Oral anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: benefits and risks.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Few recent large-scale studies have evaluated the risks and benefits of continuing oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy after catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). This study evaluated the status of continuation of OAC therapy and the association between continuation of OAC therapy and thromboembolic and bleeding events according to the CHADS2 score. METHODS: This retrospective study included data from the Japanese nationwide administrative claims database of patients who underwent CA for AF between April 2014 and March 2021. Patients without AF recurrence assessed by administrative data of the treatment modalities were divided into two groups according to continuation of OAC therapy 6 months after the index CA. The primary outcomes were thromboembolism and major bleeding after a landmark period of 6 months. After inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis, the association between OAC continuation and outcomes was determined according to the CHADS2 score. RESULTS: Among 231 374 patients included, 69.7%, 21.6%, and 8.7% had CHADS2 scores of ≤1, 2, and ≥3, respectively. Of these, 71% continued OAC therapy at 6 months. The OAC continuation rate was higher in the high CHADS2 score group than that in the low CHADS2 score group. Among all patients, 2451 patients (0.55 per 100 person-years) had thromboembolism and 2367 (0.53 per 100 person-years) had major bleeding. In the CHADS2 score ≤1 group, the hazard ratio of the continued OAC group was 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74-1.01, P = .06] for thromboembolism and was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.27-1.80, P < .001) for major bleeding. In the CHADS2 score ≥3 group, the hazard ratio of the continued OAC group was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.46-0.82, P = .001) for thromboembolism and was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.71-1.56, P = 0.81) for major bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study suggests that the benefits and risks of continuing OAC therapy after CA for AF differ based on the patient's CHADS2 score. The risk of major bleeding due to OAC continuation seems to outweigh the risk reduction of thromboembolism in patients with lower thromboembolic risk.

Differences in the feasibility, anatomical parameters predicting procedural difficulty, and isolation area of a left atrial posterior wall isolation using radiofrequency versus cryoballoon catheters.

BACKGROUNDS: The difficulty and outcome of the adjunctive left atrial posterior wall isolation (LAPWI) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (PersAF) may be affected by the ablation energy used. This study aimed to compare the completion rate, anatomical parameters predicting procedural difficulty, and the isolation area of a LAPWI between the use of radiofrequency (RFA) and cryoballoon ablation (CBA). METHODS: We enrolled 95 and 93 patients with PersAF who underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI)+LAPWI using RFA (RF group) and CBA (CB group), respectively. Preoperative computed tomography was used to evaluate the anatomical features associated with an incomplete LAPWI. Post-ablation 3-dimensional maps were analyzed to quantify the isolation area. RESULTS: The completion rate of the LAPWI was significantly higher in the RF group than the CB group without touch-up RFA (88.4% vs. 72.0%; p = .005). Predictors of incomplete LAPWI were a longer left inferior pulmonary vein (LIPV)-esophageal distance (p < .001) for RFA and a steeper angle of the LAPW (p < .001) and longer transverse LAPW diameter (p = .016) for CBA. The isolated non-PV area with RFA or CBA alone was significantly greater in the CB group than the RF group (27.5 ± 9.5 cm2 vs. 22.9 ± 6.9 cm2 ; p < .001). CONCLUSION: The position of the esophagus at a distance from the LIPV was associated with an incomplete LAPWI using RFA, while a steeper angle of the LAPW and transverse enlargement of the LAPW were associated with that using CBA. The completion rate of the LAPWI was higher with RFA, but the isolation area outside of the PVs was greater with CBA.

The impact of hospital case volume on the outcomes after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation according to the ablation technology.

