Development and Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Modulatory Activity of Inclusion Complex of Euterpe oleracea Mart Oil and ß-Cyclodextrin or HP-ß-Cyclodextrin.

The development of inclusion complexes is used to encapsulate nonpolar compounds and improve their physicochemical characteristics. This study aims to develop complexes made up of Euterpe oleracea Mart oil (EOO) and ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) or hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HP-ß-CD) by either kneading (KND) or slurry (SL). Complexes were analyzed by molecular modeling, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The antibacterial activity was expressed as Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and the antibiotic resistance modulatory activity as subinhibitory concentration (MIC/8) against Escherichia coli, Streptomyces aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. Inclusion complexes with ß-CD and HP-ß-CD were confirmed, and efficiency was proven by an interaction energy between oleic acid and ß-CD of -41.28 ± 0.57 kJ/mol. MIC values revealed higher antibacterial activity of complexes compared to the isolated oil. The modulatory response of EOO and EOO-ß-CD prepared by KND as well as of EOO-ß-CD and EOO-HP-ß-CD prepared by SL showed a synergistic effect with ampicillin against E. coli, whereas it was not significant with the other drugs tested, maintaining the biological response of antibiotics. The antimicrobial response exhibited by the complexes is of great significance because it subsidizes studies for the development of new pharmaceutical forms.

Cyclodextrin⁻Drug Inclusion Complexes: In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches.

This review aims to provide a critical review of the biological performance of natural and synthetic substances complexed with cyclodextrins, highlighting: (i) inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins and their biological studies in vitro and in vivo; (ii) Evaluation and comparison of the bioactive efficacy of complexed and non-complexed substances; (iii) Chemical and biological performance tests of inclusion complexes, aimed at the development of new pharmaceutical products. Based on the evidence presented in the review, it is clear that cyclodextrins play a vital role in the development of inclusion complexes which promote improvements in the chemical and biological properties of the complexed active principles, as well as providing improved solubility and aqueous stability. Although the literature shows the importance of their ability to help produce innovative biotechnological substances, we still need more studies to develop and expand their therapeutic properties. It is, therefore, very important to gather together evidence of the effectiveness of inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins in order to facilitate a better understanding of research on this topic and encourage further studies.

Characterization and Antiproliferative Activity of a Novel 2-Aminothiophene Derivative-ß-Cyclodextrin Binary System.

The novel 2-aminothiophene derivative 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile (6CN) has shown potential anti-proliferative activity in human cancer cell lines. However, the poor aqueous solubility of 6CN impairs its clinical use. This work aimed to develop binary 6CN-ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) systems with the purpose of increasing 6CN solubility in water and therefore, to improve its pharmacological activity. The 6CN-ßCD binary systems were prepared by physical mixing, kneading and rotary evaporation methods and further characterized by FTIR, XRD, DSC, TG and SEM. In addition, molecular modeling and phase solubility studies were performed. Finally, MTT assays were performed to investigate the cytostatic and anti-proliferative effects of 6CN-ßCD binary systems. The characterization results show evident changes in the physicochemical properties of 6CN after the formation of the binary systems with ßCD. In addition, 6CN was associated with ßCD in aqueous solution and the solid state, which was confirmed by molecular modeling and the aforementioned characterization techniques. Phase solubility studies indicated that ßCD forms stable 1:1 complexes with 6CN. The MTT assay demonstrated the cytostatic and anti-proliferative activities of 6CN-ßCD binary systems and therefore, these might be considered as promising candidates for new anticancer drugs.

A study of photostability and compatibility of the anti-chagas drug Benznidazole with pharmaceutics excipients.

