[Patients with COPD hospitalized due to COVID-19 in Spain: a comparison between the first and second wave]. / Pacientes con EPOC hospitalizados por COVID-19 en España: comparación entre la primera y la segunda ola.

Objective: This work aimed to compare the characteristics, progress, and prognosis of patients with COPD hospitalized due to COVID-19 in Spain in the first wave with those of the second wave. Material and methods: This is an observational study of patients hospitalized in Spain with a diagnosis of COPD included in the SEMI-COVID-19 registry. The medical history, symptoms, analytical and radiological results, treatment, and progress of patients with COPD hospitalized in the first wave (from March to June 2020) versus those hospitalized in the second wave (from July to December 2020) were compared. Factors associated with poor prognosis, defined as all-cause mortality and a composite endpoint that included mortality, high-flow oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission, were analyzed. Results: Of the 21,642 patients in the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, 6.9% were diagnosed with COPD: 1,128 (6.8%) in WAVE1 and 374 (7.7%) in WAVE2 (p = 0.04). WAVE2 patients presented less dry cough, fever and dyspnea, hypoxemia (43% vs 36%, p < 0.05), and radiological condensation (46% vs 31%, p < 0.05) than WAVE1 patients. Mortality was lower in WAVE2 (35% vs 28.6%, p = 0.01). In the total sample, mortality and the composite outcome of poor prognosis were lower among patients who received inhalation therapy. Conclusions: Patients with COPD admitted to the hospital due to COVID-19 in the second wave had less respiratory failure and less radiological involvement as well as a better prognosis. These patients should receive bronchodilator treatment if there is no contraindication for it.

[Impact of days elapsed from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization in COVID-19 in-hospital mortality: Time matters]. / Impacto de los días transcurridos desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta la hospitalización en la mortalidad hospitalaria por COVID-19: el tiempo importa.

Background: COVID-19 shows different clinical and pathophysiological stages over time. Theeffect of days elapsed from the onset of symptoms (DEOS) to hospitalization on COVID-19prognostic factors remains uncertain. We analyzed the impact on mortality of DEOS to hospital-ization and how other independent prognostic factors perform when taking this time elapsedinto account. Methods: This retrospective, nationwide cohort study, included patients with confirmed COVID-19 from February 20th and May 6th, 2020. The data was collected in a standardized online datacapture registry. Univariate and multivariate COX-regression were performed in the generalcohort and the final multivariate model was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in an earlypresenting (EP; < 5 DEOS) and late presenting (LP; ≥5 DEOS) group. Results: 7915 COVID-19 patients were included in the analysis, 2324 in the EP and 5591 in theLP group. DEOS to hospitalization was an independent prognostic factor of in-hospital mortalityin the multivariate Cox regression model along with other 9 variables. Each DEOS incrementaccounted for a 4.3% mortality risk reduction (HR 0.957; 95% CI 0.93---0.98). Regarding variationsin other mortality predictors in the sensitivity analysis, the Charlson Comorbidity Index onlyremained significant in the EP group while D-dimer only remained significant in the LP group. Conclusion: When caring for COVID-19 patients, DEOS to hospitalization should be consideredas their need for early hospitalization confers a higher risk of mortality. Different prognosticfactors vary over time and should be studied within a fixed timeframe of the disease.

Patients with COPD hospitalized due to COVID-19 in Spain: a comparison between the first and second wave.

OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to compare the characteristics, progress, and prognosis of patients with COPD hospitalized due to COVID-19 in Spain in the first wave with those of the second wave. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an observational study of patients hospitalized in Spain with a diagnosis of COPD included in the SEMI-COVID-19 registry. The medical history, symptoms, analytical and radiological results, treatment, and progress of patients with COPD hospitalized in the first wave (from March to June 2020) versus those hospitalized in the second wave (from July to December 2020) were compared. Factors associated with poor prognosis, defined as all-cause mortality and a composite endpoint that included mortality, high-flow oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and ICU admission, were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 21,642 patients in the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, 6.9% were diagnosed with COPD: 1128 (6.8%) in WAVE1 and 374 (7.7%) in WAVE2 (p = 0.04). WAVE2 patients presented less dry cough, fever and dyspnea, hypoxemia (43% vs 36%, p < 0.05), and radiological condensation (46% vs 31%, p < 0.05) than WAVE1 patients. Mortality was lower in WAVE2 (35% vs 28.6%, p = 0.01). In the total sample, mortality and the composite outcome of poor prognosis were lower among patients who received inhalation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COPD admitted to the hospital due to COVID-19 in the second wave had less respiratory failure and less radiological involvement as well as a better prognosis. These patients should receive bronchodilator treatment if there is no contraindication for it.