INTRODUCTION: The appropriate hospital case volume for catheter ablation (CA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) according to the ablation technology has not been fully examined. This study aimed to investigate the association between the hospital case volume for AF and periprocedural complications and AF recurrence. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we used data from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups, which covers almost all healthcare insurance claims data in Japan. We included patients with AF who underwent first-time CA from April 2014 to March 2020. Using mixed-effect logistic regression, we analyzed the effect of the annual case volume for AF ablation on acute periprocedural complications and 1-year success rate off antiarrhythmic drugs according to the ablation technology (radiofrequency ablation or cryoballoon ablation). RESULTS: Among 270 116 patients, 207 839 (77%) patients underwent radiofrequency ablation and 56 648 (21%) patients underwent cryoballoon ablation. Of all patients, acute complications occurred in 5411 (2.0%) patients, and the recurrence at 1 year was 71 511 (27%). In the radiofrequency ablation group, acute complications and 1-year AF recurrence according to case volume decreased as the annual case volume increased to up to 150-200 cases/year. However, in the cryoballoon ablation group, these outcomes were similar regardless of the case volumes. CONCLUSION: The case-volume effect was noted in the radiofrequency ablation group, but not in the cryoballoon ablation group. Our results may affect the selection of ablation technology, especially in smaller case-volume hospitals.

New Conversion Formula Between B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and N-Terminal-Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide　- Analysis From a Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Although B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal (NT)-proBNP are commonly used markers of heart failure, a simple conversion formula between these peptides has not yet been developed for clinical use.Methods and Results: A total of 9,394 samples were obtained from Nara Medical University, Jichi Medical University, and Osaka University. We randomly selected 70% for a derivation set to investigate a conversion formula from BNP to NT-proBNP using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and body mass index (BMI); the remaining 30% was used as the internal validation set and we used a cohort study from Nara Medical University as an external validation set. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed a new conversion formula: log NT-proBNP = 1.21 + 1.03 × log BNP - 0.009 × BMI - 0.007 × eGFR (r2=0.900, P<0.0001). The correlation coefficients between the actual and converted values of log NT-proBNP in the internal and external validation sets were 0.942 (P<0.0001) and 0.891 (P<0.0001), respectively. We applied this formula to samples obtained from patients administered with sacubitril/valsartan. After treatment initiation, NT-proBNP levels decreased and actual BNP levels increased. However, the calculated BNP levels decreased roughly parallel to the NT-proBNP levels. CONCLUSIONS: This new and simple conversion formula of BNP and NT-proBNP with eGFR and BMI is potentially useful in clinical practice.

Catheter ablation of ganglionated plexi in patients with adenosine triphosphate-induced atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation.

Intravenous ATP may induce atrial fibrillation (AF). ATP shares similar receptor-effector coupling systems with acetylcholine. However, the association between an ATP injection and the hyperactivity of the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system, known as ganglionated plexi (GPs), is not well understood. We describe a series of patients with non-pulmonary vein (PV) trigger sites provoked by an ATP injection, and assess the feasibility of a ganglionated plexus (GP) ablation. We retrospectively analyzed 547 patients (69% male; mean age 67.4 ± 10.4 years; 38.5% non-paroxysmal AF) who underwent a total of 604 ablation procedures. Intravenous ATP was administered with an isoproterenol infusion during sinus rhythm after a pulmonary vein isolation in 21.3%, Box isolation in 78.6%, and SVC isolation in 52.0% of the procedures, respectively. We reviewed the incidence, the distribution of the foci, and the ablation outcomes in patients with ATP-induced AF. A total of seven patients (1.3%) had ATP-induced AF. Foci were identified in the coronary sinus (CS) in six patients, right atrial posterior wall (RAPW) adjacent to the interatrial groove in two, mitral annulus in two, ligament of Marshall in one, right septum below the foramen ovale in one and left atrial posterior wall in one, respectively. Among these trigger foci, we confirmed the vagal response by high-frequency stimulation in the CS and RAPW in six and two patients, respectively. After a median RF time of 2.9 min (range 2.5-11.3) targeting these foci, in five of six patients who received a repeat ATP injection, the AF became non-inducible. ATP-provoked trigger foci were distributed among certain sites that overlapped with the distribution of the GPs. The GP ablation was effective for this rare, but challenging situation.

Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Pulmonary Function Test Abnormalities in Hospitalized Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the prevalence and prognostic impact of lung function abnormalities in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).Methods and Results:Of the 1,012 consecutive patients who were admitted to Nara Medical University with ADHF between 2011 and 2018, 657 routinely underwent spirometry (pulmonary function test [PFT]) before discharge. Lung function was classified as normal or abnormal (restrictive, obstructive, or mixed). Abnormal PFTs were seen in 63.0% of patients with ADHF (36.7%, 13.1%, and 13.2% for restrictive, obstructive, and mixed, respectively). The prevalence of abnormal PFT increased with age (P<0.001). Overall, abnormal PFT was an independent predictor of the composite endpoint of cardiovascular mortality or hospitalization for HF (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.402; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.039-1.914; P=0.027). Abnormal PFT (adjusted HR 2.294; 95% CI 1.368-4.064; P=0.001), as well as the restrictive (HR 2.299; 95% CI 1.322-4.175; P=0.003) and mixed (HR 2.784; 95% CI 1.399-5.581; P=0.004) patterns, were predictive of the composite endpoint in HFpEF, but not in HFrEF. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal PFT was prevalent and associated with poor outcomes in ADHF. Spirometry may be a useful tool in patients with ADHF, especially in those with HFpEF, to identify those at higher risk of a poorer outcome.

Incidence and Clinical Significance of 30-Day and 90-Day Rehospitalization for Heart Failure Among Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in Japan　- From the NARA-HF Study.

BACKGROUND: Countermeasure development for early rehospitalization for heart failure (re-HHF) is an urgent and important issue in Western countries and Japan.Methods and Results:Of 1,074 consecutive NARA-HF study participants with acute decompensated HF admitted to hospital as an emergency between January 2007 and December 2016, we excluded 291 without follow-up data, who died in hospital, or who had previous HF-related hospitalizations, leaving 783 in the analysis. During the median follow-up period of 895 days, 241 patients were re-admitted for HF. The incidence of re-HHF was the highest within the first 30 days of discharge (3.3% [26 patients]) and remained high until 90 days, after which it decreased sharply. Within 90 days of discharge, 63 (8.0%) patients were re-admitted. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients with 90-day re-HHF had worse prognoses than those without 90-day re-HHF in terms of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 2.321, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.654-3.174; P<0.001) and cardiovascular death (HR 3.396, 95% CI 2.153-5.145; P<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that only male sex was an independent predictor of 90-day re-HHF. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of early re-HHF was lower in Japan than in Western countries. Its predictors are not related to the clinical factors of HF, indicating that a new comprehensive approach might be needed to prevent early re-HHF.

Plasma Renin Activity Is an Independent Prognosticator in Patients With Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Plasma renin activity (PRA) is associated with cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure (HF), but its prognostic role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is unclear.Methods and Results:A total of 878 patients with information on baseline PRA on admission were selected from 1,055 AMI patients who underwent emergency coronary angiography between 2007 and 2016. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their median PRA (2.0 ng/mL/h). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as a composite of cardiovascular death and hospitalization because of HF. During follow-up (median 4.5±3.1 years), MACE occurred in 108 patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the high PRA group had significantly lower MACE-free survival than the low PRA group (log-rank P=0.0009). By multivariate analysis, high PRA was an independent predictor of MACE (hazard ratio (HR) 1.573; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.049-2.396, P=0.0282). Similarly, among 580 patients who had not been previously treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or ß-blockers on admission, high PRA was an independent predictor of MACE (HR 1.732; 95% CI 1.010-3.047, P=0.0460). CONCLUSIONS: In the studied AMI patients, elevated levels of PRA were independently associated with poor prognosis.

Value of Placental Growth Factor as a Predictor of Adverse Events During the Acute Phase of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.

BACKGROUND: Few biomarkers, even B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), can predict the long-term outcome in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) on the first day of admission. Placental growth factor (PlGF), a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of cytokines, is a key molecule in cardiorenal syndrome and a predictor of adverse events in chronic kidney disease patients. However, its significance in ADHF patients remains poorly understood. Methods and Results: We studied 408 ADHF patients admitted between April 2011 and December 2016 by measuring their PlGF levels on the first day of admission. Primary endpoints were all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) death. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to PlGF quartiles. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the high PlGF group (quartile 4: ≥12.6 pg/mL) had a worse prognosis than the low PlGF group (quartiles 1-3; <12.6 pg/mL) in terms of all-cause (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-2.14; P<0.01) and CV death (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.04-2.66; P<0.05). After adjustment for covariates, PlGF remained an independent predictor of all-cause and CV death. CONCLUSIONS: PlGF on the first day of admission was significantly associated with both all-cause and CV death, suggesting that it provides novel prognostic information in the acute phase of ADHF.

