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BACKGROUND: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the proposed name change for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the association of cardiovascular disease risk with MASLD and NAFLD in patients who underwent clinically indicated coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). METHODS: This retrospective study included 2289 patients (60% men; mean age: 68 years) with no history of coronary artery disease who underwent CCTA. The steatotic liver was defined as a hepatic-to-spleen attenuation ratio of < 1.0 on CT just before CCTA. MASLD is defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis along with at least one of the five cardiometabolic risk factors. Adverse CCTA findings were defined as obstructive and/or high-risk plaques. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) encompassed composite coronary events, including cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome, and late coronary revascularization. RESULTS: MASLD and NAFLD were identified in 415 (18%) and 368 (16%) patients, respectively. Adverse CCTA findings were observed in 40% and 38% of the patients with MASLD and with NAFLD, respectively. Adverse CCTA findings were significantly associated with MASLD (p = 0.007) but not NAFLD (p = 0.253). During a median follow-up of 4.4 years, 102 (4.4%) MACE were observed. MASLD was significantly associated with MACE (hazard ratio 1.82, 95% CI 1.18-2.83, p = 0.007), while its association with NAFLD was not significant (p = 0.070). By incorporating MASLD into a prediction model of MACE, including the risk score and adverse CCTA findings, global chi-squared values significantly increased from 87.0 to 94.1 (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MASLD are likely to have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than those with NAFLD. Concurrent assessment of MASLD during CCTA improves the identification of patients at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease among those with clinically indicated CCTA.
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Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada , Angiografia Coronária , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Humanos , Masculino , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/epidemiologia , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/epidemiologia , Prognóstico , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The morphology of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) with a high-risk for cryptogenic ischemic stroke (CS) is an important factor in the selection of patients for transcatheter closure, but the morphological features of PFO in older patients with a history of CS are less known because the most data are obtained from younger patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study included 169 patients who had a history of CS and PFO. The prevalence of high-risk morphologies of PFO assessed by transesophageal echocardiography was compared between patients aged ≥60 years and patients aged <60 years. We also assessed the presence of septal malalignment of PFO on the aortic wall. The probability of CS due to PFO was evaluated using the PFO-Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood classification system. Patients aged ≥60 years had a significantly higher prevalence of atrial septal aneurysm than patients aged <60 years. The prevalence of large right-to-left shunt, long-tunnel of PFO, or Eustachian valve or Chiari's network was similar between patients aged ≥60 years and <60 years. Septal malalignment was observed more frequently in patients aged ≥60 years than in those <60 years old. Nearly 90% of patients aged ≥60 years were classified as 'possible' in the PFO-Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood classification system. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk morphologies of PFO are common in older patients with a history of CS, as well as in younger patients.
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Forame Oval Patente , AVC Isquêmico , Humanos , Forame Oval Patente/complicações , Forame Oval Patente/diagnóstico por imagem , Forame Oval Patente/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , AVC Isquêmico/epidemiologia , AVC Isquêmico/etiologia , AVC Isquêmico/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Fatores Etários , Ecocardiografia Transesofagiana , Adulto , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
The fibrosis-4 index (FIB4), a liver fibrosis maker, has been shown to be associated with the prognosis in patients with severe isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Recent study showed that the fibrosis-5 index (FIB5), which was calculated by albumin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase and platelet count, had better prognostic value than FIB4 in patients with heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of FIB5 index for predicting prognosis in patients with severe isolated TR and compare the prognostic value between the FIB4 and the FIB5 in those patients. This was a dual-center, retrospective study. 113 consecutive outpatients with severe isolated TR (mean age, 65.8 years; 47.8% male) were analyzed. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. During a median follow-up of 3.0 years, 41 MACEs occurred. Patients with MACEs had a lower the FIB5 than patients without MACEs. The multivariate Cox analysis revealed that the FIB5 < -4.30 was significantly associated with higher incidence of MACEs after adjusted by confounding factors. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses showed that prognostic values did not differ between the FIB5 and the FIB4 in whole patients and in patients aged ≥ 70 years; while, in patients aged < 70 years, the FIB5 had better prognostic value than the FIB4. The FIB5 may be a useful predictor of MACEs in patients with severe isolated TR.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Feminino , Prognóstico , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide/diagnóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Fibrose , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnósticoRESUMO
Primary cardiac sarcomas are rare diseases with very poor prognoses. In this report, we present a case of coronary artery intimal sarcoma in a patient who survived for a long time after diagnosis. A 57-year-old female underwent percutaneous coronary intervention of the right coronary artery due to acute myocardial infarction caused by thrombotic occlusion and was diagnosed as having coronary artery intimal sarcoma. She underwent surgical resection and coronary artery bypass surgery of the artery, cryothermy coagulation, and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for 1 year. After 3 years, focal recurrence was detected in the caudal region of the left ventricular inferior wall. Radiotherapy was performed. The tumor shrank significantly after radiotherapy. Four years later, there was no significant abnormal uptake on positron-emission tomography/computed tomography. At 7 years after diagnosis, when this case report was submitted, the patient was alive and her performance had maintained a good status. Intimal sarcoma occurring in a coronary artery is extremely rare. The efficacy of treatments for cardiac intimal sarcoma, which include surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, has been reported to be limited. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a case of coronary artery intimal sarcoma with long-term survival after comprehensive therapies including surgical resection and radiotherapy.
