini-RTM, COOP/WONCA-Sentimentos e a entrevista diagnóstica MINI. A confiabilidade teste-reteste foi calculada pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). A área sob a curva ROC foi gerada para a análise da validade discriminativa. A validade concorrente foi calculada pela análise da correlação entre o Mini-RTM e o COOP/WONCA-Sentimentos. Resultados: A administração conjunta dos instrumentos de triagem para transtornos específicos mostrou sensibilidades que variaram de 0,76 a 0,88 e especificidades que variaram de 0,67 a 0,85. O valor do ICC para o escore total do Mini-RTM foi de 0,78. A área sob a curva para a detecção dos transtornos mentais foi de 0,84, com sensibilidade de 0,74 e especificidade de 0,76 (ponto de corte ≥ 4). Conclusão: Esse estudo mostrou que um compilado breve de instrumentos de rastreio para transtornos mentais específicos (Mini-RTM) pode detectar transtornos mentais e emocionais na população geral.

Objective: To evaluate whether a short compilation of screening tools for specific disorders could identify Mental or Emotional Disorders (MEDs) in the general population. Methods: We selected validated screening tools for the most prevalent MEDs. In order to be selected, these tools should maintain the psychometric properties of the complete instrument with a reduced number of items. These instruments were: Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), item 3 of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and three items on the Adolescent Psychotic-Like Symptom Screener (APSS-3). We called this compilation of screening tools Mini Screening for Mental Disorders (Mini-SMD). The study was divided in two phases. Firstly, 545 subjects were interviewed with the Mini-SMD and COOP/WONCA-Feelings at their residences. Subsequently, subjects who had agreed to participate (230) were reinterviewed with Mini-SMD, COOP/ WONCA-Feelings and MINI interview. Test-retest reliability was calculated by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for the analysis of discriminative validity. Concurrent validity was calculated by analyzing the correlation between Mini-SMD and COOP/WONCA-Feelings. Results: The joint administration of screening tools for specific disorders showed sensitivities that ranged from 0.76 to 0.88 and specificities from 0.67 to 0.85. The ICC value for the total score of Mini-SMD was 0.78. The area under the curve was 0.84, with a sensitivity of 0.74 and specificity of 0.76 (for a cutoff ≥ 4). Conclusion: This study showed that a short compilation of screening tools for specific disorders can detect MEDs in general population.

Objetivo: Evaluar si un breve compilado de herramientas de detección para trastornos mentales específicos puede detectar los trastornos mentales y emocionales en la población general. Método: Herramientas de detección validadas para los trastornos emocionales y mentales más frecuentes han sido seleccionadas. Como criterios de selección, estas herramientas deberían mantener las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento completo con sólo uno o pocos elementos. Las herramientas seleccionadas fueron: el Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2), el Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 (GAD-2), el elemento 3 del Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) y tres elementos del Adolescent Psychotic-Like Symptom Screener (APSS-3). Este compilado de herramientas de detección ha sido denominado el Mini Detección para Trastornos Mentales (Mini-DTM). El estudio se dividió en dos etapas. En la primera etapa, 545 sujetos fueron entrevistados en sus residencias con la herramienta de detección Mini-DTM y COOP/WONCA-Sentimientos. En la segunda etapa, a los sujetos que aceptaron participar (230) se entrevistaron con el Mini-DTM, COOP/WONCASentimientos y la entrevista diagnóstica MINI. La fiabilidad evaluar/revaluar fue calculada mediante el Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (ICC). La Curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) fue generada para el análisis de la validez discriminante. La validez concurrente se calculó mediante el análisis de la correlación entre el Mini-DTM y el COOP/WONCA-Sentimientos. Resultados: La administración conjunta de las herramientas de detección para trastornos específicos mostró sensibilidades que oscilaron de 0,76 a 0,88 y especificidades que oscilaron de 0,67 a 0,85. El valor del ICC para la puntuación total del Mini-DTM fue 0,78. El área bajo la curva para la detección de trastornos mentales fue 0,84, con una sensibilidad de 0,74 y especificidad de 0,76 (punto de corte ≥ 4). Conclusión: Este estudio demostró que un breve compilado de herramientas de detección para trastornos mentales específicos (Mini-DTM) puede detectar trastornos mentales y emocionales en la población general.

