Radiofrequency Lesions through Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes in Movement Disorders: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Although there are few reports of radiofrequency lesions performed through deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in patients with movement disorders, experience with this method is scarce. METHODS: We present 2 patients who had been previously treated with DBS of subthalamic nuclei (STN) and the ventral intermediate (VIM) nucleus of the thalamus for Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, respectively, and underwent a radiofrequency lesion through their DBS electrodes after developing a hardware infection. The authors conduct a review of the literature regarding this method. RESULTS: Both patients had a good clinical outcome after 20 and 8 months, respectively, as assessed by a reduction in Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Scale and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores. The second patient underwent a second DBS system implantation surgery after his radiofrequency treatment to optimize his management, achieving optimal clinical control with lower current and drug requirements than before the radiofrequency intervention. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency lesions through DBS electrodes allow the creation of small and localized lesions. Its effectiveness and low-risk profile, in addition to its low cost, make this procedure suitable and a possible alternative in the therapeutic repertoire for the surgical treatment of movement disorders.

Patients awaiting surgery for neurosurgical diseases during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: a multicentre cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: The large number of infected patients requiring mechanical ventilation has led to the postponement of scheduled neurosurgical procedures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of this study were to investigate the factors that influence the decision to postpone scheduled neurosurgical procedures and to evaluate the effect of the restriction in scheduled surgery adopted to deal with the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain on the outcome of patients awaiting surgery. DESIGN: This was an observational retrospective study. SETTINGS: A tertiary-level multicentre study of neurosurgery activity between 1 March and 30 June 2020. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 680 patients awaiting any scheduled neurosurgical procedure were enrolled. 470 patients (69.1%) were awaiting surgery because of spine degenerative disease, 86 patients (12.6%) due to functional disorders, 58 patients (8.5%) due to brain or spine tumours, 25 patients (3.7%) due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders and 17 patients (2.5%) due to cerebrovascular disease. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was mortality due to any reason and any deterioration of the specific neurosurgical condition. Second, we analysed the rate of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: More than one-quarter of patients experienced clinical or radiological deterioration. The rate of worsening was higher among patients with functional (39.5%) or CSF disorders (40%). Two patients died (0.4%) during the waiting period, both because of a concurrent disease. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent covariates associated with maintaining the surgical indication. We found that community SARS-CoV-2 incidence (OR=1.011, p<0.001), degenerative spine (OR=0.296, p=0.027) and expedited indications (OR=6.095, p<0.001) were independent factors for being operated on during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Patients awaiting neurosurgery experienced significant collateral damage even when they were considered for scheduled procedures.

Posteromedial Hypothalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Aggressiveness in a Patient With Weaver Syndrome: Clinical, Technical Report and Operative Video.

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Deep brain stimulation of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH DBS) appears to be an effective treatment for drug-resistant aggressiveness. Weaver syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder in which patients develop some degree of intellectual disability and rarely severe behavioral alterations that may benefit from this procedure. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 26-yr-old man diagnosed with WS presenting with uncontrollable self and heteroaggressiveness and disruptive behavior refractory to pharmacological treatment and under severe physical and mechanical restraining measures. The patient was successfully treated with bilateral PMH DBS resulting in affective improvement, greater tolerance for signs of affection, regularization in his sleep pattern and appetite disturbances at 12-mo follow-up. A detailed description and video of the procedure are presented, and a review of the clinical characteristics of WS and the utility and benefits of PMH DBS for refractory aggressiveness are reviewed. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first case of refractory aggressiveness described in WS as well as the first patient with WS successfully treated with PMH DBS.