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Vasos Coronários , Sarcoma , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vasos Coronários/patologia , Sarcoma/diagnóstico , Sarcoma/terapia , Sarcoma/patologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a non-invasive biomarker for pericoronary inflammation. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of PCAT attenuation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: We included 333 T2DM patients (mean age, 66 years; male patients, 211; mean body mass index, 25 kg/m2) who underwent clinically indicated coronary CTA and examined their CT findings, coronary artery calcium score, pericardial fat volume, stenosis (> 50% luminal narrowing), high-risk plaque features of low-attenuation plaque and/or positive remodelling and/or spotty calcification, and PCAT attenuation. We assessed PCAT attenuation in Hounsfield units (HU) of proximal 40-mm segments of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA). Cardiovascular events were defined as cardiac death, hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome, late coronary revascularisation, and hospitalisation for heart failure. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, we observed 31 cardiovascular events. LAD-PCAT attenuation was significantly higher in patients with cardiovascular events than in those without (- 68.5 ± 6.5 HU vs - 70.8 ± 6.1 HU, p = 0.045), whereas RCA-PCAT attenuation was not (p = 0.089). High LAD-PCAT attenuation (> - 70.7 HU; median value) was significantly associated with cardiovascular events in a model that included adverse CTA findings, such as significant stenosis and/or high-risk plaque (hazard ratio; 2.69, 95% confidence interval; 1.17-0.20, p = 0.020). After adding LAD-PCAT attenuation to the adverse CTA findings, the C-statistic and global chi-square values increased significantly from 0.65 to 0.70 (p = 0.037) and 10.9-15.0 (p = 0.043), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In T2DM patients undergoing clinically indicated coronary CTA, high LAD-PCAT attenuation could significantly predict cardiovascular events. This suggests that assessing LAD-PCAT attenuation can help physicians identify high-risk T2DM patients.
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Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Placa Aterosclerótica , Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Constrição Patológica , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index is used to evaluate liver disease patients. It can also be used to evaluate the prognosis for heart disease patients; however, its ability to determine the prognosis of severe isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) patients is unclear. This study aimed to clarify the association between FIB-4 index scores and the cardiovascular prognosis for severe isolated TR patients.MethodsâandâResults: This was a dual-center, retrospective study. From 2011 to 2019, 111 consecutive outpatients with severe isolated TR (mean age, 68.6 years; 53.2% male) were evaluated. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) were defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The association between FIB-4 index scores and echocardiography was also evaluated. During a median follow up of 3.0 years, 24 patients were lost to follow up and 40 MACEs occurred. Baseline FIB-4 index scores for patients with MACEs were significantly higher than those for patients without MACEs. A multivariate analysis revealed that FIB-4 index scores are significantly associated with MACEs (hazard ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.54; P=0.046). A linear regression analysis indicated that FIB-4 index scores were correlated with echocardiographic parameters, including the left atrial volume index and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The FIB-4 index score may be a useful predictor of MACEs for patients with severe isolated TR.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Feminino , Insuficiência da Valva Tricúspide/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos Retrospectivos , Prognóstico , FibroseRESUMO
Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has been emerged as a marker of pericoronary inflammation. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of PCAT attenuation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We enrolled 232 NAFLD patients with suspected coronary artery disease and underwent coronary CTA. NAFLD was defined by abdominal CT as the ratio of hepatic attenuation to spleen attenuation less than 1.0. PCAT attenuation values were assessed by the crude analysis of mean CT attenuation value of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA). As coronary CTA findings, luminal stenosis and high-risk plaque features were examined. Primary outcome was the composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, nonfatal acute coronary syndrome, and hospitalization for heart failure. During a median follow-up of 4.9 years, 17 patients had CV events. LAD-PCAT attenuation in patients with CV events was higher than that without CV events (-66.9 ± 7.0 versus -70.5 ± 6.6; p = 0.032), while RCA-PCAT attenuation was not. LAD-PCAT attenuation and high-risk plaque features were independent predictors of CV events. The addition of LAD-PCAT attenuation to high-risk plaque features increased the C-statistics and global chi-square from 0.66 to 0.75 (p = 0.042) and 6.8 to 12.7 (p = 0.015), respectively. The net reclassification achieved by adding LAD-PCAT attenuation to high-risk plaque features was 0.494 (p = 0.041). High-LAD-PCAT attenuation was an independent predictor of CV events in NAFLD patients, regardless of CTA-verified high-risk plaque features. In addition, LAD-PCAT attenuation had an incremental prognostic value over high-risk plaque features.