Simple Risk Score to Predict Survival in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure　- A2B Score.

BACKGROUND: Prognosis after acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is poor. An appropriate risk score that would allow for improved care and treatment of ADHF patients after discharge, however, is lacking. Methods and Results: We used 2 HF cohorts, the NARA-HF study and JCARE-CARD, as derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The primary endpoint was all-cause death during the 2-year follow-up, excluding in-hospital death. Age, hemoglobin (Hb), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) at discharge were identified as independent risk factors. We determined 3 categorizations on the basis of these parameters, termed A2B score: age (<65 years, 0; 65-74 years, 1; ≥75 years, 2), anemia (Hb <10 g/dL, 2; 10-11.9 g/dL, 1; ≥12 g/dL, 0) and BNP (<200 pg/mL, 0; 200-499 pg/mL, 1; ≥500 pg/mL, 2). We divided patients into 4 groups according to A2B score (extremely low, 0; low, 1-2; medium, 3-4; high, 5-6). For the extremely low-risk group, the 2-year survival rate was 97.8%, compared with 84.5%, 66.1%, and 45.2% for the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups, respectively. Using the JCARE-CARD as a validation model, for the extremely low-risk group, the 2-year survival was 95.4%, compared with 90.2%, 75.0%, and 55.6% for the low-, medium-, and high-risk groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The user-friendly A2B score is useful for estimating survival rate in ADHF patients at discharge.

Efficacy of Antiarrhythmic Drugs Short-Term Use After Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation (EAST-AF) trial.

AIMS: Substantial portion of early arrhythmia recurrence after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) is considered to be due to irritability in left atrium (LA) from the ablation procedure. We sought to evaluate whether 90-day use of antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) following AF ablation could reduce the incidence of early arrhythmia recurrence and thereby promote reverse remodelling of LA, leading to improved long-term clinical outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 2038 patients who had undergone radiofrequency catheter ablation for paroxysmal, persistent, or long-lasting AF were randomly assigned to either 90-day use of Vaughan Williams class I or III AAD (1016 patients) or control (1022 patients) group. The primary endpoint was recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias lasting for >30 s or those requiring repeat ablation, hospital admission, or usage of class I or III AAD at 1 year, following the treatment period of 90 days post ablation. Patients assigned to AAD were associated with significantly higher event-free rate from recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias when compared with the control group during the treatment period of 90 days [59.0 and 52.1%, respectively; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.96; P = 0.01]. However, there was no significant difference in the 1-year event-free rates from the primary endpoint between the groups (69.5 and 67.8%, respectively; adjusted HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.79-1.09; P = 0.38). CONCLUSION: Short-term use of AAD for 90 days following AF ablation reduced the incidence of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias during the treatment period, but it did not lead to improved clinical outcomes at the later phase.

Sex differences in clinical characteristics and long-term outcome in acute decompensated heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction.

In patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), sex differences considering clinical and pathophysiologic features are not fully understood. We investigated sex differences in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, and prognostic factors in patients with ADHF in Japan. We studied 748 consecutive ADHF patients of 821 patients registered in the ADHF registry between January 2007 and December 2014. Patients were divided into four groups based on sex and LVEF [reduced (ejection fraction, or EF, <50%, heart failure with reduced EF, or HFrEF) or preserved (EF ≥50%, heart failure with preserved LVEF, or HFpEF)]. The primary endpoint was the combination of cardiovascular death and heart failure (HF) admission. The present study consisted of 311 female patients (50% HFrEF, 50% HFpEF) and 437 male patients (63% HFrEF, 37% HFpEF). There was significant difference between sexes in the LVEF distribution profile. The ratio of HFpEF patients was significantly higher in female patients than in male patients (P= 0.0004). Although there were no significant sex differences in median plasma BNP levels, the prognostic value of BNP levels was different between sexes. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the high BNP group had worse prognosis than the low BNP group in male but not in female patients. In multivariate analysis, log transformed BNP at discharge predicted cardiovascular events in male but not in female HF patients (female, hazard ratio: 1.169; 95% confidence interval: 0.981-1.399;P= 0.0806; male, hazard ratio: 1.289; 95% confidence interval: 1.120-1.481;P= 0.0004). In patients with ADHF, the distribution of LV function and the prognostic significance of plasma BNP levels for long-term outcome were different between the sexes.