Network Substrates of Centromedian Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Generalized Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), specifically thalamic DBS, has achieved promising results to reduce seizure severity and frequency in pharmacoresistant epilepsies, thereby establishing it for clinical use. The mechanisms of action are, however, still unknown. We evidenced the brain networks directly modulated by centromedian (CM) nucleus-DBS and responsible for clinical outcomes in a cohort of patients uniquely diagnosed with generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Preoperative imaging and long-term (2-11 years) clinical data from ten generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy patients (mean age at surgery = 30.8 ± 5.9 years, 4 female) were evaluated. Volume of tissue activated (VTA) was included as seeds to reconstruct the targeted network to thalamic DBS from diffusion and functional imaging data. CM-DBS clinical outcome improvement (> 50%) appeared in 80% of patients and was tightly related to VTAs interconnected with a reticular system network encompassing sensorimotor and supplementary motor cortices, together with cerebellum/brainstem. Despite methodological differences, both structural and functional connectomes revealed the same targeted network. Our results demonstrate that CM-DBS outcome in generalized pharmacoresistant epilepsy is highly dependent on the individual connectivity profile, involving the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuits. The proposed framework could be implemented in future studies to refine stereotactic implantation or the parameters for individualized neuromodulation.

Impact of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the outcome of neurosurgical patients: a nationwide study in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of the first wave of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the outcome of neurosurgical patients in Spain. SETTINGS: The initial flood of COVID-19 patients overwhelmed an unprepared healthcare system. Different measures were taken to deal with this overburden. The effect of these measures on neurosurgical patients, as well as the effect of COVID-19 itself, has not been thoroughly studied. PARTICIPANTS: This was a multicentre, nationwide, observational retrospective study of patients who underwent any neurosurgical operation from March to July 2020. INTERVENTIONS: An exploratory factorial analysis was performed to select the most relevant variables of the sample. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of mortality and postoperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Sixteen hospitals registered 1677 operated patients. The overall mortality was 6.4%, and 2.9% (44 patients) suffered a perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of those infections, 24 were diagnosed postoperatively. Age (OR 1.05), perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 4.7), community COVID-19 incidence (cases/105 people/week) (OR 1.006), postoperative neurological worsening (OR 5.9), postoperative need for airway support (OR 5.38), ASA grade ≥3 (OR 2.5) and preoperative GCS 3-8 (OR 2.82) were independently associated with mortality. For SARS-CoV-2 postoperative infection, screening swab test <72 hours preoperatively (OR 0.76), community COVID-19 incidence (cases/105 people/week) (OR 1.011), preoperative cognitive impairment (OR 2.784), postoperative sepsis (OR 3.807) and an absence of postoperative complications (OR 0.188) were independently associated. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection in neurosurgical patients was associated with an increase in mortality by almost fivefold. Community COVID-19 incidence (cases/105 people/week) was a statistically independent predictor of mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CEIM 20/217.

Language hemispheric dominance analyzed with magnetic resonance DTI: correlation with the Wada test.

OBJECTIVE: Language lateralization is a major concern in some patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy who will face surgery; in these patients, hemispheric dominance testing is essential to avoid further complications. The Wada test is considered the gold standard examination for language localization, but is invasive and requires many human and material resources. Functional MRI and tractography with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have demonstrated that they could be useful for locating language in epilepsy surgery, but there is no evidence of the correlation between the Wada test and DTI MRI in language dominance. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent a Wada test before epilepsy surgery at their institution from 2012 to 2017. The authors retrospectively analyzed fractional anisotropy (FA), number and length of fibers, and volume of the arcuate fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus, comparing dominant and nondominant hemispheres. RESULTS: Ten patients with temporal lobe epilepsy were reviewed. Statistical analysis showed that the mean FA of the arcuate fasciculus in the dominant hemisphere was higher than in the nondominant hemisphere (0.369 vs 0.329, p = 0.049). Also, the number of fibers in the arcuate fasciculus was greater in the dominant hemisphere (881.5 vs 305.4, p = 0.003). However, no differences were found in the FA of the uncinate fasciculus or number of fibers between hemispheres. The length of fibers of the uncinate fasciculus was longer in the dominant side (74.4 vs 50.1 mm, p = 0.05). Volume in both bundles was more prominent in the dominant hemisphere (12.12 vs 6.48 cm3, p = 0.004, in the arcuate fasciculus, and 8.41 vs 4.16 cm3, p = 0.018, in the uncinate fasciculus). Finally, these parameters were compared in patients in whom the seizure focus was situated in the dominant hemisphere: FA (0.37 vs 0.30, p = 0.05), number of fibers (114.4 vs 315.6, p = 0.014), and volume (12.58 vs 5.88 cm3, p = 0.035) in the arcuate fasciculus were found to be statistically significantly higher in the dominant hemispheres. Linear discriminant analysis of FA, number of fibers, and volume of the arcuate fasciculus showed a correct discrimination in 80% of patients (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the arcuate fasciculus and other tract bundles by DTI could be a useful tool for language location testing in the preoperative study of patients with refractory epilepsy.