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Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Placa Aterosclerótica , Humanos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Prognóstico , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Valor Preditivo dos TestesRESUMO
An 82-year-old man with a secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) underwent transcatheter closure. The patient had a wide area of aortic and superior rim deficiency, with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and moderate mitral regurgitation. These findings suggested the risk of both cardiac erosion and increased left atrial pressure after closure. To avoid cardiac erosion, a GORE® CARDIOFORM ASD (GCA) occluder (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ, USA) was considered an appropriate device in this patient. However, the possibility of excessively high left atrial pressure due to complete defect closure was a concern. Thus, we created a 4.5-mm fenestration using a surgical punch in the fabric membrane of a 44-mm GCA. The device was deployed in an appropriate position, and no significant elevation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was observed. One month after the closure, marked improvement in clinical symptoms and continuous flow through the fenestration were observed. This novel fenestration technique may contribute to expansion of the indications for transcatheter ASD closure in patients who require a GCA owing to an anatomically high risk of erosion accompanied by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Learning objective: In elderly patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure is difficult because rapid resolution of an ASD shunt can cause an increase in left atrial pressure. Previous reports described the creation of a fenestration in the closure device. The use of a GORE® CARDIOFORM ASD (GCA) occluder can reduce the erosion risk; however, creating a stable fenestration is difficult. We developed a novel technique to create a stable fenestration in a GCA.
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Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) is an effective strategy for preventing recurrence of paradoxical embolism. However, PFO closure is often associated with residual shunt, which is a risk of recurrent stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the anatomical features of PFO and residual shunt. The degree of residual shunt and its relationship with the anatomical features of PFO were evaluated in 106 patients who underwent PFO closure at our institution between March 2011 and January 2022 and in whom contrast transthoracic echocardiography was performed 1 year later. The mean PFO tunnel length was 9.3 ± 3.6 mm and the mean PFO height was 3.2 ± 2.2 mm. Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) was found in 37 patients. After PFO closure, residual shunt was observed in 28 patients (grade 1, n = 8; grade 2, n = 16; grade 3, n = 3; grade 4, n = 1). Univariate logistic analysis identified ASA to be associated with residual shunt (odds ratio 2.78, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 6.79; p = 0.024). There was no association of residual shunt with the size of the PFO, the length of PFO tunnel, or the size of the device used for closure. Two of four patients with a large residual shunt of grade 3 or grade 4 were found to have device size mismatch. Residual shunt after PFO closure was observed in a quarter of patients and was related to the presence of ASA. A few patients had a large residual shunt due to the device size mismatch.