Uma agenda de pesquisa para a Atenção Primária à Saúde no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: o estudo ELECT / A research agenda for Primary Health Care in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: the ELECT study / Una agenda de investigación para la Atención Primaria de Salud en el estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil: el estudio ELECT

A consolidação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) requer políticas públicas embasadas por evidências científicas. Este artigo apresenta o estudo ELECT, cujo objetivo foi identificar temas prioritários de pesquisa para a fortalecimento da APS no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Com a participação de especialistas e de um grupo focal com usuários, foi obtida uma lista com os vinte principais obstáculos, bem como dez temas de pesquisa prioritários, na APS. Os resultados apontam para problemas e temas de pesquisas relacionados à: organização da gestão, capacitação de profissionais e gestores, valorização profissional, criação de mecanismos de colaboração entre equipes de saúde e informatização dos recursos. Espera-se, assim, estimular o debate no contexto da APS sobre o papel da priorização de pesquisas, seus obstáculos e proposições de pesquisa. Almeja-se, também, estimular a adoção de modelos mais participativos de seleção de temas de pesquisa.(AU)

The consolidation of Primary Health Care (PHC) requires public policies based on scientific evidence. This paper presents the ELECT study, aimed to identify priority research themes for strengthening PHC in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A list of the twenty main obstacles and ten priority research themes in PHC were obtained with participation of specialists and a focus group with users. The results point to problems and research issues related to organizational management, training of professionals and managers, professional development, creation of cooperation mechanisms between health teams and computerization of resources. It is expected to stimulate debate in the context of the PHC on the role of research prioritization, its obstacles and research propositions. It also aims to encourage the adoption of more participatory models of selection of research topics.(AU)

La solidificación de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) requiere políticas públicas con base en evidencias científicas. Este artículo presenta el estudio ELECT, cuyo objetivo fue identificar temas prioritarios de investigación para el fortalecimiento de la APS en el estado de São Paulo. Con la participación de especialistas y de un grupo de opinión formado por usuarios, se obtuvo una lista con los veinte principales obstáculos, así como diez temas de investigación prioritarios en la APS. Los resultados señalan problemas y temas de investigación relacionados a la organización de la gestión, la capacitación de profesionales y gestores, la valorización profesional, la creación de mecanismos de colaboración entre equipos de salud e informatización de los recursos. Se espera por lo tanto incentivar el debate en el contexto de la APS sobre el papel de la priorización de investigaciones, sus obstáculos y propuestas de investigación. Se anhela también incentivar la adopción de modelos más participativos de selección de temas de investigación.(AU)

The effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine in preventing hospitalizations and deaths presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea in Brazilian children: a quasi-experimental study

INTRODUCTION: Rotavirus is the main etiologic agent of acute infectious diarrhea in children worldwide. Considering that a rotavirus vaccine (G1P8, strain RIX4414) was added to the Brazilian vaccination schedule in 2006, we aimed to study its effectiveness and safety regarding intestinal intussusception. METHODS: A quasi-experimental trial was performed in which the primary outcome was the number of hospitalizations that were presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea per 100,000 children at risk (0-4 years old). The secondary outcomes included mortality due to acute infectious diarrhea and the intestinal intussusception rates in children in the same age range. We analyzed three scenarios: Health Division XIII of the State of São Paulo (DRS XIII) from 2002 to 2008, the State of São Paulo, and Brazil from 2002 to 2012. RESULTS: The averages of the hospitalization rates for 100,000 children in the pre- and post-vaccination periods were 1,413 and 959, respectively, for DRS XIII (RR=0.67), 312 and 249, respectively, for the State of São Paulo (RR=0.79), and 718 and 576, respectively, for Brazil (RR=0.8). The mortality rate per 100,000 children in the pre- and post-vaccination periods was 2.0 and 1.3, respectively, for DRS XIII (RR=0.66), 5.5 and 2.5, respectively, for the State of São Paulo (RR=0.47), and 15.0 and 8.0, respectively, for Brazil (RR=0.53). The average annual rates of intussusception for 100,000 children in DRS XIII were 28.0 and 22.0 (RR=0.77) in the pre- and post-vaccination periods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A monovalent rotavirus vaccine was demonstrated to be effective in preventing the hospitalizations and deaths of children that were presumably due to acute infectious diarrhea, without increasing the risk of intestinal intussusception. .