Impact of days elapsed from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization in COVID-19 in-hospital mortality: time matters.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 shows different clinical and pathophysiological stages over time. The effect of days elapsed from the onset of symptoms (DEOS) to hospitalization on COVID-19 prognostic factors remains uncertain. We analyzed the impact on mortality of DEOS to hospitalization and how other independent prognostic factors perform when taking this time elapsed into account. METHODS: This retrospective, nationwide cohort study, included patients with confirmed COVID-19 from February 20th and May 6th, 2020. The data was collected in a standardized online data capture registry. Univariate and multivariate COX-regression were performed in the general cohort and the final multivariate model was subjected to a sensitivity analysis in an early presenting (EP; <5 DEOS) and late presenting (LP; ≥5 DEOS) group. RESULTS: 7915 COVID-19 patients were included in the analysis, 2324 in the EP and 5591 in the LP group. DEOS to hospitalization was an independent prognostic factor of in-hospital mortality in the multivariate Cox regression model along with other 9 variables. Each DEOS increment accounted for a 4.3% mortality risk reduction (HR 0.957; 95% CI 0.93-0.98). Regarding variations in other mortality predictors in the sensitivity analysis, the Charlson Comorbidity Index only remained significant in the EP group while D-dimer only remained significant in the LP group. CONCLUSION: When caring for COVID-19 patients, DEOS to hospitalization should be considered as their need for early hospitalization confers a higher risk of mortality. Different prognostic factors vary over time and should be studied within a fixed timeframe of the disease.

[Patient safety]. / Seguridad del paciente.

Ensuring patient safety is essential for better heath care. Safety have gripped public attention ever since the release of the report "To Err is Human". To find strategies of promotion of patient safety has stimulated models that improve knowledge of adverse events. Adverse drug events are the most common cause of injury to hospitalized patients and are often preventable. Many tactics are available to make system changes to reduce errors and adverse events; they fall into five categories: Reduce complexity, optimise information processing, automate wisely, use constraints, and mitigate the unwanted side effects of change. These tactics can be deployed to support any of the three strategic components of error prevention, detection, and mitigation. Although progress has been slow, the pace of change is likely to accelerate, particularly in implementation of electronic health records and diffusion of safe practices.

[Hypertensive crises and emergencies: the concept and initial management]. / Urgencias y emergencias hipertensivas: concepto y manejo inicial.

The high prevalence of blood hypertension together with a deficient control, make this one of the frequent causes requiring urgent medical attention. The concepts are reviewed and the treatment of the hypertensive urgency and emergency are described. The term hypertensive emergency means a serious affliction of vital organs caused by the increased of blood pressure, this needing a very close control and parenteral treatment. Hypertensive urgency is a less severe situation, which requires a less aggressive via-oral or sublingual treatment.

[Impact of arterial hypertension on the central nervous system]. / Repercusión de la hipertensión arterial sobre el sistema nervioso central.

Cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) entail high costs associated to therapies, hospitalizations and disabilities. Arterial hypertension (AHT) is the major modifiable risk factor for the development of all types of CVDs (cerebrovascular accidents, vascular dementias, etc.). The increase of arterial pressure causes functional and anatomical changes in the cerebral circulation which facilitate the development of CVDs. The time of evolution and the severity of the AHT, as well as the associated vascular risk factors, will determine its impact on the central nervous system.

[Cardiovascular complications due to cocaine]. / Complicaciones cardiovasculares por cocaína.

The increase of cocaine consumption is a common new item in the medical literature and in the national press and, hence, it does not surprises us any more. However, we are seeing every day the appearance of unknown or forgotten complications. In this paper, we review the cardiovascular complications due to the consumption of this drug, stressing the physiopathological mechanisms and the therapeutical aspects. In addition, we describe our experience with the management of these patients.

[Pulmonary fibrosis and autoimmune manifestations. A diagnostic problem]. / Fibrosis pulmonar y manifestaciones autoinmunes. Un problema diagnóstico.