Deep brain stimulation for aggressiveness: long-term follow-up and tractography study of the stimulated brain areas.

OBJECTIVE: Initial studies applying deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteromedial hypothalamus (PMH) to patients with pathological aggressiveness have yielded encouraging results. However, the anatomical structures involved in its therapeutic effect have not been precisely identified. The authors' objective was to describe the long-term outcome in their 7-patient series, and the tractography analysis of the volumes of tissue activated in 2 of the responders. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 7 subjects with pathological aggressiveness. The findings on MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in 2 of the responders were analyzed. The authors generated volumes of tissue activated according to the parameters used, and selected those volumes as regions of interest to delineate the tracts affected by stimulation. RESULTS: The series consisted of 5 men and 2 women. Of the 7 patients, 5 significantly improved with stimulation. The PMH, ventral tegmental area, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, and medial forebrain bundle seem to be involved in the stimulation field. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, 5 of 7 medication-resistant patients with severe aggressiveness who were treated with bilateral PMH DBS showed a significant long-lasting improvement. The PMH, ventral tegmental area, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, and medial forebrain bundle seem to be in the stimulation field and might be responsible for the therapeutic effect of DBS.

[Myelopathy secondary to an aneurysmal bone cyst of thoracic spine]. / Mielopatía secundaria a un quiste óseo aneurismático espinal dorsal.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal aneurysmal bone cysts are very infrequent benign osteolytic lesions consisting of blood-filled cavities that are separated by osteo-connective septa and osteoclast-type giant cells. Clinically they manifest with local pain, neurological symptoms secondary to spinal cord compression, and fractures, deformities and vertebral instability. We report a case of an aneurysmal bone cyst in the thoracic spine with neurological signs and symptoms treated by means of a full microsurgical resection, with no associated neurological sequelae. CASE REPORT: A 47-year-old woman, with no previous history of traumatic injuries, who was examined following several weeks with clinical signs and symptoms of paraesthesia in the lower limbs. Thoracic magnetic resonance imaging revealed the existence of a lytic lesion with clearly defined edges and marginal sclerosis in T4, in addition to involvement of the posterior vertebral elements and compression of the underlying spinal cord. The whole lesion was removed surgically, and the sensitive clinical symptoms disappeared after the procedure. The definite pathological diagnosis was spinal aneurysmal bone cyst. CONCLUSION: Despite their low incidence, aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of spinal bone tumours as a possible cause of subacute or chronic compressive myelopathy. Full surgical removal of the tumour is considered the preferred treatment, which is often curative and is associated with a good prognosis of the patient in the long term.