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Forame Oval Patente , Dispositivo para Oclusão Septal , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Forame Oval Patente/cirurgia , Forame Oval Patente/complicações , Ecocardiografia , Resultado do Tratamento , Cateterismo CardíacoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic performance of a calcium-removal image reconstruction algorithm with photon-counting detector-computed tomography (PCD-CT), a technology that hides only the calcified plaque from the spectral data in coronary calcified lesions. METHODS: This retrospective study included 17 patients who underwent PCD-coronary CT angiography (CCTA) with at least one significant coronary stenosis (≥50 %) with calcified plaque by CCTA and invasive coronary angiography (ICA) performed within 60 days of CCTA. A total of 162 segments with calcified plaque were evaluated for subjective image quality using a 4-point scale. Their calcium-removal images were reconstructed from conventional images, and both images were compared with ICA images as the reference standard. The contrast-to noise ratios for both images were calculated. RESULTS: Conventional and calcium-removal images had a subjective image quality of 2.7 ± 0.5 and 3.2 ± 0.9, respectively (p < 0.001). The percentage of segments with a non-diagnostic image quality was 32.7 % for conventional images and 28.3 % for calcium-removal images (p < 0.001). The segment-based diagnostic accuracy revealed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 for calcium-removal images and 0.79 for conventional images (p = 0.006). Regarding accuracy, the specificity and positive predictive value of calcium-removal images were significantly improved compared with those of conventional images (80.5 % vs. 69.5 %, p = 0.002 and 64.1 % vs. 52.0 %, p < 0.001, respectively). The objective image quality of the mean contrast-to-noise ratio did not differ between the images (13.9 ± 3.6 vs 13.3 ± 3.4, p = 0.356) CONCLUSIONS: Calcium-removal images with PCD-CT can potentially be used to evaluate diagnostic performance for calcified coronary artery lesions.
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Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Estenose Coronária , Placa Aterosclerótica , Humanos , Cálcio , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Algoritmos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a life-threatening disease that coexists with right heart failure. We evaluated the relationship between malnutrition and prognosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, as malnutrition is known as a prognosis determinant in chronic heart failure. We retrospectively reviewed data of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension before treatment. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Controlling Nutritional Status scores on the day of diagnosis were calculated to assess the nutritional status. Clinical endpoints were defined as composite outcomes of all-cause death or lung transplantation. Eighty patients were enrolled (mean age, 50 years; 23 men). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 47 ± 19 mmHg, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index was 99.9 ± 12.0, and Prognostic Nutritional Index was 46.3 ± 10.0. The median Controlling Nutritional Status score was 2 (1-4). During the median 5.5-year follow-up period, 28 composite events occurred. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant differences in the incidence of clinical endpoints between groups divided by each median Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, Prognostic Nutritional Index, and Controlling Nutritional Status score (p = 0.007, 0.039, and 0.010, respectively). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, clinical endpoints were significantly associated with Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (hazard ratio: 0.953, 95% confidence interval: 0.918-0.990), Prognostic Nutritional Index (hazard ratio: 0.942, 95% confidence interval: 0.892-0.996), and Controlling Nutritional Status score (hazard ratio: 1.230, 95% confidence interval: 1.056-1.433) after adjustment for factors associated in univariate Cox regression analysis. Malnutrition at diagnosis is a useful prognostic predictor for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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AIMS: Heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with chronic inflammation. We aimed to investigate the association between pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation (PCATA) on coronary computed tomography angiography as a novel noninvasive marker of pericoronary inflammation and the presence of HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective study included 607 outpatients (median age, 65 years; 50% male) who underwent both echocardiography and coronary computed tomography angiography. Patients with obstructive coronary artery disease were excluded from this study. PCATA was compared between patients with and without HFpEF, which was diagnosed according to the Heart Failure Association (HFA)-PEFF score. PCATA was assessed at the proximal 40-mm segments of all three major coronary arteries on coronary computed tomography angiography. Patients with HFpEF had higher PCATA in all coronary arteries compared to the control participants: left anterior descending artery (LAD), -65.2 ± 6.9 Hounsfield units (HU) vs. -68.1 ± 6.7 HU; left circumflex artery (LCX), -62.7 ± 6.8 HU vs. -65.4 ± 6.6 HU; and right coronary artery (RCA), -63.6 ± 8.5 HU vs. -65.5 ± 7.7 HU (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis, including conventional risk factors, revealed that PCATA per standard deviation in the LAD (odds ratio [OR], 1.449; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.152-1.823), LCX (OR, 1.634; 95% CI, 1.283-2.081), and RCA (OR, 1.388; 95% CI, 1.107-1.740) were independently associated with HFpEF. The association between PCATA and HFpEF was mostly consistent across various patient clinical characteristics. The left ventricular mass and left atrial volume index showed a mild correlation with LAD-PCATA (ρ = 0.13 [P < 0.01] and ρ = 0.24 [P < 0.01]) and LCX-PCATA (ρ = 0.16 [P < 0.01] and ρ = 0.23 [P < 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS: High PCATA score was significantly associated with the presence of HFpEF. Our results suggest that inflammation in the pericoronary artery adipose tissue is one of the underlying mechanisms of HFpEF.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Volume Sistólico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , InflamaçãoRESUMO
A 59-year-old man with a high level of antinuclear antibody received nivolumab and ipilimumab plus chemotherapy for lung cancer. Two weeks after the second course, he was admitted with a fever and severe fatigue. Laboratory studies showed elevated markers of myocardial damage, and a myocardial biopsy showed inflammatory cell infiltration, damaged myocardial fibers. Myocarditis was diagnosed as an immune-related adverse event (irAE), and high-dose corticosteroids were initiated. However, his cardiac function rapidly worsened, and he died on the fifth day after admission. There is no established treatment strategy for fulminant myocarditis as an irAE, and the further exploration of viable treatment strategies is required.