A case of 54-year-old male who, during the development of a pulmonary fibrosis, showed extrapulmonary autoimmune symptoms (polyarthritis and hemolytic anemia), is presented. The antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor positives have been described in up to 30% of the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, complicating the differential diagnosis with lung fibrosis caused by alterations of connective tissue. We discuss the prognosis and treatment of this difficult diagnosis.

[Atrial fibrillation and cerebral infarct]. / Fibrilación auricular e infarto cerebral.

The importance of atrial fibrillation (AF) as a risk factor (RF) for cerebral infarction (CI) is well-known. It is probably caused by cardiac embolism but other explanations can also justify this association. Our aim was to analyse the features of the patients with CI and AF and sinus rhythm (SR), as well as to form hypotheses as regards the pathogenesis. 250 patients with CI, 204 in RS and 46 in AF (31 non-valvular and 15 associated to a valvular disease) were studied, analysing the prevalence of RF and initial blood tests. The group of patients with valvular AF of probably embolic mechanism had a minor prevalence of RF (hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcoholism) but higher mortality. The group with non-valvular AF, had a lower RF prevalence compared to the SR group (non-embolic mechanism), without statistical significance and with a similar mortality rate. We concluded that the atherothrombotic mechanism can be the cause of a considerable proportion of CI in patients with non-valvular AF.

[Acute aortic dissection]. / Disección aórtica aguda.

OBJECTIVE: Acute aortic dissection is a medical emergency associated with high rates of mortality. Despite recent diagnostic advances, prompt and accurate diagnosis is difficult. We present a review of the a medical emergency service experience to diagnosis, factors associated to prompt diagnosis and inhospital evolution. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied 86 consecutive patients who had aortic dissections, to assess the presentation, management, and outcome. RESULTS: Mean age 61.9 +/- 12.5 years, 80% male. Hypertension was the most common predisposing factor (65% of patients overall). Chest pain was the most common initial complaint (58%). The initial clinical impression was aortic dissection in 56% of patients overall. Computed tomography was diagnostic in 96% when used. 62% underwent surgery. Overall in-hospital mortality was 28%. CONCLUSIONS: Acute aortic dissection presents with a wide range of manifestations. A high clinical index of suspicion and a prompt computed tomography should to improve recognition of aortic dissection.

[Community-acquired pneumonia in the aged: prognostic factors]. / Neumonía comunitaria en el anciano: factores pronósticos.

We studied the clinical characteristics and the initial supplementary test available in the emergency service, in aged patients with community-acquired pneumonia, as well as their mortality prognosis value. We assessed 190 patients attended consecutively during one year. Clinical, analytical and radiological data were registered. The parameters associated to a higher mortality were: age, absence of thoracic pain, reduction in the level of consciousness, leukocytosis, increased urea levels, aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase and reduction in prothrombin activity and pH. The data associated to a greater relative risk were: age above 80 years, absence of thoracic pain, prothrombin activity lower than 70% and ALT < 40 U/l. The presence of three to four of these variables had a sensitivity of 62% and a specificity of 94% in the prediction of mortality. In the multivariable analysis, the following variables remained significative: age, obnubilation and decrease of prothrombin. We stress the relevance of a high clinical suspicion, given the frequency of these cases with little symptomatology, in order to allow for an early treatment and the identification of right risk patients at the initial assessment.

[Rhabdomyolysis in acute intoxications]. / Rabdomiolisis en intoxicaciones agudas.

The development of rhabdomyolysis is a complications of acute intoxications, although its actual incidences is unknown. We had studied the frequency and differential characteristics of the patients with such complications. A prospective study was conducted with 200 patients admitted to a General Hospital from an urban area due to acute intoxication, recording the etiology of the intoxication, motivation and analytical characteristics of the patients with rhabdomyolysis compared to their patients without rhabdomyolysis. The incidence of rhabdomyolysis was 7.7%. Among the patients with rhabdomyolysis, ludic motivation (59%) and etiology associated to drug abuse (heroin 30%, cocaine 24%) were more frequent compared to the patients without rhabdomyolysis. Twenty per cent of the patients consuming cocaine and 17% of the patients consuming heroin developed rhabdomyolysis. Acute rhabdomyolysis was, thus, a significant complication of acute intoxications, associated to the consumption of illegal drugs and, at least in our cases, with a good evolution regarding the renal function.

[Pericardial tamponade and carcinomatous lymphangitis as primary manifestation of lung neoplasm]. / Taponamiento pericárdico y linfangitis carcinomatosa como primera manifestación de neoplasia pulmonar.