TITLE: Mielopatia secundaria a un quiste oseo aneurismatico espinal dorsal.Introduccion. Los quistes oseos aneurismaticos espinales son lesiones osteoliticas benignas muy infrecuentes constituidas por cavidades hematicas limitadas por septos osteoconectivos y celulas gigantes tipo osteoclastos. Clinicamente se manifiestan con dolor local, sintomas neurologicos secundarios a compresion medular, asi como fracturas, deformidades e inestabilidad vertebral. Presentamos un caso de quiste oseo aneurismatico espinal dorsal con sintomatologia neurologica, tratado mediante una reseccion microquirurgica completa, sin secuelas neurologicas asociadas. Caso clinico. Mujer de 47 años, sin antecedentes traumaticos previos, valorada por presentar un cuadro de parestesias de los miembros inferiores de semanas de evolucion. El estudio radiologico de resonancia magnetica dorsal demostro la existencia de una lesion litica de bordes bien delimitados y esclerosis marginal en D4, con afectacion de los elementos posteriores vertebrales y compresion del cordon medular subyacente. La lesion fue extirpada en su totalidad, con desaparicion de la clinica sensitiva tras la intervencion. El diagnostico anatomopatologico definitivo fue quiste oseo aneurismatico espinal. Conclusion. A pesar de su baja incidencia, los quistes oseos aneurismaticos espinales deben considerarse, en el diagnostico diferencial de los tumores oseos espinales, como una posible causa de mielopatia compresiva subaguda o cronica. La reseccion tumoral completa se considera el tratamiento de eleccion, el cual con frecuencia es curativo y asocia un buen pronostico del paciente a largo plazo.

[Not Available]. / Tratamiento quirúrgico de la anorexia nerviosa resistente al tratamiento médico.

Gracias a los avances técnicos en técnicas neuroquirúrgicas, y debido a que el diagnóstico y la clasificación de las enfermedades psiquiátricas han evolucionado significativamente a lo largo de las últimas décadas, se están desarrollando tratamientos a nivel experimental para aquellos pacientes resistentes al manejo conservador.La anorexia nerviosa es una enfermedad de prevalencia creciente, con la tasa de mortalidad más elevada dentro de los trastornos psiquiátricos, y con aproximadamente un 20% de pacientes que presentan una evolución tórpida. Para estos pacientes que no responden a manejo conservador, la estimulación cerebral profunda ha surgido como una alternativa terapéutica, si bien la literatura especializada al respecto es escasa.A continuación presentamos una revisión de la fisiopatología de la anorexia nerviosa, así como de los distintos tratamientos neuroquirúrgicos realizados a lo largo de la historia. Se detalla la perspectiva de tratamiento quirúrgico actual, así como los aspectos éticos que se han de considerar en relación con el surgimiento de estas nuevas terapias.

[Differential contribution of preoperatory studies to diagnosis in temporal lobe epilepsy surgery]. / Contribución diferencial de los estudios preoperatorios al diagnostico en la cirugia de la epilepsia temporal.

INTRODUCTION: It is necessary to know the degree of concordance of preoperative studies in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). AIM. To analyze the relative importance of different preoperative tests (vEEG, EEG, SPECT and MRI), the degree of agreement between them, and to develop a Bayesian probability model for diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 73 patients operated by TLE, with a minimum postoperative follow-up of two years. To analyze the localization capability of different test, we used only patients with an Engel's grade I outcome during all the follow-up time (n = 60). RESULTS: Engel's grades percentages at 2 years were 87.7/8.2/3.0/0.0 (I/II/III/IV, respectively). The preoperative correlation was < 50% for three tests and 33% for the four. MRI studies were found normal in 33.3% of cases. According to the localization index, the arrange was vEEG > RM > SPECT > EEG. The conditional probability of correct localization for a test was vEEG (0.950) > EEG (0.719) > SPECT (0.717) > RM (0.683). Concordance for more than two tests, was = 0.587 (vEEG + MRI). The probability of obtaining a priori correct localization was vEEG (0.983) > RM (0.414) > EEG (0.285) > SPECT (0.209). The Bayesian model is highly reliable. CONCLUSIONS: Probably it is not always possible to obtain a high degree of agreement among preoperative test, despite this, it is possible to obtain a good functional result. The most effective test is the vEEG.