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Antineoplásicos Imunológicos , Carcinoma , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Miocardite , Masculino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nivolumabe/uso terapêutico , Ipilimumab/efeitos adversos , Miocardite/patologia , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Pulmão/patologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversosRESUMO
AIMS: Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation on coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is a noninvasive biomarker for pericoronary inflammation and is associated with cardiac mortality. We aimed to investigate the association between PCAT attenuation and endothelial dysfunction assessed using flow-mediated dilation (FMD). METHODS: A total of 119 outpatients who underwent both coronary CTA and FMD measurements were examined. PCAT attenuation values were assessed at the proximal 40-mm segments of all three major coronary arteries on coronary CTA. Endothelial function was assessed using FMD. Patients were then classified into two groups: those with endothelial dysfunction (FMD ï¼4%, n=44) and those without endothelial dysfunction (FMD ≥ 4%, n=75). RESULTS: In all three coronary arteries, PCAT attenuation was significantly higher in patients with endothelial dysfunction than in those without endothelial dysfunction. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PCAT attenuation in the right coronary artery (odds ratio [OR]=1.543; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.004-2.369, p=0.048) and left anterior descending artery (OR=1.525, 95% CI=1.004-2.369, p=0.049) was an independent predictor of endothelial dysfunction. Subgroup analysis of patients with adverse CTA findings (significant stenosis and/or high-risk plaque) and those with coronary artery calcium score ï¼100 showed that high PCAT attenuation in all three coronary arteries was a significant predictor of endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSION: High PCAT attenuation was significantly associated with FMD-assessed endothelial dysfunction in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Our results suggest that endothelial dysfunction is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms linking pericoronary inflammation to cardiac mortality.
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Artéria Braquial , Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Humanos , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Artéria Braquial/diagnóstico por imagem , Dilatação , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Inflamação , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
A 46-year-old woman with a history of repeated thromboembolic stroke and anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome was referred to our hospital. Saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography showed that microbubbles appeared in the left atrium within 4 heartbeats. Thus, she was initially suspected as having a patent foramen ovale with associated paradoxical embolism. However, no evidence of patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect could be found using transesophageal echocardiography. Saline contrast transesophageal echocardiography showed that microbubbles flowed into the left atrium through the left superior pulmonary vein. Ultimately, she was diagnosed as having a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation located at the upper left pulmonary lobe using contrast computed tomography and pulmonary artery angiography. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations are typically located in the lower lobe of either lung and, in bubble studies, contrast appears in the left atrium after 4 heartbeats. Here, the pulmonary arteriovenous malformation was in the upper lobe, and contrast appeared in the left atrium at an earlier time point: one associated with patent foramen ovale. These findings made it difficult to differentiate the two diseases initially. This case suggests that pulmonary arteriovenous malformation should be carefully considered, even if microbubbles appear in the left atrium early on a saline contrast transthoracic echocardiograph. Learning objective: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation occasionally appears in the upper lobe. In these cases, microbubbles may appear in the left atrium after detection in the right atrium with a time-course that is suggestive of a patent foramen ovale. Therefore, diagnosis should be carefully confirmed by using other multimodal imaging tests, such as transesophageal echocardiography, contrast computed tomography, or pulmonary artery angiography.
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Cardiovascular diseases and liver diseases are closely related. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has the same risk factors as those for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and may also be a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease on its own. Heart failure causes liver fibrosis, and liver fibrosis results in worsened cardiac preload and congestion. Although some previous reports regard the association between cardiovascular diseases and liver disease, the management strategy for liver disease in patients with cardiovascular diseases is not still established. This review summarized the association between cardiovascular diseases and liver disease. In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the degree of liver fibrosis progresses with worsening cardiovascular prognosis. In patients with heart failure, liver fibrosis could be a prognostic marker. Liver stiffness assessed with shear wave elastography, the fibrosis-4 index, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score is associated with both liver fibrosis in patients with liver diseases and worse prognosis in patients with heart failure. With the current population ageing, the importance of management for cardiovascular diseases and liver disease has been increasing. However, whether management and interventions for liver disease improve the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases has not been fully understood. Future investigations are needed.