Adenosine triphosphate-guided pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation: the UNmasking Dormant Electrical Reconduction by Adenosine TriPhosphate (UNDER-ATP) trial.

AIMS: Most of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF) are due to reconnection of PVs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether elimination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced dormant PV conduction by additional energy applications during the first ablation procedure could reduce the incidence of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomly assigned 2113 patients with paroxysmal, persistent, or long-lasting AF to either ATP-guided PVI (1112 patients) or conventional PVI (1001 patients). The primary endpoint was recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias lasting for >30 s or those requiring repeat ablation, hospital admission, or usage of Vaughan Williams class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs at 1 year with the blanking period of 90 days post ablation. Among patients assigned to ATP-guided PVI, 0.4 mg/kg body weight of ATP provoked dormant PV conduction in 307 patients (27.6%). Additional radiofrequency energy applications successfully eliminated dormant conduction in 302 patients (98.4%). At 1 year, 68.7% of patients in the ATP-guided PVI group and 67.1% of patients in the conventional PVI group were free from the primary endpoint, with no significant difference (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74-1.09; P = 0.25). The results were consistent across all the prespecified subgroups. Also, there was no significant difference in the 1-year event-free rates from repeat ablation for any atrial tachyarrhythmia between the groups (adjusted HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.65-1.08; P = 0.16). CONCLUSION: In the catheter ablation for AF, we found no significant reduction in the 1-year incidence of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmias by ATP-guided PVI compared with conventional PVI.

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (EF) of 55% as Cutoff for Late Transition From Heart Failure (HF) With Preserved EF to HF With Mildly Reduced EF.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) with preserved (HFpEF) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a syndrome with complex pathophysiology. Little is known about changes in LVEF that occur over time in HFpEF patients. A fundamental clinical question about HFpEF is whether HFpEF is an early manifestation of HF with reduced LVEF (HFrEF). If so, which patients with HFpEF are likely to show a decline in LVEF to less than 50%? The aim of the present study was to examine longitudinal changes in LVEF in patients with HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 279 consecutive HFpEF patients admitted as emergencies, we examined 100 who underwent echocardiography at least 1 year after discharge. EF >50% was used as the definition of HFpEF. During a mean duration from hospitalization to follow-up echocardiography of 31.5 months, 11% of patients had LVEF ≤50% (mildly reduced LVEF), known as mildly reduced (HFmrEF). The utility of LVEF during hospitalization to predict HFmrEF was assessed with receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. A cutoff value of 55% had sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 97.7%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that LVEF ≤55% and ischemic etiology were strong predictors of progression from HFpEF to HFmrEF (odds ratio [OR] 435, 95% confidence interval [CI] 52.65-10,614, P<0.0001 and OR 10.9, 95% CI 2.60-74.80, P=0.0007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that HFpEF patients with LVEF ≤55% may progress to HFmrEF in the future.