UNLABELLED: Abstract Context: Benznidazole (BNZ) is an antiparasitic with trypanocidal properties for the etiological treatment of Chagas disease since 1973. Monitoring the stability of this drug is one of the most effective methods of assessment, forecasting and prevention of problems related to quality product. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the direct and indirect photodegradation of BNZ and to evaluate the interference of the excipients used in the forms dosage solid as well as to shed light on the chemical structure of the degradation products obtained. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To perform this work we adopted the "ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline: Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products Q1B" (Guideline Q1B). We used benzonidazole (BNZ) (N-benzil-2-(2-nitroimidazol-1-il) acetamide) (LAFEPE®, Recife, Brazil) and various excipients; beyond high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The indirect photodegradation of BNZ was carried out using physical mixtures with 13 pharmaceutical excipients commonly used in the preparation of solid dosage forms. RESULTS: HPLC and MS/MS techniques were selected for the identification of two photoproducts (PPs) and photoreactions found in direct and indirect tests with the microcrystalline cellulose, considered a critical excipient. DISCUSSION: Despite variations in the infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermogravimetry curves, these techniques are not conclusive since the study of photodegradation of the drug caused decay of 30%, according to the ICH. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that BNZ only undergoes direct photodegradation, since no new PPs were found for a combination of the drug and excipients.

The Use of Euterpe oleracea Mart. As a New Perspective for Disease Treatment and Prevention.

Euterpe oleracea Mart. (EO), popularly known as açaí, belongs to the Arecaceae family and grows abundantly in Brazil. The fruit of this palm tree is widely used because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In this review, a search for literature and patent technological prospecting has been performed on the use of EO to treat and prevent diseases as well as to prepare pharmaceutical formulations. EO leaves, fruits, and oil stand out for their large number of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anticancer, anti-atherogenic, and healing activities, protection against metabolic syndromes such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, and protection of organs such as lung, kidney, liver, heart, and nervous system. While the phytochemical composition is intrinsically linked to identified biological activities, discoveries of the past decade concerning the use of this species have shown pharmacological alternatives mainly in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer and metabolic syndromes. Although studies and inventions on the use of EO though are believed to have been important in light of the pharmacological activities found, few clinical and toxicity tests have been performed. Nevertheless, with the increase of interest in EO, this species is believed to be only at the beginning of the breakthroughs in the development of promising products for the pharmaceutical industry.

Chitosan Film Containing Mansoa hirsuta Fraction for Wound Healing.

Chitosan films entrapped with the Mansoa hirsuta fraction (CMHF) was developed as a new dressing for wound care. The chromatographic profile of the M. hirsuta fraction (MHF) was evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and the results showed that MHF is rich in acid triterpenes. Physicochemical characterization of the films prepared using the solvent casting method was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DCS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and mechanical properties. CMHF exhibited characteristic bands of both chitosan and MHF, revealing a physical mixture of both. CMHF presented an amorphous nature, thermostability, and dispersion of MHF in the chitosan matrix, resulting in a rough structure. Incorporation of M. hirsuta fraction into chitosan matrix favorably enhanced the mechanical performance and films thickness. The in vivo wound treatment with CMHF for seven days showed a characteristic area of advanced healing, re-epithelization, cell proliferation, and collagen formation. Furthermore, wound closure reached 100% contraction after 10 days of treatment with modulation of interleukins. The incorporation of M. hirsuta fraction into chitosan films was advantageous and showed great potential for stimulating wound repair and regeneration.

Inclusion Complexes of ß and HPß-Cyclodextrin with α, ß Amyrin and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity.

α, ß amyrin (ABAM) is a natural mixture of pentacyclic triterpenes that has a wide range of biological activities. ABAM is isolated from the species of the Burseraceae family, in which the species Protium is commonly found in the Amazon region of Brazil. The aim of this work was to develop inclusion complexes (ICs) of ABAM and ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) and hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) by physical mixing (PM) and kneading (KN) methods. Interactions between ABAM and the CD's as well as the formation of ICs were confirmed by physicochemical characterization in the solid state by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Physicochemical characterization indicated the formation of ICs with both ßCD and HPßCD. Such ICs were able to induce changes in the physicochemical properties of ABAM. In addition, the formation of ICs with cyclodextrins showed to be an effective and promising alternative to enhance the anti-inflammatory activity and safety of ABAM.