RESUMO
Hematogenous osteomyelitis (HO) is a bone infection wherein bacteria penetrate to the bone through the blood stream. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated the contribution of SNPs in interleukin (IL)-1B1 (rs16944), IL1A (rs1800587), IL1B (rs1143634), toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 (rs3804099), TLR4 (rs4986790), TLR4 (rs4986791), IL1R (rs2234650), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (rs1800629), TNF (rs361525), and IL1RN (rs315952) towards the development of HO in Saudi patients and compared to healthy controls. Fifty-two patients diagnosed with HO and 103 healthy individuals were genotyped. The frequencies of genotypes GG (rs16944) and AA (rs16944) were lower and higher in patients [odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, Pc = 0.05] and controls (OR = 1.33, Pc = 0.05), respectively, suggesting that SNPs at this locus could alter HO susceptibility. In addition, the patients and controls exhibited lower and higher frequencies of the alleles G (rs16944) (OR = 0.43, Pc = 0.007) and A (rs16944) (OR = 2.32, Pc = 0.007), respectively. The expression of alleles C (rs3804099) and T (rs3804099) were higher in patients (OR = 2.05, Pc = 0.04) and controls (OR = 0.49, Pc = 0.04), respectively. In conclusion, SNPs at rs16944 and rs3804099 were found to be associated with HO in the Saudi population.
Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Osteomielite/genética , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/genética , Alelos , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Humanos , Proteína Antagonista do Receptor de Interleucina 1/genética , Interleucina-1alfa/genética , Masculino , Osteomielite/patologia , Receptores Tipo I de Interleucina-1/genética , Arábia Saudita , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genéticaRESUMO
Osteomyelitis is a progressive bone infection disease caused by destructive immunological inflammatory reactions following new bone formation. Anti-inflammatory cytokines are a series of immunoregulatory molecules that control the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. In this study, we investigated 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 5 different cytokine/cytokine receptor genes in hematogenous osteomyelitis (HO) patients, and compared their outcomes with normal healthy individuals. Sequence-specific forward and reverse primers and two TaqMan® MGB probes with dyes (VIC™ and FAM™) that specifically detect Allele 1 and Allele 2 of each SNP were utilized. The genotypes CC (P = 0.009) and CT (P = 0.041) of SNP rs2070874, and alleles A (P = 0.044) and G of SNP rs1800871 were significantly different between the patients and healthy controls. The expression of the CC genotype or C allele at rs2070874 was a risk factor for HO development, with higher frequencies of CT and T being found in the control samples. The expression of the A allele of rs1800871 was also significantly higher in patients than in controls, and was therefore considered a risk factor.
Assuntos
Citocinas/genética , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Osteomielite/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Adolescente , Alelos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Razão de ChancesRESUMO
Two hundred sixty-two randomly sampled general physicians of Lahore were interviewed to study the current practices and factors affecting the management of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD) in children below 5 years of age. Among the physicians, 19% prescribed ORS alone, 61% ORS with some drug, 15% drugs alone and 5% increased fluid intake only. Physicians in government sector, recent graduates and those trained in a paediatrics unit prescribed more on the WHO guidelines (p<0.05). Attending a diarrhoea training unit (DTU) course, reading WHO guidelines for management of diarrhoea and total number of patients seen daily had no significant effect on prescribing practices. Two hundred fifty-five (97%) physicians thought that majority of other physicians prescribed drugs for the management of acute watery diarrhoea to satisfy the mothers of the children, their belief in the effectiveness of drugs and competition in practice.