Cardiac tamponade (CT) and Carcinomatous lymphangitis (CL) association as an initial clinical presentation of a neoplasm is very uncommon, creating diagnosis difficulties in the patient first evaluation. This paper reports one case of a male who was admitted in Emergency Department with clinical and radiological findings of heart failure. Following studies showed CT and CL secondary to a bronchial adenocarcinoma. Differential diagnosis is really important for its associated therapeutic implications because of the CT hemodynamic worsening situation due to the diuretic and vasodilators used in the treatment of heart failure. An echocardiography should be done because it is very useful for the initial evaluation of a heart failure of obscure origin.

[Diabetic ketoacidosis in an emergency department]. / Cetoacidosis diabética en un departamento de Urgencias.

OBJECTIVE: We study clinical data and differences in the patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (CAD) attended in an Emergency Department (ED). METHODS: We described 15 patients with criteria for diagnosis of CAD during a 12-month period. We value prospectively clinical data, precipitating factors, diagnosis associated, previous diagnosed diabetes, complications, mortality and use of and intensive care unit (UCI). We comparing groups according two characteristics: age group and prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

[Emergency department observation and short term unit]. / Unidad de Observación y Corta Estancia de Medicina en el Servicio de Urgencias.

BACKGROUND: An emergency department observation and short term unit is analyzed, and the conditions appropriate for it. METHODS: Four hundred patients admitted consecutively were evaluated. Demographic, and clinical data, complementary tests performed, diagnosis, destination and revisits to the emergency department were analyzed. RESULTS: The 57% of the patients were over 65 years. Complementary tests were performed in all patients. 42% were discharged home without hospitalization, being syncope, intoxication and epilepsy the most common diagnosis. The 1.8% of the patients no hospitalized revisted to emergency department during the next 72 hours. CONCLUSION: Emergency department observation and short term units can reduce hospitalization and health care costs and improve the quality of medical care through extended evaluation and treatment.

[Fixed-dosage combinations in the treatment of hypertension]. / Combinaciones en dosis fija para el tratamiento de la hipertensión.

The antihypertensive treatment with a single agent is not useful for the arterial pressure control in a significant number of patients. In such cases, combined treatment or drug substitution are recommended (sequential or substitutive monotherapy). In the last years, the fixed dose combinations in one single pharmaceutical preparation have proliferated. These associations must fulfill a number of conditions in order to be considered rational, as for instance the compatibility of its pharmacokinetic features, properly dosing, the absence of new secondary effects and the high efficiency showed in most of patients. The advantages of these combinations are the comfort and easiness of the therapeutic schema, antihypertensive action strengthening, less secondary effects when dose is reduced, and perhaps a synergism in the protection of target organs. The most popular combinations are: potassium sparing diuretic plus thiazide, diuretic plus beta block, diuretic plus ACEI, or calcium antagonist plus ACEI.

[Cocaine-induced neurological complications]. / Complicaciones neurológicas por cocaína.

Cocaine intake growth is a well-known fact, and that involves the appearance of unknown or forgotten complications. We have wanted to make a checking of neurologic complications due to the intake of this drug, make a special point of the physiopathological mechanisms and stopping at those related to treatment. We also want to contribute with our experience with regard to these processes.

[Malignant neuroleptic syndrome]. / Síndrome neuroléptico maligno.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare disease characterized by hyperthermia, altered level of consciousness, autonomic dysfunction and muscular rigidity in relation to treatment with different drugs. We describe ten patients with Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in our Hospital. The mean age was 48 +/- 18 and females were majority (70%). Haloperidol, alone or with another farms, was relation with NMS in the 90% of the cases. Mortality became the 20% and it was relation with respiratory failure and delayed on admission in Intensive Care Unit (UCI). We remarked the importance to have a high suspicious index for attending of this disease by a precocious and intensive treatment.

[Dystomatosis produced by fasciola hepatica: three cases in Madrid]. / Distomatosis por fasciola hepática: a propósito de tres casos en la Comunidad de Madrid.

Three cases of hepatic fascioliasis diagnosed in the Department of Internal Medicine are presented. All of the patients live in Madrid, all were fed watercress in the last month and the diagnosis was established during the invasive phase and confirmed by serological testing. We emphasized the importance of the TC scan in the correct diagnosis, the ectopic location of the parasite presentation like subcutaneous thoracic nodule and the efficacy of bithionol in the treatment.