Plasma renin activity is a strong and independent prognostic indicator in patients with acute decompensated heart failure treated with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in heart failure (HF) as a compensatory mechanism, being related to cardiac remodeling and poor prognosis. Although RAS inhibitors are used as first-line drugs for HF, plasma renin activity (PRA) is upregulated by RAS inhibitors via a negative feedback mechanism. The clinical significance of PRA during RAS inhibitor therapy is poorly understood in acute decompensated HF (ADHF). Therefore we examined the impact of PRA in HF patients already receiving RAS inhibitors. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 611 consecutive patients with ADHF and emergency admission to hospital, we studied the impact of PRA on the prognosis of ADHF in 293 patients already receiving RAS inhibitors before admission. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to median PRA (≥ vs. <3.4 ng·ml(-1)·h(-1)). During a mean follow-up of 29.0 months, there were 124 deaths from all causes. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were significantly higher in patients with high PRA than low PRA (log-rank P=0.0002 and P<0.0001, respectively). Log PRA was an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular death (HR, 1.194; 95% CI: 1.378-2.678, P<0.0001; and HR, 2.559; 95% CI: 1.610-4.144, P<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: PRA was associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in ADHF patients already receiving RAS inhibitors, suggesting that PRA would be a useful biomarker during ADHF treatment.

Evaluation of coronary artery disease and cardiac morphology and function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, using cardiac computed tomography.

Coronary artery disease and cardiac morphology and function were evaluated in 51 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), without typical chest pain, using cardiac computed tomography (CT). This study investigated the prevalence of coronary artery disease, the indicators of obstructive coronary stenosis, and the magnitude of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. The patients' mean coronary artery calcium score was 198.8 ± 312.0 and was positively correlated with the number of coronary risk factors (r = 0.32; P < 0.05). Of the 51 patients with HCM, 42 (82.4 %) had some degree of stenosis and 8 (15.7 %) had obstructive stenosis. Noncalcified and mixed plaques were detected in 14 (27.5 %) and 11 (21.6 %) patients, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that diabetes was an independent indicator of the presence of obstructive stenosis in HCM patients. Multivariate linear regression revealed that low estimated glomerular filtration rates and high triglyceride concentrations were independent indicators of higher LV mass indexes. In conclusion, cardiac CT revealed that coronary artery disease was common among patients with HCM. The presence of obstructive coronary stenosis and the magnitude of LV hypertrophy were related to the presence of diabetes, triglyceride levels, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Noncardiovascular death, especially infection, is a significant cause of death in elderly patients with acutely decompensated heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Despite marked improvements in treatment strategies for heart failure (HF), the mortality rate of elderly patients with HF is still high. Detailed causes of death have not been fully understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 459 consecutive patients with acute decompensated HF (ADHF) emergently admitted to our hospital from 2007 to 2011. Patients were divided into 2 groups: <75 years old (younger group; n = 225) and ≥75 years old (elderly group; n = 234). All-cause death, cardiovascular death, and noncardiovascular death were assessed as adverse outcomes. Compared with the younger group, the elderly group was characterized by a higher proportion of women and hypertensive patients and higher left ventricular ejection fraction. During a mean follow-up of 20.7 months, a total of 174 patients (37.9%) died. All-cause death was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the younger group (46.6% vs 28.9%; P < .0001), and this difference was caused by an increase in noncardiovascular deaths (20.9% vs 9.3%; P < .001), especially deaths due to infection (10.7% vs 4.0%; P < .01). Cardiovascular deaths did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Noncardiovascular deaths, most of which were caused by infection, were frequent among elderly patients with ADHF.

Prognostic impact and predictors of persistent renal dysfunction in acute kidney injury after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact and predictors of persistent renal dysfunction in acute kidney injury (AKI) after an emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A total of 877 patients who underwent emergency PCI for AMI were examined. AKI was defined as serum creatinine (SCr) ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% from baseline within 48 h after PCI. Persistent AKI was defined as residual impairment of SCr ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or ≥ 50% from baseline 1 month after the procedure. The primary outcome was the composite endpoints of death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, stroke, and dialysis. AKI and persistent AKI were observed in 82 (9.4%) and 25 (2.9%) patients, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that persistent AKI, but not transient AKI, was an independent predictor of primary outcome (hazard ratio, 4.99; 95% confidence interval, 2.30-10.8; P < 0.001). Age > 75 years, left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, a high maximum creatinine phosphokinase MB level, and bleeding after PCI were independently associated with persistent AKI. Persistent AKI was independently associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients who underwent emergency PCI for AMI. Advanced age, poor cardiac function, large myocardial necrosis, and bleeding were predictors of persistent AKI.