O cuidado colaborativo auxilia no tratamento da ansiedade na atenção primária? / Does collaborative care help in the treatment of anxiety in primary health care? / ¿El cuidado colaborativo ayuda a tratar la ansiedad en la atención primaria?

Objetivo: Os transtornos de ansiedade representam uma parte importante dos problemas de saúde mental na atenção primária. Esta revisão bibliográfica pretende responder se o cuidado colaborativo (no Brasil chamado de "matriz de suporte") ajuda no tratamento dos transtornos de ansiedade e/ou sintomas de ansiedade. Métodos: Realizou-se uma busca bibliográfica, sem restrição de período, nas bases de dados PubMed, ISI, e LILACS PSYCINFO. Os descritores utilizados foram: "cuidado colaborativo"; "cuidado compartilhado"; "atenção primária"; "ansiedade"; "transtorno de ansiedade generalizada"; "transtorno de pânico"; "fobia"; "fobia social"; "transtorno de estresse pós-traumático"; "transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo"; e "transtorno de ansiedade NOS". Resultados: Foi encontrado um total de 106 artigos, sendo que sete foram selecionados após a aplicação dos critérios de exclusão. Conclusão: Apesar dos diferentes tipos de cuidado colaborativo utilizados, os resultados mostram uma melhora nos sintomas de ansiedade nos pacientes que receberam o cuidado colaborativo em comparação com os grupos controle sem tal intervenção.

Objective: Anxiety disorders represent an important part of mental health problems in primary care. This literature review seeks to find out whether collaborative care (called "matrix support" in Brazil) assists the treatment of anxiety disorders and/or anxiety symptoms. Methods: We performed a literature search with no time period restriction using PubMed, ISI, and LILACS PSYCINFO databases. The descriptors sought were "collaborative care", "shared care", "primary care", "anxiety", "generalized anxiety disorder", "panic disorder", "phobia", "social phobia", "post-traumatic stress disorder", "obsessive compulsive disorder" and "anxiety disorder, Not Otherwise Specified - NOS." Results: A total of 106 articles were found and after the application of exclusion criteria, seven articles were selected for the present analysis. Conclusion: Despite the different types of collaborative care used, results show greater improvement in anxiety symptoms in patients that received collaborative care compared with those in the control groups, who did not receive such intervention.

Objetivo: Los trastornos de ansiedad representan una parte importante de los problemas de salud mental en la atención primaria. Esta revisión bibliográfica pretende responder si el cuidado colaborativo (llamado "matriz de soporte" en Brasil) ayuda en el tratamiento de los trastornos y/o síntomas de ansiedad. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica, sin restricción de período de tiempo, en las bases de datos PubMed, ISI, and LILACS PSYCINFO. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: "cuidado colaborativo", "cuidado compartido", "atención primaria", "ansiedad", "trastorno de ansiedad generalizada", "trastorno de pánico", "fobia", "fobia social", "trastorno de estrés postraumático", "trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo" y "trastorno de ansiedad NOS". Resultados: Se encontraron 106 artículos, de los cuales se usaron siete después de la aplicación de los criterios de exclusión. Conclusión: A pesar de los diferentes tipos de cuidado colaborativo utilizados, los resultados muestran una mejoría en los síntomas de ansiedad en los pacientes que recibieron el cuidado colaborativo en comparación con los grupos control que no recibieron tal intervención.