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Cardiologistas , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/patologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/patologia , Cirrose Hepática/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Insuficiência Cardíaca/patologia , Fígado/patologiaRESUMO
The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio is an independent risk index for cardiovascular events. This study aimed to evaluate the association between TG/HDL-C ratio and coronary plaque characteristics as seen on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and the corresponding increase in the likelihood of cardiovascular events. A total of 935 patients who underwent CCTA for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were included. High-risk plaques (HRP) were defined based on three characteristics: positive remodeling, low-density plaques, and spotty calcification. Significant stenosis was defined as luminal narrowing of >70%. Patients with a higher TG/HDL-C ratio showed significantly greater prevalence of HRP and significant stenosis than patients with low TG/HDL-C ratios (p < 0.01). Multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that the TG/HDL-C ratio was significantly associated with the presence of HRP (p < 0.01) but not with significant coronary stenosis (p = 0.24). During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, 26 cardiovascular events including cardiovascular death and acute coronary syndrome occurred. The highest TG/HDL-C tertile was associated with cardiovascular events, with the lowest TG/HDL-C tertile as the reference (hazard ratio, 3.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.04−13.50). A high TG/HDL-C ratio is associated with the presence of CCTA-verified HRP, which can lead to cardiovascular events in patients with suspected CAD.
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and oxidative stress has been proposed as a shared pathophysiological condition. This study examined whether oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is involved in the underlying mechanism that links coronary atherosclerosis and NAFLD. This study included 631 patients who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) for suspected coronary artery disease. NAFLD was defined on CT images as a liver-to-spleen attenuation ratio of <1.0. Serum-malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL) and coronary CTA findings were analyzed in a propensity-score-matched cohort of patients with NAFLD (n = 150) and those without NAFLD (n = 150). This study analyzed 300 patients (median age, 65 years; 64% men). Patients with NAFLD had higher MDA-LDL levels and a greater presence of CTA-verified high-risk plaques than those without NAFLD. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, MDA-LDL was independently associated with NAFLD (ß = 11.337, p = 0.005) and high-risk plaques (ß = 12.487, p = 0.007). Increased MDA-LDL may be a mediator between NAFLD and high-risk coronary plaque on coronary CTA. Increased oxidative stress in NAFLD, as assessed using MDA-LDL, may be involved in the development of CVDs.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Impaired high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function is a risk factor for cardiac mortality. We aimed to investigate the association between oxidized HDL (oxHDL) and pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) attenuation, a novel imaging biomarker of pericoronary inflammation, by using coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). METHODS: A total of 287 outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease who had undergone both oxHDL measurement and coronary CTA were examined. PCAT attenuation values were assessed at the proximal 10-50â¯mm segments of the right coronary artery on coronary CTA. The presence of significant stenosis (luminal narrowing of >50â¯%) and high-risk plaque characteristics were also evaluated. Patients were then classified into tertiles according to their oxHDL level: low (nâ¯=â¯95), moderate (nâ¯=â¯96), and high (nâ¯=â¯96) groups. RESULTS: PCAT attenuation in the high oxHDL group was significantly higher than that in other groups after adjusting for age and apolipoprotein-A-I. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that oxHDL was significantly associated with PCAT attenuation in the right coronary artery (ßâ¯=â¯3.832, pâ¯<â¯0.001), whereas HDL cholesterol was not. Furthermore, subgroup analyses demonstrated that the association between oxHDL and PCAT attenuation remained significant in older patients (ßâ¯=â¯6.367, pâ¯<â¯0.001) and in those with hypertension (ßâ¯=â¯4.922, pâ¯<â¯0.011), dyslipidemia (ßâ¯=â¯3.264, pâ¯=â¯0.010), diabetes mellitus (ßâ¯=â¯4.284, pâ¯=â¯0.015), and significant stenosis (ßâ¯=â¯3.075, pâ¯=â¯0.021). CONCLUSIONS: High oxHDL levels were significantly associated with increased pericoronary inflammation, as assessed using coronary CTA. Our results may explain the association between impaired HDL function and the development of coronary atherosclerosis.